 Thank you, everyone, for joining us this evening for our second talk in this term's new directions in the history of warfare and violence program. That is being hosted through this Michael Howard Center for the history of war. For those of you don't know me and I'm name is Dr Mark condos I'm one of the co directors of the Howard Center and I'm the convener of this seminar series. And this evening I'm very happy to introduce Dr. Dr Singh is a senior lecturer in history at the University of Exeter, whose research focuses on histories of colonialism in South Asia, with a particular focus on hybrid cosmopolitan aspects of empire. He's the author of the testimonies of Indian soldiers and the two World Wars between self and see boy, which came out in 2014. This book explored wartime testimonies of Indian soldiers during both World Wars. Dr Singh is also the co editor of an Imperial World War, the British Empire 1939 to 1945, which came out in 2016. Dr Singh's current research is about the anti imperial revolution and gather movements during the First World War. And this evening he's going to be delivered a paper based on this entitled the strange life of WC Hopkins in from irrational anxieties to chemical bodies in the surveillance of Indians in British Columbia, 1908 to 1914. So without further ado, agenda, please take away. Let's take time's introduction. I will find that whenever you're referred to. Before I am good to begin, I do want to extend the note of solidarity in the time that we're in. I'm going to strike back and strike. And the decision to extend the show so that it will be here. We will strike those, after all, any strike any particular workplace is strike first off. So, so that's my comedy duty done as Mark. The title paper will be an act. I think the individual called William Charles Hawkins. I can move to the next slide. I'm just making sure I'm sharing the screen so our viewers can see there are. I tend to cover the tail of two funerals in Vancouver. During the autumn and winter of 1940 and 1950. The first of these funerals was that of William Charles Hopkins. The first of these funerals consumed the rapidly growing cityscape of Africa. His body in a state in the Mingen building of West Hastings Street. The tallest building in the empire stands early November 1914 was paraded to the streets in the longest section of Canada since 89. According to subsequent reports by his head into partners on the interior. In this casket. The province of which Columbia was carried with tendency for the great and good of white. In the city are local MP. Local MP Thomas Wolf local JP. And representatives of the churches in the city. It's also free for an arranged by British intelligence or accurate in the political intelligence. in India. In addition to covering the expenses of Hawkins and Feudal, Indian political intelligence raised a generous pension for his widow and offers pay for the education of his orphaned children. The second trivial with which I wish to begin is that of his murder, Mewazik, this term, the Gambit, Sikh, migrant labor, and the empire where this termed anti-communal revolution. Mewazik was hanged or left to January 1950 after shooting Hawkins and Feudal, the steps of the Vancouver protests, now the Vancouver Art Gallery, the downtown Vancouver Art Gallery. And then after shooting Hawkins and Feudal, the fun looks around and passes by. What followed the murder on 21st October 1914 was a relatively quicker trial. Mewazik refused his counsel to plead mercy and set about justifying his act. I must be insisting all the time that I need know the people. I hope for no justice. I know that a shock Hawkins said and I have to go for this. I'm giving the statement for this purpose that the public may know what suffering we have been doing. We have never got any justice from judges at least from any other source. I've used my life for this purpose. Our unworthy judges, I know, must realise why Hawkins had to try that. Those who always do misdeeds and commit crimes when drunk are considered correct by the immigration officers and we, the God-fearing people, are troubled. Biding by God's order, may I just go along? Mewazik was smaller scale than that of Hawkinson, but tried to attend among Indians present in Canada at the time, satisfying the people. His body was venerated as a marked sign of a mass illness. And he's venerated still as a first line of revolutionary martyrs that fought for the rights of Indians in Canada and India during the First World War, whereas Hawkinson, that of Hawkinson, his murderer Mewazik, had been subject to petition, pressuring a constitution to build off of a pardon, indicating a pardon, which was rejected, a plea for the 18th, commemorating his defiance in court. And he had been honoured by the city of Mewazik, the next political area of Mewazik, with the 20th Declaration that 11th January will be known for that forth as by Mewazik. There's a reason, there's a reason to be honoured by Mewazik as an agent of murder, as to why, in the beginning of this paper, there's a story of two fields. Hawkinson was not quite the pillar of white kings of sovereignty, which was presented at that step. Hawkinson, as style itself, has an old