 So life process the first chapter that will give weightage of 8 to 10 marks and it is one of the important chapter because it contains so many life processes like reproduction not reproduction reproduction we have done respiration nutrition circulation and excretion visible screen is visible continuously people are coming good so what is life process first of all some total of all the biochemical reactions some total of all the biochemical biochemical reaction it means those reaction which is taking place in our body that involves enzymes and they will help in several metabolic process so there are some total of all the biochemical reaction that is taking place in a human body is known as life processes biochemical means metabolic reaction metabolic reactions any doubt to anybody in the definition let me see new people are there to join use the chat box good afternoon everyone use the chat box no doubt okay finally people are responding in the chat good so one of the important characteristic of being alive is life process it means life process will take place in those organisms only who are living it's mean that they are not dead so one of the basic processes movement something that is living alive will show certain movement and just these movement sometimes these movement will be helping in respiration so respiratory movement excretion circulation they will help in eating food also that will become nutrition so nutrition respiration circulation excretion reproduction control coordination growth and movement these all are the important life processes is it okay any doubt in the definition of life process no doubt okay so what is nutrition first metabolic process that we are going to start nutrition so what is nutrition still two people okay nutrition is the process of taking nutrient nutrition simple intake of nutrient intake of nutrient is known as nutrition simple and what is now nutrient nutrient is organic or inorganic it can be organic also it can be inorganic also that is required to maintain the life and survival of a living organism so for the maintenance of life as well as survival of a living organisms those organic and inorganic compounds those organic or inorganic substances that we take intake in our body is known as nutrient so one of the simplest nutrient is glucose glucose is the simple food it is the simplest nutrients other carbohydrate fats vitamins proteins minerals roughage water these all are the nutrient list nutrient list okay the process of obtaining food by an organism is known as nutrition nutrition means intake of nutrient by organism if we will get the nutrition then only we will get energy and then we will do our basic metabolic process that is life process is it clear what is nutrient and what is nutrition so yes or no clear akshita yeshika very good at least these girls are replying nice next nutrition can be of so many types autotropic heterotropic now here's so many means basically it is two only here but autotropic is also divided like we can call it self-deriving nutrient or self-deriving nutrition so the process by which we will get nutrient in which we have we don't have to depend upon anyone else we don't have to ask anybody else for food is known as autotropic auto means self-dependent hetero means we have to depend upon others depend upon others so in order to understand best example of autotropic nutrition is green plant because they don't have to depend upon another for the food simply what will be there there will be chlorophyll in them and then they can do photosynthesis that you are studying from grade six photosynthesis is a process in which the plant can prepare their own food heterotropic it means no photosynthesis we have to depend upon others we have to you can say that we have to look here and there for the food so it can be of so many times polozoic saprophytic parasitic mixotropic one by one we will study each of them any doubt in the type of nutrition symbiotic see symbiotic is not a nutrition symbiotic is a relationship stress symbiotic it means a mutual relationship in which one will benefit another another will benefit the first one it will give and take relationship like lichen in lichen there is a combination of algae and fungi fungi does not have chlorophyll so it can't do photosynthesis so it will give raw material to algae algae being green in nature they have chlorophyll they will prepare the food and then they will give it to the fungi it means give and take symbiotic that is a relationship okay so autotrophic the first very slide as you can see on the board green green color leaves are there auto self-tropic nutrition literally means literally means self-nutrition I don't think that people have doubt in this it is one of the easiest thing that you can see in biology okay self-nutrition so autotropic mode of nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food from the simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide water these all things are needed to be present in the surrounding so in autotropic mode of nutrition there is no need of anybody else simply the organism is self-sufficient to produce food by the help of the simple inorganic material like CO2 water sunlight okay so the green plants are the best example they have autotropic mode of nutrition the autotropic cyanobacteria is one of the another example that will obtain the food by the mode of autotropic nutrition so what we have to learn here that green plants and cyanobacteria these two are best example of autotropic nutrition are you guys writing see all the things are given in the point wise manner so you can copy it easily there is nothing like big big paragraph so that you get confused the slide that has been prepared is prepared in such a way so that you can easily learn the things and write in the same way in the examination is it okay please everybody write down very very very important photosynthesis what is this photosynthesis photosynthesis six carbon dioxide six water molecule solar energy that is coming from the sun glucose molecule is formed along with this six oxygen molecule is released this is a anabolic process anabolic means energy absorbing so energy is absorbed in the form of solar energy is it okay in order to understand CO2 is coming light is coming inside the plant food is getting prepared already the leaves are green in color it means they have chlorophyll water is coming from the roots any doubt any doubt any doubt any doubt in this simple process no doubt okay okay so this is the reaction that will come in examination you have to write down like this only now heterotropic mode of nutrition heterotropic means dependent upon another heterotropic nutrition literally means nutrition obtained from others to see this is amoeba heterotropic mode of nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make its own food I have already told you those organisms which cannot make their own food from the simple inorganic material like CO2 water so what they have to do if they can't make their own food obviously they have to dependent upon others for the food so most of the bacteria fungi animals humans like us we all have heterotropic mode of nutrition any doubt in this so easy so so so easy no doubt okay