 Resistance starch wasn't discovered until 1982. Before that, we thought all starch could be digested by the digestive enzymes in our small intestine. Subsequent studies confirmed that there are indeed starches that resist digestion and end up in our large intestine, where they can then feed our good bacteria just like fiber does. Resistance starch is found naturally in many common foods, including grains, vegetables, beans, seeds, and some nuts. In small quantities, just a few percent of the total, there are a few ways, though, to get some of the rest of the starch to join the resistance. When regular starches are cooked and then cooled, some of the starch recrystallizes into resistance starch. For this reason, pasta salad can be healthier than hot pasta, and potato salad can be healthier than a baked potato. But the effect isn't huge. The resistance starch goes from about 3% up to 4%. The best source of resistance starch is therefore not from eating cold starches, but from eating beans, which start out at 4 or 5 and then just go up from there. Bengal gram is just another name for garbanzo beans or chickpeas. If you mix cooked black beans with a nice, fresh, fecal sample, there's so much fiber and resistance starch in that bean. In those beans, the pH drops as good bacteria churn out beneficial short chain fatty acids, which are associated with lower colon cancer risk, as I've talked about both indirectly and directly. The more of this poopy black bean mixture you smear on human colon cancer, the fewer cancer cells survive. Or we can eat berries with our meals that act as starch blockers, raspberries, for example, completely inhibit the enzyme that we use to digest starch, leaving more for our friendly flora. So putting raspberry jam on one's toast, strawberries on one's cornflakes, or making blueberry pancakes may allow one's good bacteria to share in some of the breakfast bounty. Another way to feed our good bacteria is to eat intact grains, beans, nuts, and seeds. If you split people up into two groups and have them eat the same food, but in one group, the seeds, grades, beads, and chickpeas they are eating are more left in whole form, and in the other group, they were ground up. What happens? Well, so for example, for breakfast, the whole grain group got muesli for breakfast, and the ground grain group got the same muesli, but blended up into a porridge. Similarly, the whole group, you know, beans were like added to salads, whereas in the ground group, they were like blended up into hummus. No, both groups were eating whole grains, not refined whole grains. They were eating whole foods. Just in the ground grain group, the whole grains, beans, and seeds were just made into flour or blended up. So what happened? The whole grain diet doubled their stool size, more than the ground grain diet, even though they were eating the same food, the same amount of food. Why? Because there was so much more for our good bacteria to eat, our bacteria grew so well they appeared to bulk up the stool. Even though people chewed their food, large amounts of apparently whole seeds were recovered from stools. But on closer inspection, they weren't whole at all. Our bacteria were having a smorgasbord. The little bits and pieces left behind after we chew them transport all the starching goodies straight down to our good bacteria. And as a result, stool pH dropped as our bacteria were able to churn out so many more of those short-chain fatty acids. And so, whole grains are great, but intact whole grains may be even better, allowing us to feed our good gut bacteria with the leftovers. Once in our colon, starches have been found to have the same benefits as fiber softening and bulking our stools and reducing colon cancer risk by decreasing pH, short-chain fatty acid production, reducing products of protein fermentation, also known as products of putrification, and decreasing secondary bioproducts. So, hey, if resistance starch is so great, why not just take resistance starch pills? Commercial preparations of resistance starch are now available. Should be no surprise to anyone. Food scientists have developed a number of resistant starch-enriched products. After all, it's difficult to recommend a high-fiber diet to the general public. Wouldn't it be easier to just enrich some junk food? And indeed, now you can buy pop-tarts bragging that they contain resistant corn starch. But just taking resistance starch supplements does not work. There have been two trials so far, trying to prevent cancer in people with genetic disorders that put them at extremely high risk, as in, virtually, 100% chance of getting cancer. And resistance starch supplements didn't help. Same here. So, we're either barking up the wrong tree or the development of hereditary colon cancer, somehow different than regular colon cancer, or you can't emulate the effects of naturally occurring dietary fiber and plant-rich diets by just giving people some resistance starch supplement. For example, for resistant starch to work, it has to get all the way down to the end of the colon where most tumors form. But if the bacteria higher up eat it all, then it may not be protected. So we may have to also eat fiber to push it along. Thus, we either eat huge amounts of resistant starch, up near the levels in Africa, twice as much as was tried in the two cancer trials, or consume foods rich in both resistant starch and fiber. In other words, from a public health perspective, eating more of a variety of whole-plant food rich in dietary fiber, including whole grains, vegetables, fruits, beans, is a preferable strategy for reducing cancer risk.