 Two days, I realized that mere cataloging of his experiences and educational degrees does not do justice to the scope of his life experiences. Nevertheless, please allow me to make my small attempt at doing so. Storie Musgrave was born in Massachusetts and grew up there as well as in Kentucky. He joined the Marine Corps in 1953 and served aboard the carrier USS Wasp during the Korean War. After finishing his wartime service, he embarked on an educational quest that continues to this day. After receiving a BA in mathematics and statistics from the University of Syracuse, he then went to UCLA where he earned an MBA in the then young fields of operations research and computer programming. Being greatly interested in the area of neuroscience, he then went back to earn a BA in chemistry in 1960 in order to pursue a medical doctorate which he received from Columbia University in 1964. Storie tells me that his childhood on a farm and his love of nature were the things that led him to apply for astronaut training. He was selected as an astronaut in 1967 and has flown on six space flights, tying the record set by astronaut John Young. He has also served as CAPCOM on several missions and has been actively involved in the design and development of the Skylab program. Since flying last year on a space shuttle at Columbia, where at 61 he was the oldest person to fly in space, he is no longer an active astronaut. However, he is anything but retired. He is currently working on two master's theses, one in psychology on creativity and another in history on how one extracts meaning from science fiction films. He is also particularly interested in using art, communication and education to convey the experience of space to the general public. It is my pleasure and great honor to introduce Dr. Storie Musgrave, whose talk is entitled An Artist's View of the Universe. Dr. Musgrave, I am very grateful for your podium because I didn't use notes and I didn't want any barriers between me and you, but I forgot that I was afraid of heights. It is never too late to learn. Wow. What a couple of days this has been incredible, intellectual, spiritual enlightenment. I have had one fantastic time. You all have played a very important role for us speakers too. Your enthusiasm, your sophistication, your spirit and your great questions. Thank you very much for that. Thank you for being Minnesota Good. You gave me change of seasons, which Florida, Houston, you don't get a lot of it. You also got a change of weather here in the two days that we were here. But thanks so much for what is a very significant event, the ambiance, the spirit. What is happening when you've done the thing big and you've done it right? And I like events that are that meaningful and that enlightening. I'm going to give the universe here tonight, but don't worry because I'm going to do it with only 600 slides. I told that fancy guy, I said, going out for the break, I said, let's feel like you're kind of homeless downhill from here. He says, no, you got more slides than all the others put together. So here we go. I'm going to have to fly. I'm going to give you the universe. I'm going to give you the oceans and the mountains. The land, the continents, and earth, and we're going to start moving off of that earth. A little bit, we'll get into the clouds, move on, do the auroras, move out into the moon. The planets, and we're going to just keep on going the way we've been doing for the last two days. I'm going to give you a little look at all of those things and give you, not only a scientist, but an artist's perspective, those kind of things. Try to give you some images which touch you, which get not only your intellect, but get to your heart and soul so that they will tend to stick with you and hopefully it will take several of them with you for the rest of your life. I finished composing this thing. I always wait. I brought a suitcase full of slides. Don't worry, only $600. I'm going to get done with that. But I finished composing them and getting them together by $130 today. And I really did change a lot of things having listened to the other participants throughout the last two days. And so I tried to do in a way a recapitulation of some of the concepts. I have built a program which I would hope would harmonize, would strike a chord with what has gone on before. And so it would be familiar stuff, but maybe with a little different twist on it. Or if an image was not shown in a previous concept, hopefully I have images here which will catch that. Now, unfortunately, I pressed a kind of hard word myself a little bit. Others worried more that I wasn't even going to act together until $130. But I regret that I didn't wait until $5 because a couple of other speakers in there I didn't catch. And it turns out Bob Russell of every slide he did, there were only three that are not in tonight's thing. The two from the movies and Supernova from Cygnus. But he already said elegant things about those and they were also on yesterday. So we will just use those as part of the symphony. And the words that go with those