next types of heterotropic holozoic saprophytism this is also known as saprophytic mode of nutrition or we all call it saprophotropic mode of nutrition in some book you can see this also so one we can say it's saprophytic also and we can say it's saprophotropic also at the same time so holozoic nutrition the organism feed by ingesting solid organic matter solid organic it means food like this as we are eating like rice chapati dosa burger noodles pizza so the organism feed by ingesting solid organic matter which is then digested how it is digested it is broken down into small small pieces by the help of our teeth then there are so many enzymes present in our body saliva is there acid is getting released this we will understand further when we will complete this process in detail the nutrition then after broken down it will absorb into the blood and after blood it will go into the cell so this is holozoic holozoic in which solid molecule is broken down into small small pieces and then it is absorbed by the body we do holozoic nutrition animals do insectivorous plants do any doubt saprophytism sapro dead rotten so the organisms will dependent upon not fresh food it will be dependent upon dead and decaying matter is it okay still people are waiting am i audible kids let me know thank you for your reply yeshika so dead and decaying organism if we will be dependent upon them then it is known as sapro tropic and the organisms which will do saprophytic mode of nutrition is known as sapro fights okay so they include bacteria fungi which digest the food externally before the nutrition nutrients are absorbed so what they will do they will digest the food externally means from outer part like see this earthworm wait wait wait can you see this saprophytic dead and decaying organisms very easy this all you have done in your smaller grade parasitism obtain nutrient from living organism like lice bed bugs sticks how many people have lice in their head how many people have lice in their head lice sticks bed bugs leech everybody know what is leech rajini please speak how many people have lice in their head nobody you maintain cleanliness you wash your head with shampoo man we are very clean very good at least now we are speaking class you have to speak in the class i know that nobody is dirty but why i am asking this so that you get interacted lice sticks bed bugs leech so parasite it means those nutrition will depend upon human body okay and then what will happen suppose why this is not working just a second suppose this is a human body let me take this example suppose this is a human body and on human body lice what they will do they will suck the blood and aniket and then there is lice present on the body suppose these are lices on the hair especially it can be lice it can be ticks ticks are basically found in dogs and cats not in human dog cat okay so ticks are found in dog and cat and then leeches can be also there so what they will do they will suck the blood they will not give any benefit to them to these animals on which they are dependent they will not give any benefit simply what they will do they will suck their blood they will get their nutrition and then they will give negative impact negative effect to those on which they are dependent on which they are dependent is it okay ma'am why don't tick affect humans because they they are so thick that as soon as they will come on the human body they will not get any favorable conditions to live because human body does not have hair all over the body no long long hair yes we have small small hairs but you see dogs and all dogs and cats their whole body is covered with you can say fur is it okay yes ticks are just lice but they are very bigger as compared to lice lice is spelling is lice yeshika not li yes so these parasites can be two types ecto parasite and endoparasite endoparasite means they will present in our body then they will give harm like tapeworm ecto means they will present out of the body surface of the body like lice and butt bugs okay no problem should i change the slide now photosynthesis again the important thing condition necessary for photosynthesis is sunlight chlorophyll carbon dioxide water now this is something directly from n c e r t and what is that that is directly from n c r t and it is very very very very important and that is three basic steps of photosynthesis very very very important first step is absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll suppose this is a green color beautiful plant my board is visible okay so this is a green color plant having flower now this green plant they already have chlorophyll i am writing green green chlorophyll now this sunlight that is present as an external source let me use this orange color so that it's properly visible now this sunlight will be absorbed by the green leaves this sunlight will be absorbed by the green leaves so who will absorb chlorophyll so first step absorption of sunlight energy that is solar energy why i am explaining you these because this is very important by chlorophyll once the chlorophyll have absorbed the energy now what will happen once the chlorophyll has absorbed the energy the light energy that was in the form of sunlight that was actually inside the leaf will be converted into chemical energy so conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then this chemical energy will help in splitting of water molecules how the water is coming inside the plant body by the help of roots these are roots now these roots will absorb water what they will do they will absorb water because we are giving water to our plants now these water will also go inside the sleeve by the help of xylem or phloem who will go tell me water will be conducted by the help of xylem or phloem xylem very good so that water molecule will be broken down into oxygen and hydrogen it means the light energy that was absorbed by the chlorophyll that light energy will be converted into chemical energy now this chemical energy will help in splitting of this water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen any doubt any doubt no doubt good now next the reduction of co2 the most important step reduction of co2 this carbon dioxide will be reduced the carbon dioxide which we are getting from outside means the plant is getting not v because we have to do heterotropic nutrition so co2 will be reduced by the help of hydrogen see the hydrogen that is splitted by water molecule this will help in reduction of co2 to form carbohydrate and which carbohydrate we get in photosynthesis means plant getting photosynthesis name the carbohydrate that is produced by plants simplest glucose okay yeah that is supposed so carbohydrate will be formed and that is glucose by utilizing the chemical energy and in this way this glucose a very very very important nutrient is formed is it okay is it okay should we move further have you noted down all these three important points yes okay see the same thing is given by the help of the diagram now what is holozoic nutrition holozoic nutrition is divided into steps and these steps are ingestion digestion absorption assimilation and ingestion let me explain you these points ingestion means intake of food digestion means