India hand from Yorkshire. He went out to Walls, like he was, and William, mixed race, unemployed before migration to Canada, and born a lover. In effort to find some employment in Canada, and perhaps the cause of his bishops was close to him, had over swore to the convention that he may not be quite fine. Hawkinson began to plant stories of media as Indians in Vancouver, who were raising money, printing literature, and manufacturing bonds, to support their religious activity in India from May. These stories garnered communication and employment through Canadian officialdom. Latest white supremacist organizations along the coast of the United States and Canada, such as the U.S. Army, the U.S. States of Africa, and the United States of Africa, and then, eventually, a recruitment by British intelligence. I paraphrase the fact that he was not an accurate epitome of the government's principles of Hawkinson's support. His murder, may I say, was not quite the perfect revolution martyr, as he learned to be in his own test. His role as the unrepentant martyr for the cause of Vancouver obscured the fact that he was crucially unformant for Hawkinson. His act was shaped as much as his guilt, as they were a sense of kindness to him. The focus of this paper, focus in this paper, and what I'll talk about last my time, is upon the competing and entwined constructions of deviance and ontology through the constructed cells and deaths of Hawkinson and Indians. And this focus is to shed light on the multiple states that engage with the activity in Canada and the United States in the intense the government could have. Analyzing both blood rates and deaths helped to sometimes rule the charitable participation of that type of advocacy, debilitating and ontology, in which the government was born, operated, prosecuted, memorialised, and actually lost it. A return to lines and deaths of the across Hawkinson and ability towards the end of the paper, back 10 to give it a chance. Let me just first begin by sketching out how the government came to be present in first part of the year, from the 1890s, what were the values created actually. The political lines of the government movement, the movement of which, no, they'll leave it on. In this guide, we've got the movement in which we will take it apart for short, but we're merged among South Asian environments in North America in the context of anti-immigrant racism. This was a number of South Asian environments for small between the 1920s and the 5000s were actually created in Canada, and further 7000 into the United States. The majority of these migrants came from Canada, were largely exclusively Sikh or Sikh, and between half the three-quarters were for the soldiers or for the police. They found easy employment, and they were able to catch timber mills and up farms, and they were able to travel very quickly and rapidly through the city streets on the civic roads of North America. The reaction to the presence of the Guvbees in Canada and the United States, the newly-characters Hindus or East Indians in the official Western ethnic group of the Jain, was unambiguously hostile. The language was described largely in its Yatts and whole meetings, Haitians and Arab people were heavily in the language of Guvbees, Indians were sometimes stealing employment from whites and lazy, and they were productive. This is a different set that yet effected the hierarchy of fascinity because of their variety of sexual appetites, and the magical misrepresent power that's set to fold over white women. Out-of-age white public sentiment, both organized white differences in the guise of the ethnic exclusion the cursor to the coup that's planned on the civic coast, such as a series of race rights and programs, and the subsequent official collusion in the politics of race, of various restrictions on those that have led to migration, that was eventually prevented altogether, and that's no way to Canada and the 1970s in the United States. But that was born in the context of anti-independent tourism, the impromptu conversations that preceded it, attempted and failed to reverse the strictures of the right to work and the right to migrate. Moratoria of the South Asian population, whose denial of entry to wines and tenders, attempted to colour-wise on certain forms of industry were regarded as being the wrongs, or again as a sore themselves as imperial loyalists and British subjects. We are British subjects of proven loyalty, with 90% of the people starting these are Sikhs, and if Sikhs is linked up to identity, I hope loyalties may apply, a large number of these men in Canada have the active service, and many among them have meddled to special reason. An appeal thoroughly failed, India was redeemed and Ireland was out-of-age left it, as a state that is a frail aspiration for wealth, as to status denial in the broad. The Hindustan Association of Optimizicals was formed in May 1915, uniting the various associations and organisations that littered the Indian migrant emperors in Canada and the United States. Establishing printed grants at the above of Russia in San Francisco and established a new development title, another. It was the main, recently a rebellion, and it was led