slides, they have been said already. So it will be just a movement along there. So that's what we're up to tonight is to grab that entire universe that we've been dealing with here in the last two days. From grains of sands on the Namib and the Calahari Deserts on out to the farthest reaches of space. To try to swallow up that universe to the question I put to Bob was if you immerse yourself in nature, in the cosmos. You swallow that up, you come to recognize that you are of that and are part of that creation and evolution. Won't we become better moral, ethical, informed creatures? And be able to come to eventually an ethic for the species. Not only to right or wrong for individuals, groups or nations, but also for a species. Now I guess I know for video reasons you have to leave these other lights on. So I apologize for the distracting glare in this back your way. But I guess it's a necessity. I have, well, I never do the same presentation twice, but there's one thing that I always do invariably and that is to include a this slide. No matter what kind of presentation I give, I start with this one. That's maybe the child that Bob Russell, two year old, that he referred to. Maybe it's the child of Carl Sagan that Philip referred to. Maybe it's your child. It's all of those things. It's my child and it's us. And it's something that we got to never forget what is going on here. It's that wonder that Phil Morrison spoke about that Carl had. It's that awe and wonder of the universe. Exploration, it is inherent in the human nature. Take a child of the beach. I got a hundred pictures like this. I'm building a montage of young kids on the beach on the right side of the book poetry on the left side talking about exploration and discovery. But this kid does not have any form. I mean, this is raw curiosity. No form. Some kids got more form. They got a leg up in the air, but the basic principle is there and that is to get those sensors, the ears, the nose close to the universe, reach out and touch it. But you see in that posture that body reflects awe, wonder, curiosity and the reach for the universe and that is what space flight is all about. It's the quest. It is the reach for out there. What kind of universe have we been blessed with? What's our place in it? What does it mean to be human? It's an inward turn. And in that slide you see the reflection. That's the inward turn. It is to quest out universe, but it's the inward turn. What is the meaning for the species? What is the meaning for the individual? There are all kinds of other themes in there too. It's Steven's ocean. Probably life started in that big ocean. Some of them came out, some of them went back in, but it symbolizes the amphibian nature of us. At times when I go into space I just represent you all, but I may represent an awful lot more. We've spoken about tubeworms. We've spoken about life that's 30,000 feet down under the ocean, 30,000 feet in the air. It lives everywhere. Life is incredibly powerful. Probably a cosmic imperative, but now what's it doing? It's leaving all. It's covered every square millimeter of this earth. When I go into space I'm probably just not representative only of humanity, but also of life. That slide then sums up all of the places that were going. I went from the best slide I got to the absolute worst. And so it's a challenge. Can I recover from the free fall that I produced? It's kind of a challenge. I got to talk about it though, and I won't talk about it for long. We've been at it really for the last two days. The universe out there is talking to us. It's given us a message not only in the visible light. It's given us a message in all kinds of ways that we need instrumentation to receive. We've got cosmic rays. We've got gamma rays. We've got far ultraviolet light. You can't look in the infrared down here because you're looking out at temperatures of three degrees Kelvin. And it's very hot on earth in the atmosphere. You're looking out. Even radio waves are distorted. That is why we go into space. It is relatively pure, almost purest viewing that you can get. Not only in terms of contaminations, but also in terms of our ability to receive all of these messages. So space is a neat place. It is the only place to study the universe. But this is not all of it. We can go out and we can look at the red leaves out there. We can look at a sunset. We can look at Roland's red light coming through. You can get a spectrograph of a sunset and you can nail down the amplitude of every color, every wavelength in the sunset. Have you got it all? Nope. Because your body is responding to that sunset. You've got a heart and a soul which is listening to that sunset. And that also is a fact. My second mission. We had four ultraviolet telescopes. We had X-ray telescope, infrared telescope, cosmic ray telescope. We had 60 feet. The entire 60 feet of that shuttle loaded up with different instruments. It's a fantastic mission. But also put that up there for the beauty of the background earth and the beauty of astronomical instruments in space. Cecil Herring created this kind