breakdown of that food into simple molecule absorption means digested of that food into bloodstream assimilation means transport and use of absorbed food by the body cells ingestion means removal of the end digestive food any problem any problem kids in all these steps no problem chalo now let us start nutrition process first of all we will give the food we will intake the food in our mouth we will churn the food we will cut the food into pieces that is mechanical digestion who will help in this our teeth and tongue after this salivary gland is prayer present three pairs of salivary glands are there largest is parotid gland some mandatory and sublingual okay so three pairs are there parotid is the largest they produce more than one liter of saliva so how much they will produce they will produce more than one liter of saliva every day if there is no saliva our mouth will become dry okay so just in order to prevent this problem our saliva will be released from salivary gland and the saliva will help in the breakdown of the starch into maltose starch into maltose who will break salivary amylase what is another name of salivary amylase tylene another name of salivary amylase is tylene after this it also contains substances that neutralizes acidic food and slippery substances that make food easier to follow so obviously if there will be no saliva how we will swallow the food any idea how we will swallow the food if we don't have saliva so what we have to do we have salivary gland that will help in the breakdown of the complex food into simpler world it will help in the we can say it will break down the starch into maltose and it will allow the swelling swallowing of the food any doubt any doubt am i audible class okay now next part is esophagus what is important about esophagus the food that is present in esophagus is known as not food now they will known as bolus and this food will move here to here then here to here and then here to here so this contraction and relaxation so continuously what it will take place contraction and relaxation will continuously take place contraction and relaxation of the esophagus in order to movement so that the food can go down and this contraction and relaxation so that easily bolus can pass in the esophagus is known as peristalsis movement or peristaltic movement esophagus important thing that is mentioned in caps log does not contain any enzyme esophagus is the one of the part of the elementary canal that does not contain enzyme is it okay is it okay should we move further now next is stomach stomach stomach stomach as you can see see j-shaped structure is there j-shaped structure j-shaped muscular organ in our folders are there that is known as ruggy increase the surface area of the stomach surface area will increase and more and more digestion will take place ma'am does the absence of enzyme in esophagus means there are no glands in esophagus yes Aryan there is no any digestive gland in esophagus good doubt clear so function first of all stomach will help in mechanical digestion mechanical digestion it means breaking the food into more simple already the food that is coming from esophagus that is bolus that will be once again broken down so how by churning the bolus bonus how they will do they will churning the bolus churning means continuously crushing crushing the bolus and when the crushing will take place at the same time stomach will release gastric juices these gastric juices will also be mixed with the bolus okay in the stomach from where these gastric juices are released from the lining of the stomach see these internal lining of the stomach will release gastric juices is it okay so what are the gastric juices composition HCl salt enzyme water mucus so what is their function first of all HCl that is hydrochloric acid they will help in break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food so hydrochloric acid will help in breaking down of food and then they will kill the bacteria for example sir suppose we have consumed something that contains little quantity of bacteria so it will be killed by the gastric juices hydrochloric acid hydrochloric acid is dilute it's not concentrated the bolus is now called kain bolus was the food in esophagus and kain is the same food in stomach any doubt any any any any doubt hello i'm audible is it easily understood or simply you're saying yes ma'am yes ma'am so that the class can go it's easy okay okay okay next is functions of the stomach what are the stomach function first is they will allow the digestive enzymes like pepsins to act pepsins will help in the digestion of protein write down pepsin will help in protein digestion so chemical digestion that is pepsin breaks protein into polypeptides so what does the pepsin will do pepsin will break down the protein into polypeptides that is mechanical breakdown non-specific defense against microbes preparation of iron for absorption important thing is that vitamin b12 is there and the medium will become acidic is it okay now next a small intestine a small intestine this one is actually it look small but when we uncoil it it will become one of the largest organ of the human body so a small intestine will release intestinal juice so a small intestine will receive the secretion of liver and pancreas the liver is relieving bile juice this and pancreas is releasing pancreatic juice so one two so these both juice will be coming in small intestine so small intestine like receives secretion of liver and pancreas bile juice will also go from liver pancreas pancreatic juice will go from pancreas and small intestine will release it own juice and what is the name who is going to tell me in the class what is the name of the juice that is released by small intestine intestinal juice is having some name because antricus very good momita so now there is a combination of three juice succus antricus pancreatic bile now these three will help in the digestion of food so how they will do bile will dilute the stomach contents from stomach it means that those things which is coming from stomach they were acidic now because the stomach was little acidic because of release of dilute scl so this acidic thing will become dilute in the small intestine who will do that bile will do that optimum ph it will provide so that pancreatic enzyme can work properly bile salts are there it will emulsify fat it means big molecule of fat will be converted into small spoon molecule by the squeezing process that is known as bile salt similarly if we talk about pancreatic juice pancreas produces alkaline pancreatic juice alkaline means basic so what are the juices amylase protease lipase amylase will help to digest the starch part protease will help to digest protein part lipase will help to digest lipid part so see fat are fatty acid cholesterol by the help of lipase starch is getting converted into maltase by the help of amylase protein is getting converted into peptones by the help of trypsin any doubt any any any doubt to anybody no doubt okay still rn is waiting okay now let me change this intestinal juice also known as succicentricus the same thing which we have discussed in the last slide is given here large intestine large intestine as you can see this one large intestine