to the danger of its content, the desire to force a big sale of the British from India. The revolution started first, on the 1st of November 1915, and it would look the W version solid on the 9th of December. The version of the same newspaper reflected the vituracy of the Dutch leadership. It was divided into student intellectuals and the worlds of the United States. The form produced series of articles, publications, in the same register as earlier, the Revolutionary Society in India, and by drawing inspiration in the example of events, particularly the opportunity provided for the coming one step forward. The Grimuki content differentiated, placing the revolution in the state of Jaffer even literally, literally tales of a vassal to ask for it. Even the master of the Grimuki editions followed in the state of Shabba, up to the grants, it was a great indelible challenge to then believe in the people of Jaffer, then in the games of art, then come the form of the head and the heart. From 1914 up to 5,000, the termite was tilted back into the Jaffer, as you thought it was a life to live in. Every time a revolution arose, the themes of the content sparked in the rising India by liberating the war and restoring uterine elsewhere. Now, the worlds however, that were not significant, it was a fairly ridiculous and limited, or the early summer of the 17th, it took a matter of parts for the W. Michael to generate actual empire realism on the revolution back again. But even before W. Michael's were imagined themselves to be on the revolution base, they were already being imagined as such by others. The official diagnosis of dark scheme in the Asian-Canada, being a particularly pernicious problem, stemmed to the aftermath of the Vancouver race bias as a temperamental center. The age of 10,000 white Canadians, white Canadians, ravaged the Chinatown and the Tokyo areas of Vancouver. Some compensation was paid to my businessman and who was called to violence. One man was charged and the whole commission was depraved to prevent him to see her parents. A young, relatively young, William Lyme became the king, then the Canadian-Lithuanian sort of maker, was deputed as a precedent of suspicion. The fact that he chose to appoint Harry Callaghan, the local head of the Ascate Exclusion League, and one of those men orchestrated the violence as one of the commissioners made a claim where the certain things were made. That's Canada's desire to restrict immigration already is regarded as natural. Canada, which would be a white tax country, is believed to be desirable to economic, social reasons, but highly necessary on political and national terms. In the Kennedy Kingdom port, of all orientations, it was a small number of Indians who had a World Achievement Certificate which posited a problem required for special solution. It was clear that in regards to immigration in India and Canada, that the native of India is not the person who suits this country. And in customs, as they enlarge conditions in the tropical planet, and possessing matters of customs so unlike those of our unique people, their inability to readily adapt itself to surroundings entirely different involved in other detailed amounts of privation and suffering, which renders, continues such immigration, most as are for the interests of Indians themselves. It was recognized too, that the competition of this class of labor, the whole likelihood of perspective, if led to itself, might, unless the numbers are considerable, as it could happen, or self-interest of individuals to be allowed over our exploration of humanity and national well-being. And the importation of this class of labor and the contract admitted occasional, occasional considerable amounts of working men, standard confluence, the higher order. Whereas citizens with family and civic obligations have expenditures to meet, a status to deny, which the poorly government is in a position who will lead to it more. The candidate in solution was to attempt to force a report with government in Canada as an indicator of labor as to encourage and hear us what's about the needs. We sailed London to take wider approval for the scheme, but while the owner of an Elgin as the Secretary of State to the colony is supportive, as were the representatives of race exclusion, East Africa, and the Australian, the Indian office of India refused their sentence. McKenzie came and pressed the head of the scheme, which had to convince India to Canada to voluntarily sign contracts for dentures. They refused. And it's here where William Charles Folkerson, who's the other told chap on the right here, is here where William Charles Folkerson answers the picture. Just as McKenzie came, was a bust in London, hope isn't have begun to plant anonymous articles in the media, that India did that to ensure that the money into the picture and the manufacturing bonds to support of efficient activity in India from the end, that's the way it is. The stories impressed McKenzie Kate and they were published in times, under times, because of it. You know, truly top concerned by further evidence that the Japanese and Canada went further threat to the French Empire and a global counterpart to the Indian WG conspiracies