of art. It reflects the instrumentation which we need as an extension of our own sensors to look at in the universe. And it's not terribly clear here. Maybe for you all it's clear, but you see the human form that is out in there. So we have that subjective information by which we perceive the universe and which we'll use in the rest of this presentation. Even though it is subjective data, it is also objective and it is being a fact. So it is look and listen to the sunset with a heart and soul as well. As with a spectrograph I was going through while Walsham dormitory. She's probably going to be very embarrassed, but I went through Walsham dormitory. Last night I came upon this neat bulletin board in the stairway and I started reading it. And I came upon this door. All kinds of neat quotes in there, but one of them said is, You not only see with the eyes, you see with a heart. Melissa McDougal constructed that bulletin board, but that quote, You not only see with the eyes, but you see with a heart was Anton St. Zupri. And if any of you have read him, if you've read his book, Wind, Sand and Stars, He treats spaceflight the way we're going to treat space tonight. Not only the details and the technology, but also the heart and the spirit. That is what I mean by heart. That is the Bahamas. Deeper blue is, that's deeper water. That dark blue, that's deeper water. The lighter shade there that is shallow and warm water. Only the Bahamas have got those kinds of blues and you feel those blues more in the gut than in the head. And it's the only place on earth that's got those kinds of blues. As you'll see, there's spectacular ones in the Pacific too. But not of this kind. We'll be working downstairs and we don't know where we are. We'll run up in a window and I'll see some blues over over the Bahamas. My friends will say, how does he know anything about this? He just saw it. There's nothing about blue ocean out there. They go look at the computer and the computer says, Bahamas. So, they learn. You show me a cloud and I'll tell you what ocean we're over. And you say, how do I know? I don't know. But I can recognize a face. I look at a face. When I see the face again tomorrow, I say hello because I know the face. I haven't had to analyze the eyes and the nose and the structure. Nothing. I just recognize the face. It's the same. Going over this earth. If you work hard on earth, you get to know earth. You're going to see these kind of things through a given head and a given heart. A certain character may be the person you're getting to know. But I really do not want to over read the art. We're going to look at the universe as it talks to you as setting. And when you're looking at art, you don't want someone else to interpret it for you. So, I'm going to try, I'm always tempted to, but I'm going to try not to over talk these things and to the best I can, let the art just tell you what it is, where it came from, and let the art talk to you. So, I don't mind if you scream at me that way either. The ideas I have, I have worked incredibly hard to have experiences in space and how you catch them. I've worked hard before I went to fly. I went uphill with a list of things that I wanted to do to try to get done. Experience in space does not come to you. You've got to work on it. And then I have passed those ideas through people like that. They're incredibly rich. Two days that we've had here. These ideas will go forward. I mean, they will change the way I think. They will change my perspectives on space incredibly. The two days that I've had here. And so, as you've seen me, you know, I'm always taking these notes. I've got things everywhere. You've seen that. I've never tried to miss any pearls, but you also get that kind of thinking in here. Loads of other people's thoughts are in here. That is one of those machines that takes us to a place where we have a different point of view of the universe. You all ride in airplanes and you look outside and it's quite different. You look at things you're familiar with on the ground. It looks different. From there, we, of course, are going to go a whole lot higher. But I really throw this slide up just for the aesthetics of the background. The way this universe enhances a machine which allows humans to look at the universe from a different point of view. There's Roland's red, incredible, deep red launch pad. I did that one just for aesthetics too. I won't talk about launches too much. They just scare the heck out of me. It's the only part, not too wild on that because I am not a risk taker. Some people don't vote, I'm not a risk taker. I like to survive every launch so that I can get to do another one. See, that's the irony. I got to survive this one if I'm going to go do another one. So I want to keep surviving launches. That one is a very powerful picture, but this one, it's almost the foreground and the background of what you're looking at. It seems to add richness to a photograph. And these trees seem to add a little bit of nature and technology together and it shows that we are departing. We are in space, here. The