Acha before starting large intestine small intestine part I haven't discussed the part of this small intestine for example this is the large only like this this is something vestigial organ this was a small intestine so this is smallest intestine is divided into duodenum duodenum jedgenum and ileum duodenum jedgenum and ileum this is a small intestine after this this is known as appendix one of the vestigial organ this blue blue color is large intestine so this is known as cecum it is divided into few parts cecum this hole is known as colon and this is known as rectum this is the last part that is anus last part of elementary canal any doubt children is there any noise no doubt no noise is there any noise no noise okay so this large part is cecum colon rectum main function is that it will help in absorption of water and mineral digest what remain in food and cecum is that part if there is digested sorry undigested food if it is still present in the cecum part the cecum that will leads to a problem that is known as constipation and when this appendix will become very large so that it can cause pain in the body in the abdominal region the problem is appendicitis is it okay no it's present in small intestine at the end that will increase the surface area for absorption okay so absorption what will happen the small small molecules that have been broken down into small small part that is after digestion they will move into the blood stream so that it is carried out by the cells of the body now what will be assimilation the same food molecules suppose this is a small food molecule this is carried by the blood is known as absorption and then the blood will go to each and every cell of our body it will give the digested food that is known as assimilation and the undigested food will come out that is eegestion expulsion of undigestable material from the body any doubt any doubt crystal clear next is respiration respiration is the breakdown of food that is glucose to release energy now who will tell me chalo before starting respiration what was the end product of nutrition means what we were getting when we were doing nutrition what do we get what do we get in nutrition my very good very nice aniket mungara glucose aditi energy no no no no ATP CO2 you are going in photosynthesis process yeah energy in the form of glucose show bita very smart girl of today's lecture we get glucose so the glucose which we got this is giving energy why do we get glucose so that we can get energy but how we will get energy from glucose who will tell me we get nutrition glucose from nutrition process but how we will get energy from this glucose which metabolic process should be done now so that this glucose can be converted into energy giving something very good so smart kids are there akshita aditi siddharth everybody smart children respiration so respiration is a catabolic process photosynthesis was anabolic process they both are metabolic process what is catabolic release energy it means those processes which will release energy they will become catabolic those which will absorb energy they will become anabolic so where does this respiration takes place respiration takes place in mitochondria that is why mitochondria is known as power house of the cell because it can store more and more ATP so enzymes are a special protein that control the process of respiration now we have to discuss how many types of respiration are there so respiration can be aerobic anaerobic aerobic means presence of oxygen anaerobic means lack of oxygen so when aerobic respiration is there so glucose is there oxygen will combine with glucose it will release carbon dioxide water molecules and 38 ATP how much 38 ATP but suppose there is no oxygen suppose there is no oxygen then what will happen this breakdown of glucose will take place but this will be incomplete and just this incomplete breakdown it will release in the formation of ethyl alcohol ethyl alcohol that is ethanol CO2 so little energy 280p only 280p so remember children this ethyl alcohol or ethanol is produced in case of plants but what about the case of animals what about the case of animals or human what will be the product of anaerobic respiration very good siddharth lactic acid but what is the thing that you have to remember that in anaerobic respiration only 280p is produced in case of this ethyl alcohol but when we produce lactic acid then there is no release of ATP remember there is no release of CO2 sorry so what you have to keep it in your mind in anaerobic respiration CO2 is produced in plant but in case of human or any animal the product will become lactic acid and there will be no CO2 but the ATP will be same 280p little quantity so which respiration is better aerobic or anaerobic which respiration is better aerobic very good so you can see here glucose first it will not get any oxygen it means anaerobic condition it will get converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm as soon as it get oxygen see as soon as presence of oxygen it will run in the mitochondria to release CO2 water energy if it will not get oxygen then it will be converted into ethanol CO2 energy the same thing in the plant and when it is not getting oxygen in presence of human then it will converted into lactic acid energy see no CO2 no CO2 is formed in muscle cells in anaerobic condition is it okay done okay so let us move further now here I would like to add one more thing glucose conversion into pyruvate in cytoplasm in anaerobic condition is known as glyco lysis is it okay next is organs of the respiratory systems what are the organs so those organs are nose pharynx larynx as you can see in this diagram trachea bronchi lungs alveoli who is the unit of respiration unit of respiration I am waiting for your reply name the unit of respiration alveoli very very very very good so see what will happen oxygen will come and then it will move into the trachea trachea is made up of she shaped cartilaginous ring so that when there is extra pressure of the air the trachea does not collapse after this bronchi bronchioles and in the last there is alveoli is it okay another metabolic process circulatory system that contain one of the pumping organ heart which actually look in movies you have seen like this but actually it's not like this it's like this any doubt this is hard then blood vessels blood vessels can be of so many type like so many means basically three one two artery vene capillaries and then the fluid that is itself circulating in the body is known as blood circulating fluid should we move to the next okay what is blood first of all blood is slightly alkaline in nature it means slightly basic in nature with a pH of 7.35 to 7.45 blood is a fluid connected tissue why because it is flowing here and there inside the blood vessels it color varies from bright to dark red dark red is deoxygenated blood bright red is oxygenated blood oxygenated blood contain more and more oxygen deoxygenated contain more and more CO2 it's not semi-solid it is fluid yeshika it is a fluid liquid okay now see these are the blood vessels why does the lack of O2 changes the color of blood because CO2 will make the you can say this carbon dioxide will have a greater affinity as compared to