that concern the British intelligence operations in India itself. Opinion reports quickly cemented interpretation as an expert on it in mind. You can add to file a regular intellectual reports of the P's and the government of Canada on the nature of the exhibition. And the event of employment as an advisor to the integration, two sexist girls from the United States, I was finally co-opted with the intelligence apparatus operation, which John R. Wollinger is, in the English book, Hell's Office, in the context of the G. He skipped two slides. And he always would sign his reports, read his report, he just documented the base posts and had it here. Leading out, of course, the intelligence work for IPI and many other secrets. Throughout his career, I'm still back to the slides. Sorry. Throughout his career, Opinion remained a fan of this. He developed grudges against individuals that were responsible for anti-grudges or otherwise people. Or figures who are only anti-grudges in news groups, such as some data-saying and dance. So my data-saying is very complex. One might have to be a political, actually, the way in which he created it. So my current path of dance was revolutionary to a chosen character, but he was very popular in news groups. He was political in news groups, in flyers, in letters that he's writing this on. That's a good activity. In 2013, after the development of the Oriental Sandwich, the topics of stumble upon people who are actively religious and transvert their support among the divided neighbors, principally in the army. As only then, only then, only then did he stumble upon them. Of course, color bars are compelled such as they were saying, but I wanted to provide information for them. But individuals just focus on the main important because they help to cater to this against and don't be slipped from the vernaculars in universities. So the identifiable and still objectionable practices of organizing quite supracism have to still be imposed by some Americans and Cages at the time to the lounges of long-staged and common sense. Hopkins' reports are always keen to impress on the bigger, the absolute model of the generosity of the government. Their unclean habits, afflictive vitality that are addicted to trade. The model conditions in India are ethically worse than they are here. Accentives of crime, sodomy, battery institution are higher than almost everywhere else in the world. And this is spice of that. At there, they live among their own. The total antenna of Hopkins was, I suppose, enabled the escape to crime, the willy, the ingenious, the great agent, the rich plumbia, to a man who became the useful to, as he dissected, the nativeness and surveillance apparatuses of ex-states, Canada, and British India, man whose death deserved upon an attitude. All this is achieved because it helped to codify the national anxieties into an incentive for the government but what of male sin? What is each failure to the story? This, then, is an intelligent sort of map that, obviously, took it back to IPI-1 to the end. You'd always tend to, like, mark people out. He has big leaders, so he'd have a separate code. One's the arrow, it's the arrow of that chain and the other's the X here. So you'd mark real leaders in the form of a sin. So it's always the same way as it used to be. The recent meteorologies of male sin... Oh, what are male sin? Where did she face the story? Yeah, people there forget that. The recent meteorologies of male sin in partitions, theatrical reductions and physical declarations in Canada are quite clear. Male is the adjutant to the persecutor of confidence. Rupritze, the journalist, Mr. Activist was very much the janitor of this narrative through, I think, the W Lagrange talk show, the very front here, the radio talk shows and through the 2013 book, which he self-published in the Vienna, India, and so on, in Vancouver. The history he presented is reduced to three actors. Billa Seymour focuses on the treatment of tenants in Vancouver, two different forms. Billa Seymour was murdered by Billa Seymour at the end of the Vancouver good morning for the sake of his worship. And finally, Milla Seymour, the murderous officer of the act of distributive justice. As Rupritze writes, one of the prominent members of the California City of Canada, Billa Seymour is a towering leader of the six of Vancouver and in many campaigns as racism and discrimination policies and to live the activism in the East Indian community. He also served British Army, but they've encouraged him to come here several times with Billa Seymour. As a mark of protest, he has signed his army unit on his side to inspire others in the same. There's also the forefront of the struggle of support and the support of the Kumaakumaru passengers. Milla Seymour was one of many loyal supporters. Weeks after the departure of the Kumaakumaru, Billa Seymour was shot to death by Billa Seymour, an agent of William Monson beside the Vancouver secret temple. This enraged Milla Seymour who was at his Hopkinson to avenge the murder of Billa Seymour. The statement he made in the court appears that Billa Seymour killed Billa Seymour at the rest of his master's visiting vision of Billa Seymour. The statement