only a mind as perverse as mine could take the course that we are about to take here. Stevenson talking about all that nasty stuff, you know, words. Crescent, accumulation, coalescence, all this stuff hitting each other. In such heat you get molten stuff. Earth at one time was a molten blob. To minimize the surface area, what to do made a perfect sphere. Earth is in free fall about the sun. Other planets, free fall about the sun. Zero gravity, minimum surface area, you make a nice perfect sphere. You all have seen us play with water up there. Perfect water, right? Perfect sphere. You just drop it in the front of your face and look at it. It's one of the strongest ways. What is zero gravity? Water. It seeks its own level down here, up there. There it is, in front of your face. Just a nice little Christmas decoration, a perfect sphere. Every time I have done that, long before we got into this accretion, accumulation, planetary formation, I look at the sphere and say, hey, that's Earth. That little, the shuttles in free fall about the Earth, so is that liquid. So you now get a feel, not only the science of planetary formation, but when you think and see water blob floating around the Earth and how it makes that nice little sphere, that's universal shape. The sun, the planets and most other things out there. If they've ever been liquid, they make a perfect sphere. So I make a problem with it. Wow, planetary formation. Think that way. You say, appreciate the theory of the story, but that does not look like a perfect sphere. Well, it'll give you just a little bit of zero-G stuff here. That's not water, that is Coca-Cola. I always run their experiments, but I save a little bit of the material, the consumables, so that I can run mine. So how do you control fizz in space? You pour something in a glass down here, imperfections in the glass. The bubbles get so big, they break off and they float to the top. Space, the bubbles are smarter than you. You think at times you know which way is up or down. The bubbles don't, they're smarter. They don't go anywhere. The whole blob just gets bigger. The whole thing is bigger, because bubbles don't go up any direction. They just stay like that. You say, appreciate this theory story, but that little blob that you got up there, I see more bubbles one place, now that is because I'm playing God and I want to spin up my little earth, because the earth spins, I want a little fatter on the equator. That's what I'm trying to do with the Coke. I spin the Coke up like this. Then I take a picture. Got an album. Oh, well, then you know, so they had all these sophisticated experiments about how you control fizz and space. Man, I got to hear it, get my straw, and go, doop. But I put the straw in on the edge and there's nothing but solid liquid. Ooh, yucky, that's flat. It's been an ice box all week. It's terrible stuff out on the edge. But you see, you start moving the straw in. That's flat. When you get to there, ooh, hot stuff, zippy. That's the right. That's hot Coke, real fizz. You know it's coming, but you've got to have the experience, even though you know intellectually. You know it's not going to go well. It's going to be nasty as stealing. You put the straw in there, yuck it up your nose. There's nothing but solid gas. There. So, that is a look at planetary formation. It's thinking like that. That's probably why NASA decided I hadn't had enough or they had had enough. Into some art. Here's Planetesimals. We spoke about Planetesimals today, those kinds of things which fall in, and make planets. Those things that strike the big masses later on. I'm going to show you a lot of art. I will tell you here. I need to tell you here when it's art and when it's a real photograph. Some of it will be very clear, and some of it will not. But that is William Hartman and Artists artistic concept of what a Planetesimal is. Now you know what that is. That's that nasty earth. It does not support life. All that stuff. And then accumulation, accretion, coalescence. Material goes in and a liquid earth which is going to make that perfect sphere. But that is the beauty. Look at that for a sphere. Look at the curvature. That's one of the nice things about it. You can look at just that curvature. The curve itself is fantastic. It's darkness even in the broadest of daylight of course. All you see is the darkness of space. You look at the beauty. You look at the results from that process that we've been looking at the last two days. Looking at earth out there from space. You see those little contrails? I got a five mile light. You see that little line? That is an airplane leaving a contrail. I can watch a contrail being formed. I don't think I can see the airplane. I should not be able to. You see those contrails? This is over Denver and it's an electronic navigational aid for these contrails. And you're seeing contrails? 