oxygen so that's why the RBC will greatly bind with the CO2 that will leads to the change in the color composition of CO2 will make the blood dark red so see what is the differences between the arteries and veins artery vein artery vein can you see this is it visible so arteries are thick walled they are first of all they are thick walled veins are thin walls why they are thick walled see because artery will carry oxygenated blood first you have to learn artery carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein is it okay is it okay okay so oxygenated blood is coming from heart and then it is going to each part of the body so it is you can say suppose this is your body mama has doubt we often use the words called this is and cells interchangeably are they the same thing or do they have different meanings no they both are same some books follow red blood cells old books and now new books are following red blood corpsicles so they are the same thing yeah they are same thing there is no nothing like that for example let me tell you something for example this plasma membrane is selectively permeable is written in new book but in old books old edition you will see that it is written the words semi permeable that plasma membrane is semi permeable new books are writing plasma membrane is selectively permeable so meaning is same only they are using more better words because they these words describe those things in a more better way okay so for WBC we can call them bad blood call this is as well yeah no problem okay thank you so see arteries carry oxygenated blood veins will carry deoxygenated blood so oxygenated deoxygenated everybody know this exceptional case to everybody you have to learn it arteries have no walls veins have walls now what is the reason artery carry oxygenated blood suppose this is your body let me remove this actually this is your body and in this body there is a heart okay now this heart is giving oxygenated blood suppose so oxygenated blood have to go in each part of the body so they will you can say they are moving under gravity or against gravity in this part the heart is situated in the slightly left position so obviously most of the part of the body is below heart so the blood is moving in the arteries under gravitational force or against gravitational force I want to answer very easy question I have asked is there somebody who's answering am I audible kids under not both under so when it is working under gravity so does it needed to be means it need to be very much having walls or something or it does not need walls walls it means something that will prevent backward flow of the blood yeah there is also there's no problem but I am asking maximum majority so I the thing is first of all listen carefully whenever the blood has to move in the effect of gravity so obviously the blood will move towards gravity there is no chance that it that it will move opposite so there is no need of balls there is no need of walls but this blood will flow in under huge pressure in artery the oxygenated blood will flow in huge or we can say in high pressure so that is known as thick wall means the artery should be thick wall so that if the blood is in the pressure it should not get rupture are these two points clear now everybody know oxygenated blood this so you have to learn now let's talk about veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins so deoxygenated blood is coming from heart or it is coming from all the cells of the body now let me know your answer deoxygenated blood is coming from heart or coming from all the cells of the body all the cells of the body so they are moving under gravity or against gravity they have to come towards heart against gravity so they need walls let me draw this suppose this is heart okay now this is your body there are so many cells there are so many cells multicellular we all are now the blood is deoxygenated I am using blue color because it contains more and more CO2 so the blood is deoxygenated so it is moving towards gravity or against gravity obviously against gravity and when it is moving against gravity the blood vessel that is veins in which this deoxygenated blood is going there should be walls see this is wall what is wall once the blood is moving like this till here it has reached this wall would get closed this wall will get closed similarly the blood will move against gravity upside as the blood reach this point this walls will get closed while they are getting closed continuously why they are getting closed continuously yes to prevent backflow so there is need of walls veins contain walls v for veins v for wall so easy to learn a for artery no wall v for veins so there is wall is it okay okay and now one more point that is discussed here that they are thin wall why because it means the blood is not under very high pressure it is moving smoothly but in artery the blood is in very high pressure so it should be thick wall so that it should not get rupture the arteries should not get rupture is it okay is it okay okay fine so let us move to another part that is one of the most important part of today's lecture of today's class also today's chapter you can understand the structure of the heart this is vena keva largest v please write this is aorta largest artery largest artery someone is asking something sorry this table can be asked for three marks yes surya that is very very important table everything i have prepared the slide in the same way so that you can write the same thing in the border and you can get marks no deduction so this is heart aorta is a largest artery four chambers are there right arterium right ventricle left arterium left ventricle two walls are there this is tricuspid wall and this is bicuspid wall this is pulmonary artery this is pulmonary veins why the word pulmonary is even because they are going towards lung now we have to discuss in this double circulation what is double circulation should we start ready right arterium right ventricle then there is lung left arterium left arterium left ventricle aorta now let us start the blood is coming in the right arterium of the heart from the body by the help of the largest vein of the body that is vena keva vena keva largest vein okay okay so this largest vein is there vena keva that is bringing which type of blood which type of blood oxygenated or deoxygenated deoxygenated very good surya deoxygenated blood and this deoxygenated blood will go in the right ventricle by the help of tricuspid wall okay from right ventricle it will go to the lungs by the help of a special artery that is exceptional case pulmonary artery so pulmonary artery will receive the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and then it will give to the lungs now what the lungs will do lungs will convert this deoxygenated blood into this deoxygenated blood into oxygenated by giving oxygen this is oxygenated blood now what will happen this oxygenated blood will move in the left arterium by the help of a special vein that is pulmonary vein and need out now by this pulmonary vein once it has entered left atrium then it will enter left ventricle by the help of a special wall and what is the name of that wall by cuspid wall by cuspid wall once the left