was made to believe that Billa Seymour and Hopkinson constantly harassed the women. Milla Seymour had no regrets of action and tragic fears of being taken to the camps. It's here that history lies for the present. Billa Seymour is double-tiled as an activist, and Milla Seymour comes with the final lies of Billa Seymour and true bloodthirsty a man that fit to be in portrait hands of the political wall. A politician being an MP for the MLA by Cuba. He's the third of the left. It's not that this story is wrong, it's not that it is tremendously reductive. The mask that Milla Seymour had to add on the lie to it, it's not that it was an introvert that was outbored by Hopkinson. But as one of the both adopted of the nativist hero of one hand and underpinned master of the other obscured the complex of the relationship these two men had with each other and the complex of the dependence of the other hand and the power and surveillance they will say the state of the court and the receipts with folks and fire, kids, and these additional layers of complexity. So that the intimacy to which they may or may not say and hope is to interact immediately before the wearer. They will say, well, capacity officer at reception and reception of the court has. This is then greeted by the officer at sign of the steps of leading to the court has. I was not deemed to be suspicious by the New York Clarks police or other immigration agents or candidates. It was on search and evidence of our arts you might have possessed, even by a man that makes career by writing and enforcing of the irrational deviousity and violence to which all of them jump into the subject. I reported the press by various on-the-goers to have reached optimism intimately as a friend, the hand on his arm, and then short-hop is invented, I put range of the fire perhaps. Part of the reason they were saying, well, calls alarm is the purest act of protest, that he had been giving evidence in the trial of the blessing as a policy. But the testimony that they were saying gave in the trial was not foolish, but not for the persecution of the blessing, it was for the defense, in defense of the blessing of his chief agent. It's just that during his destiny, merely deviated from the task force, he testified that he had paid money to provide evidence to help equip the blessing by office. And by saying that he had been learning all the blood, I have not yourself impressed. And that he was now haunted by a sight of marxist abortion children. It's likely this was not the only time they were saying accepted by the public from the caucuses. It had been without regular employment for the two years before the caucuses there. And yet he was able to own and service two pistols and obeyed new restrictions of owning and carrying hand on to which Columbia came into force in March of 2013. And that's what he now specifically gained at the monarchy in the institution of the caucuses. Hopkins and regularly found sentences of reports that came to the English department in Ottawa and elicited of what is many attempts at the cost of paying and purchasing with undercurrent agent to the fire department. It's likely that this is how the person had to live it. This is how he took sessions to pistols. This is why, if you call testify, all of it, I say greet as well acquaintance, by officer, I was filled with such a dread to the part you play. Maybe I'll say occupy that layer between most and the sex, terracottes and you lot. Something that speaks truly, I think, to the genes of doubt, loss, and year, but so do the entities of complex violence, anti-communication, and anti-lawyers into each other without frustration. The basement of these complexities is both, it's both troubling and disturbing. The standard of the cause moves to decolonize history of the public sphere and academia. Manifests themselves strongly as searches for the perfect level of past, articulate illustrations that we now feel about our present. It becomes a new twist on a new naturalistic seat that looks out, which we, as calls for, was at once derived of searching for redemptive anti-communications to then be internalized and make ourselves all cover the gaps of pain, horror, and shame made by it. But there is a violence implicit which is used to allow an object to die. Summoning of the dead to speak and have them off in the act of speech, but that was the error of the character as a diva knowledge, which was quite an exorcism. Stoic of double desire to face the line of death and then trace it immediately. The complexities of individual and social political difference, but they will say that, are signed on this aspiration to search, to reach at the end of this redemptive art. And hopelessness in reality cannot be allowed. After all, he was an extrace, he was an ex, he was also from India, from Alakala, a look at how he was through his performative points. I do not suggest that such acts of reclamation acts against it should not be done. Like Lord Marnus, should not be known to the dead. Maybe this is the only way that the students can experience what all you have on 15th-century TikTok videos. I will suggest that it is worth queuing beneath the masks and clothes at those that are worn.