200 miles. I come back home. Don't tell us you can see contrails. It doesn't subtend enough angle on your eye catching up cells. Don't say I can't see contrails. Do you mind if I take pictures of contrails? I took that picture because I saw them. There is no question. I've gotten with my buddies and say look with an A can I. I'm always interested in the human experience. The human sense. What can you see with the eye? Then I do tests. What can you see with medium binoculars? Powerful binoculars. Telephoto lens. But I'm interested in the direct experience of space. You can see a single contrail being formed. So you see huge parts of Earth and continents, but you also can see details. That is a very fuzzy rainbow. Intentionally. I got loads of much better rainbows. I have tried to see rainbows from space. I always go uphill with a list of over 100 things to work on. Can you see rainbows from space? Someone's going to tell me it's impossible because you need to sun behind you and this and that. But I never give up. I have always looked. I can promise you I've looked for rainbows and I have found one. It's a disappointment to me. I have also tried to look for red maple grows in a distinct visual eye picture changing of the seasons and I never pulled it off. Now I didn't always fly at the opportune times the first week in October and I didn't always fly at the right latitude. So I'll let you know I tried to be able to see seasons. The naked eye. So there's loads of failures. There's loads of failures. But air is rock. You know air is rock. I got air is rock this time. It took me six missions. I got it this time. I got over 600 millimeter camera. Now Contrails. Yes, there's a single boat. There's the boat and it leaves away because it stirs up a different colored salinity to the surface. You can see a single boat out there. You can also see a hundred boats. You see every little speckle. You see all those courses. This is the Gulf of Oman. You are looking at over 100 super tankers in one handheld picture taken from space. Every single black dot. I looked down there and they were the size of sand. It's like I had sand about at my feet. So that kind of perspective as big I didn't know there were ships at the time. But it's over 100 super tankers. It tells you the geopolitical importance of what is going on tells you what is going on in the energy world. Single handheld picture from space photography from space. This is what it's about. You get your nose in that window every minute. I don't even space. I stuff my pockets full of stuff and eat on the fly. It was anywhere else. You didn't fly. You get to the window. You do things unique to space. Over 90 percent of the photographs you see taken from space is because a human being had a nose in the window and said wow. Look at that. A human being was looking for a particular thing. And from there on it is also a human experience. You got the camera floating here. You got the light meter here and a film here and you grab and close the picture. Manually do the exposure to focus. At the same time technically the human is involved. You have an emotional experience of that photograph. Just like if you go to some exotic land as a tourist when you take a picture 20 years later you come back and look at that picture and it is not just an object out there. You are brought back to the world when you take that picture and then it is true off a lot of these photographs that I will show you tonight. This is the last day on the repair of the Hubble Space Telescope that is myself here on the end of the arm. This is getting the tools already for the final EVA day. There are all kinds of perspectives not just looking out the window of the shuttle but this also is a perspective and that is looking at the world as it goes by while you are out there working. You always have this interrupt in your head that says look around story not just turn those tools not just get that job done but it only takes a microsecond to look around to have an experience of the big picture to have an experience not only of doing that work not only do the work but to have that kind of experience but I put that slide up here because that is the top of the geometric sense that is up in that direction and that is down in that direction and you kind of agree you usually see the shuttle in a horizontal sense and all the mock-ups and models we have have it like that. Geometrically if you are going to go out in work and work stations and maintain a good orientation to your work you need to have an up and down just because there is none does not mean that you will go out in the making the point is it is very simple you say yes story I agree that is the top and if I maintain that is the sense of up that is okay it is down there but now you are flying under the earth you see you are flying under the earth if you want that up flying the end of the earth is marvelous especially at night shuttle is upside down quotes upside down flying under the earth why not we are awful used to being in airplanes flying over if you don't work on it you will never have the delicious experience of flying under the earth and then alongside the earth and then you are nowhere it is just out there earth is there and you are here but flying under the earth and seeing all that lightning overhead