ventricle will receive the blood it will give the same blood that is oxygenated oxygenated oxygenated to the largest you can say artery of the body that is the largest artery so this largest artery will carry this oxygenated blood to the body is it okay so this cycle will go on now the body will after receiving oxygenated blood the body's cell will do respiration and as a result of respiration they will produce deoxygenated blood and now this deoxygenated blood will once again go to largest vein that is venna keva and once again this process will repeat so in order to complete one circulation how many times the blood is going inside the heart in order to complete one circulation how many times the blood is going inside the heart twice how you can analyze twice see once the blood was deoxygenated it went to right atrium right ventricle learns after right atrium right ventricle it has left the heart and it jumped towards lung so one flow once it has became oxygenated from the lungs now it will go towards left atrium left ventricle it is also heart so second time it is coming in heart so once it will carry the deoxygenated blood from the heart it will go to the lung again after getting oxygenated blood it will come back into the heart so in this way in order to complete one circle one circulation the blood is moving how many times two times and that is the reason that this is known as double circulation double circulation the blood care the blood flow twice in the heart in order to complete one circulation is it okay okay now my next question what is the outermost protective layer of the heart outermost protective layer of the heart pericardium so this is known as pericardium okay and after this one more question that is coming in my mind huh the four chambers of the heart is divided into four part by the help of which layer the heart is divided into four chamber by the help of which layer septa very good very very good now let us move to another metabolic process see double circulation already I have mentioned one slide so that whenever you will revise it will be easy transportation that is circulation in plant we don't use the word circulation in case of plant we use the word circulation in case of human beings transportation in plants so vascular tissue is there xylem and ployam are there the whole story we will complete transportation in plants soil is the natural and richest source of raw material everybody know raw material what are the raw material nitrogen phosphorus and potassium NPK macronutrients so the soil will give NPK to the roots of the plant plant absorb water and minerals once the plant has absorbed these water and minerals using xylem and ployam not ployam here only xylem is responsible for transportation of water and mineral from soils to the other parts of the plant so what the xylem will do transport water and mineral from soil by roots to transport to the leaves as the distance between root and leaf is very large everybody know this is a plant these are the roots as the distance from the roots to the leaves what will happen is very large so there is diffusion not sufficient it's not diffusion only that will do this activity there will be ascent of sap absorption mechanism passive absorption these all things you will study in larger classes so plant use slow transport system but large as required in tall plants to transport energy from leaves and raw material from the roots so there are special cells that are forming vascular tissue that is xylem and ployam it means there is no diffusion that can take place for such a more and more distance for such a huge height so there is a conducting tissue that is we can say it is a vascular tissue that is xylem and ployam a group of special cells forming vascular tissue transport water and nutrients to all the cells of the plant two types of the tissues are xylem and ployam so they are conducting tissue they are vascular tissue xylem transport water and minerals somebody is trying to admit xylem will help in transportation of water and minerals from the soil and ployam will help in the movement of glucose that is formed by the leaves as a result of photo synthesis any doubt in this slide any doubt no doubt people are late vessels tracheates of the root stems leaves they all are connected to form a continuous system so that xylem can transport water to all parts of the plant water is moved in xylem water is done by xylem it is uni-directional learn it after this ployam here is ployam it's not written but still I will write ployam is bi-directional so xylem is uni-directional and ployam is bi-directional plants use different mechanism to pull water through xylem evaporation is also done that is known as transpiration the loss of water in the form of water vapor water vapor is called transpiration why this transpiration is necessary because it will regulate temperature it will help in absorption of water and upward movement of water and mineral this transpiration will create a pressure this will create a pressure on the root for example when we have to drink water we feel thirsty then we automatically run towards aqua guard and then we get water similarly when transpiration will take place in plant body this transpiration is just like a thirst the plant will become thirsty and then it will ask water from the root then any doubt any doubt everything is crystal clear please tell me no doubt okay see the story of ployam is also mentioned here as we have discussed it before only but it's okay let us make the important points when stomata are open during the day large amount of water is lost and the suffered movement of water also becomes more so ployam transport product of photosynthesis that is blue course the transport of this blue course by photosynthesis is called translocation energy form ATP is utilized it means in this translocation energy is needed in the form of ATP the movement of substance is bidirectional see ployam shows bidirectional upward as well as downwards the same thing now the last metabolic process of today's lecture is excretion the removal of harmful nitrogenous metabolic waste from the body everything which we eat is not like that everything is useful so there are some impurities that is present in our body some waste material that is needed to get out of the body and it will take place by the help of excretion so unicellular organism will do excretion by diffuser but it's not possible for us to do diffusion because we are multicellular we have a complex structure so we have a special organ to perform same function and that is known as excretory organ the diagrams of all the metabolic processes are very very very important yes so in excretory system we will see a pair of kidney kidney are being shaped after this urator urinary bladder urethra any doubt now the unit of kidney who will tell me let me open the chat box unit of kidney structural and functional unit of excretion nephron very good nephron are the small small filters that will filter the blood okay so that all the impurities can go out in the form of urine so urine is produced to filter out waste product from the blood nephrons are basic structural and functional unit of kidney so there are cluster of thin walled blood capillaries called glomerulus you see this is the structure of a nephron how does this nephron look like so there will be a capsule i will make the diagram like this on this diagram only so that you can understand this is a cup shaped structure known as bowman capsule inside this cup shaped structure there is a tuft of capillaries tuft means bundle of capillaries this is a bundle of capillaries known as glomerulus so this both glomerulus pillars bowman capsule they will become malphegean body malphegean body okay after this there is this congulated structure congulated mean curly curly just like maggie noodles this is known as PCT proximal congulated tibule why it's proximal because it is nearer to malphegean body after this the hairpin like structure new shaped hairpin juda pin is known as loop of handling how is this loop of handling u shaped okay after this once again curly curly structure noodles like it will become DCT distal congulated tibule distal means because it is at a distance away from the malphegean body and after this last is collecting duct collecting duct will have urine what it will collect finally urine and then it will go into the out of the body any doubt any doubt class chalu now let us see there are three steps in excretion substances like glucose amino acids salts these substances are and a major amount of water see water is something that we need a very very much in our body there is 70% of water so why this water is very much important because it is a universal solvent that we have done in chemistry because it will allow all the molecules most of the molecules to get solvent in this water so glucose amino acid salt they will be soluble in the water they will be reabsorbed so there are three steps ultra filtration ultra filtration reabsorption tubular secretion tubular secretion ultra filtration reabsorption tubular secretion why these three steps are done see the main agenda of the excretory system is to absorb again and again the essential nutrients no essential nutrients should go out of the body in the form of purine so at every step in every step what will happen the important things should get reabsorbed so that it should not go out of the body so see reabsorbed so if the solvent that is formed is glucose amino acid and salts then what will happen they will need it to be reabsorbed because they are important because they are important so they needed to be reabsorbed reabsorption depends on the amount of excess water so that's why it is said that we should drink 12 to 13 glass of water every day so that you we don't discharge yellow yellow color urine because yellow color urine is concentrated urine it means it contains little amount of waste material so if we will drink more and more water more and more these steps will take place and we can conserve essential nutrients so the urine from kidney enters the long tubule called ureter and after that what will happen it will come into the ureter and then it will go out of the body any doubt no doubt no problem now we have to see excretion in plants in plant there is you can't say there is a excretory organ like kidney we have so excess things are removed in the form of transpiration oxygen is also a waste when photosynthesis is done oxygen is released that is a waste for plant so it is released some waste product may get stored in the leaves suppose there is a plant whose leaves are getting old so those old leaves will have waste material that will fall off in this way the waste material will also get out of the plant body many waste products are stored in vacuum so if there is option that waste product are accumulated in so it should be vacuum some waste products are stored as raisins gums so everybody know what is raisins and what is gums that is you can see in the hard woody part of the trunk of a tree there is a gums raisins so these all are also waste material plant excrete some waste material into the soil around them so there is nothing particular organ or something vacuole is something that will store waste material transpiration will be done so that release waste material oxygen will be released by the help of photosynthesis any doubt any doubt ask questions if you have any doubt or something doubt okay Surya what is the doubt hello Surya can you hear me ma'am could you repeat the importance of reabsorption see reabsorption is very very important because then this excretion process takes place and what will happen that there are chances that along with water some important molecules will also get out of the body and that is not good because blue coals amino acid then salt these three things are important for our body so they should not go out of the body but as we know that water is a universal solvent so it will allow important molecules also to get dissolved in it so in order to conserve these important molecules so that it should not go out of the body this filtration process this reabsorption reabsorption means absorbing again so the reabsorption process will take place the essential molecule like glucose amino acid and salt will be absorbed again from the water so that it should not go and take participate in the formation of urine it should be conserved inside our body so that we can use it is it okay yes we can say Surya it will it will help in maintaining the concentration of the urine urine is acidic or basic now next question urine is acidic or basic acidic has a good amount of uric acid okay but Anirudh if I ask that human urine contains which nitrogenous product is present in human urine ammonia and urea see uric acid is not we release urea as a major nitrogenous raised product because you are we are ureotelic okay are in we are ureotelic so we release major products that is urea is it okay is it okay say so no now previous year question have a look list in tabular form two differentiating features between xylem and phloem can you do this comparison between xylem and phloem unmute your mic and tell Siddharth Karthik unmute your mic and tell me Siddharth Karthik can you hear me I am I am audible or not am I audible so why don't you give me the answer why don't you give me the answer ma'am please repeat the question the first question on your screen list in tabular form two differentiating features of xylem and phloem it's not like that you have to make table only tell the differences oh xylem transport water phloem transport food passive process in xylem and active process in phloem okay but instead of the second point are in you can write that xylem show unidirectional movement and phloem show bi-directional movement that will be more correct very good akshita now question number two what are the two advantages of transpiration in plants what are the two advantages of transpiration in plants regulation of temperature upward movement of water very good next write the function of the following in the human elementary canal saliva what is the function of saliva what is the function of saliva converts carbohydrates to martocene stress it should be convert starch let me write saliva converts starch into maltose bile juice what the bile juice will do anybody else emulsify fine very good anero very smart in the same way you have to write in the board the to the point answer xylem