where it belongs lightning does not belong down and the meteorites the meteorites do not go overhead it is nice they go underneath you so when you are flying under the earth and the meteorites are coming in over you you are happy when they are going underneath you you are glad you saw them that is the perspective when you are on the top of the arm looking down 60 feet and so we have a lot of photographs I have photographs from out here 60 feet above the bed it is just taking over you are not going anywhere but I am always trying to have an experience so I take one foot out of my foot restraint and try to step 60 feet down into the bay I did not scare myself then either but we have all different kinds of perspectives here but another neat part about this thing is the sun as a photographer you learn to shoot right into the sun you see it does not scatter as Roland says right scattered down here when your eyeballs are moving toward the sun the sky gets very bright and it warns you out there it does not you have to learn where the sun is memorize it and keep it there because otherwise your head will sweep and the sun is right there it is a hard spot and there is no glare around it you can take photographs and enhance the view of the photograph by going right into the sun and you can see the rays that are due to the glass itself and you will see some more examples here how the sun can enhance the beauty earth earth and the daytime beautiful thing this is an experience of nature it is like Emerson it is like Thoreau it is like Whitland in our literary tradition it is like the lake poets the English romantics words were called shell keys those folks themselves in nature you do not see unless you scrutinize we will look at some of that too when you look at earth and you are kicked back taking that big picture you see an experience of nature you see the blues, the greens and the beauty you see Florida here because of convective activity you see it is all clouds Lake Okeechobee there is no clouds so the hot land there over the land masses and the beautiful Bahamas the blues down here there is clouds over the land masses but the lesson here is you look at earth that is an experience of nature you are seeing the universe that is what you see in the daytime memorize that picture same picture little different point of view but night you got Florida at night the ocean to the number of people and energy will put out just like a man the more light you got the more people so you got Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach and Tampa, St. Pete, Orlando all that at night earth is an experience of humanity it is the cities the amount of light is in general proportion the amount of people is one sort of exception is an incredibly bright star a western part it is night don't miss that but earth at night time is an experience of humanity it is interstate highways it is cities yes it is a transportation model but it reminds you of the information age and how interconnected things are except for aurora and lightning which we will look at it is an experience of humanity so there is a huge difference between a day pass and a night pass and what you get is going to be a history lesson as you see the ship the ship going in here you get ready for a history lesson this of course is Africa Casablanca and here Spain it is up in here the Mediterranean it is going to be a history lesson you are going to catch Alex you are going to catch Cicely or Crete, Rome, Florence and Haifa, Mesopotamia, the Nile that is what this is no there are no civilizations they are in your head when you pass over these regions so even though they are not in the image that is what tends to work another look straight at your brawl tour incredible place now we are looking backwards straight at the brawl tour and history lessons begin here is Greece in here all the islands of the Aegean you recognize this right up in here is Cairo the cities appear gray right in there this of course is the Suez Canal up in there it is Red Sea coral it is coral all around here the coral enhances your Buddhist base the Gulf of Lava Mount history lesson there are 19 million people living in that delta no one lives out in the desert again Cairo in here and you remember your history some little black triangles down here and you are looking at the pyramids you can't see the pyramids with a naked eye but you can see their shadows but that is kind of a semi telephoto lens now I am going to put a lens on this big and look what I got out of this if there is anyone left in the audience that takes me serious this that is humor I am talking about there are probably people that can do this but my little handheld camera is not going to do this thing but you can see in terms of contrast the pyramid is not that much different than the surrounding territory but bright sand a black shadow that is what you are looking at you can see that with a naked eye another look at the Suez Canal man-made structure coming up in here and we are going to get flying along for the most part unless you use binoculars unless you scrutinize between countries you do not see human activity nature never makes a straight line so you get this beautiful curve in a Mediterranean here but you spot a straight line and anytime you spot a straight line you know it is humanity worth humanity loves straight lines nature loves curves that is the way it works NASA says it is a radical statement story saying nature does not and I say you show me what nature made and I will retract that statement no one has ever shown me what but this here is the difference between Israel on this side so this land here in Egypt down here so this land up here is being settled so it is possible if you scrutinize and use a high power lens to see effects of humanity and to see national boundaries you can very distinctly see the national boundaries between the US and Mexico different agricultural patterns continuing on with the history down here we got the Dead Sea the Jordan River the West Bank over here Jerusalem and of course to see a Galilee up there now this is a tree or maybe you study biology and study the brain maybe you think it is a cortex it looks like cortex too this tree is 117 miles tall it is the desert in Egypt they have not had water there it is a privately beautiful pattern it is a 117 mile high tree if you were there on earth a little gulch from out in space getting a big picture here those are river deltas and you see the sediment coming out nice little plumes all in a nice little parallel line in North America that is what forms the beaches the rivers in North America are so powerful Madagascar the amount of silt the proportion you can see the amount of deforestation which is going on by the amount of silt and this river it is also a very beautiful octopus shaped river but the amount of silt which you see is a function of recent rains or it is a function of how much deforestation is going on here is a nice little curvature on in there those beaches are formed by rivers this is the Mississippi delta it is always a crow's foot delta in North America it is the power of the rivers that is what forms the delta and so you have this carrying of silt soil out into the water and you get that crow foot and that little meandering where the channels are but if tides are formed by this is what a delta looks like in Australia because it is the tides tides are responsible for the structure of deltas in Australia and that is a river delta not a crow's foot going out in there but that kind of delta there tell warrior and this is sharks bay an absolutely beautiful place Northwest Australia but the little scallop shoreline you see tides have built those things just what I call my snowflake lake come up over again nothing but jungle it is white sparkle I say whoa bright what are we coming up on I got up on top of it and look just like this I call it my snowflake lake that kind of sparkle but then I got more experience than I learned I look at this one you can tell it is human made because it has very sharp boundaries it has not got nice eroded smooth curves and a little bit of experience it is nowhere in the literature I say ha if a lake talks at you it is human made it is a natural lake you know and it works I can tell lake talks at me it is human made beautiful kinds of things you are looking at the cascade mountains we are going to move on here to volcanoes in the summertime now in July just the tips that got snow on them and those volcanoes run of course all the way from the Aleutians down through western North America Central America all the way into Patagonia region of South America the west hand side of the continents that are now swooped down into the plains down into the lowlands that is true you can look up to the left to North America down to the right to South America you are zooming along and you see that pattern but this is what volcanoes look like that pattern that string of them in the summertime if you were to look at them in the winter time here is Kamchaka Peninsula East Russia that is what volcanoes look like totally covered with snow and I really do think when you see that kind of dark bluish purplish water I am not sure but I think I have gotten where I can recognize cold water this Mount Etna this smoke plume Mount Etna on Sicily we are going to get flying along the Mount Edmonton New Zealand you see the amount of material the amount of land that that volcano has made so we tend to think sometimes volcanoes and tectonic activities earthquakes are mean but they are not they are just bringing us up some land to live upon and it is only when we place on top of the dynamic earth that we get hurt Mount Pinatubo is strong it is the most powerful volcano of the century we spoke about it was a question today about the amount of pollution that put into the atmosphere the shuttle flights right after Pinatubo could barely see the earth we had to shoot an infrared film to try to penetrate the dust you could barely see the earth but I flew six months after Pinatubo to the clearest earth ever in a way it is pollution but also it is a natural kind of pollution and somehow it does tend to clear