in the stomach what is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach function of hydrochloric acid acidic medium for action of pepsin kill germs very very nice iron and rare very good next write one function of each of the following li-lipase breakdown fat will i increase the surface area for example very good thick thick correct uh lay next question that is a four mark question write two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in human body write the products formed in each case you remember the chart i have discussed this question number three answer i have already discussed in the form of chart very nice chart was there you remember so please tell the products who is going to tell me the products aerobic anaerobic lack of what are the products you have to draw the flow chart but right now you need to tell me the product of anaerobic respiration very good very good aerobic co2 h2o and 38 molecule of atp very nice mention any two components of blood any two components of blood rbc and platelets very good write the function of walls present in between r2 and ventricles and present between the composition of achilles simply you have to tell the function of walls unit directional prevent back flow very good name the basic filtration unit of present in the kidney basic filtration unit napron very good draw excretory system this is some diagram based question all are very very very important is a long tube which collects urine from kidney long tube which collects urine from kidney urator very good store urine until it is passed out store urine until it is passed out urinary bladder very nice see here see once again two all diagram based question respiratory system human heart why is double circulation of blood necessary in human beings why is double circulation of blood necessary in human beings to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood very good so the organisms where double circulation does not take they do they're oxygenated and deoxygenated blood like mix they are mixed but they don't have heart they don't have heart as a you can say circulatory organ or as a pumping organ there is let me tell you how to tell sink this structure venous like structure suppose this is blood coming oxygenated then there will be a groove like structure here the oxygenated blood will come and then the deoxygenated blood will move out so it's not like that they don't have heart but instead of heart they have some other other organ that will allow the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood so what is the function of heart in these organisms in these organisms there is no heart as a circulatory organ they lack heart or they will have three chambered heart the heart will be three chambered two chambered like reptiles crocodiles have four chambered heart so those organisms who does not contain this heart chambered heart structure they have another circulatory system that will help in their exchange of blood and all and they will also there will be open circulatory system you know what is open circulatory system what is closed closed circulatory system is that which contains a special circulatory organ like heart but open circulatory system lack of circulatory organ or circulatory system so they have open circulatory system surya correct everybody's answer is correct any doubt see these are the questions which I have also included the answers in these questions so that you can know that how you have to write blood vessels blood platelets lymph heart in plant synthesize of sugars occurs in leaf the hormones are synthesized away from their target size these all are the see all the questions I have mentioned in the form of points so that it will be easy for you is it okay all these answers different between single circulation double circulation diagram based questions this is the assignment that you have to do after class now once again I'm asking you is there any doubt in the class ma'am I have a small doubt ask ma'am I I want to know how to write this particular answer okay so which question let me tell you oh yes ma'am yes ma'am so the question states um hello ma'am my audible yes is now please say the question yes ma'am so the question states um the absorption of food in amoeba is um sorry the process of absorption of food in amoeba is special give reason okay so you have to know how to write answer yes ma'am so you will write answer like this the process of what was the question ingestion of food uh yes ma'am the process of ingestion of food in amoeba is special because amoeba undergoes polozoic mode of nutrition now here para change amoeba spelling is amoeba exhibits a special mechanism that is mentioned below what is the marking of the question may I know um this is a two mark question okay so simply if it is two mark all which is mode of nutrition special like that you mentioned below okay two marks only you have to write phagocytosis otocytosis so phagocytosis here write down ingulf food consume water this is enough if it will be four mark question then what you will add you will make the diagram also the holozoic mode of nutrition diagram is given in the book yes or no the food is entering then you will add the diagram but in two mark question it is this much only any else doubt no ma'am thank you anybody else anybody else who have doubt okay so everybody know that you have uh uh exams in the month of may okay so what is going on in your school what is anybody can tell me what the school is planning that now what you will do I hope the course has been completed tons of reviews and pre-votes on Monday your pre-votes are starting very nice so you have to go to school to write the pre-vote or simply sitting home and online exam offline exam very good because there is no any other option and this exam is also from may I have seen in the newspaper that exams has been postponed so we have enough time any doubt anything that is not clear you can ask me anytime any doubt ma'am once you can can you repeat the function of the uh DCT and DCT exam see proximal convoluted tubule and DCT is distal convoluted tubule once again let me draw the diagram so that I can explain you you'll remember the diagram or I need to draw am I audible yes ma'am so PCT as you can see in the diagram is near to the bowman capsule is it visible hello uh no ma'am I cannot see the diagram okay just a second let me draw the diagram if it's not visible this is a bowman capsule now so this is PCT and this one is DCT this is Henley's loop so the PCT will regulate pH of the filtrates by exchanging hydrogen ions so it will help in pH maintain whose pH mean maintaining filtrate the filtrate that is coming there to get filtered so the PCT regulate pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions in the filtrate part DCT it maintains a proper concentration and pH of the urine so DCT will helps in the maintenance of pH in urine so both they have to maintain pH PCT will help in maintaining pH of the filtrate by exchanging H plus ions and DCT will help in the maintaining of pH in the urine any doubt now no ma'am thank you so everybody best of luck for this chapter in case any doubt you can ask me next time we will meet with another lecture till then bye bye take care