itself but it subsequently looked at the effects of Pinatubo shuttle flight after shuttle flight and watched at least in terms of eyes and in terms of our film when it cleared and it did clear very rapidly it is still very important though there are all kinds of mudslides there are still towns being buried out there with the erosion which is occurring here's the Polynesians arriving on their canoes they did not have a fantastic welcome after all their travels on the Hawaiian islands but of course the volcanoes became sacred to them and are still sacred today that is Kilauea activity in 1971 on earlier shuttle flight the theme of lava the red flow in the night time I saw Kilauea and the red flow all the way to the ocean Kilauea is again active I was there a month ago to see Kilauea again and here is Moanalua in 1984 so those of course are ground and aerial photographs and of course that's the island of Hawaii that's been formed by those volcanoes moving the Hawaiian chain there's still active here in the southern part of the chain and there's another Hawaiian island south of here which is being formed and eventually we'll have another Hawaiian island Tahiti of course was found by volcanoes as are most of those islands out in the Pacific this was a volcanic island at one time and coral lives at a certain depth below the ocean surface and so as the volcanoes all that was left was the coral reef and these islands have their own combination of species at one time when they're a volcano they're totally sterile and then of course life gets reintroduced by birds, by oceans, by seeds, by humans by some other mechanism but they all have a very interesting combination of species Great Barrier Reef 1200 miles of islands of eastern Australia fantastic beautiful Barrier Reef the Maldivatoils these are like pearl necklaces 40 miles across float in ocean southeast of India Christmas Island you biologists it almost looks the trabecular structure of a bone but that is Christmas Island Coral Island the Belcher Islands up in Canada it's just like we sank the Appalachian mountains and the river ribbon shaped island east of Mozambique but the beautiful part of this is the coral this is a wide angle lens right into this coral fantastically beautiful I'm going to put a powerful lens on that now jewels floating in the water a Luther Island the blues and the cloud streets deep water and the shallow water green typical cloud streets fantastically beautiful place it touches you right through the heart this is the island of Timor it's a beautiful place any of you that read north often home in against the sea this is where you were rescued that's the eastern most tip of Indonesia anyone here that likes to go to the beach well you yeah no one likes to cry to beach if you want to have all the room you got 150 miles of beach here in Namibia so there's the Atlantic Ocean so you got waves of water waves of sand they are 2,500 feet tall or half a mile tall each one of those dunes that you see so it's a juxtaposition of so much water and so much sand which seems to work you look further out into the water and you see plankton these are the plants this is the thing that takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and puts it in the water so the krill can eat it and the whale eat the krill that is your basic food source you will see that where you have upwelling, colder water plankton loves colder water it's also why that cloud bank cannot invade that water because it's too cold it sinks and the cloud eats up and goes away we're looking at the oceans now there is not a single cloud in this picture you are only looking at ocean if you get the right reflected sunlight off water that is what it looks like no clouds here but you look at the lacy kind of the galactic kind of shapes that is beautiful that's an ocean that is a ship an ocean going ship passing through there that smooths out that water but when you're scooting along there and you see the glint you see where that sunlight is reflecting off the water you get ready for this kind of photography you follow that glint if the glint is over here you don't worry about it you see it coming these are the kind of photographs that you are going to get at all I took a closer look you see the ocean front just caught it with a ship going across this water is going in that direction this water is going in that direction there are very distinct ocean fronts which you can see with the naked eye if you have the right reflected sunlight there are no clouds in this picture at all this is the middle of the Mediterranean no clouds you are looking at reflected sunlight and you are looking at some boats looking at earth and glint we are moving on to clouds here when I saw this picture it was three-dimensional that big cloud there came up to about my ankle that's about how tall it was I stood and walked along the earth but then I was a giant to find out how tall the cloud was I'm a giant and I'm walking along how far up my legs does the cloud come a little above my ankle but there is stereoscopic these clouds look stereoscopic and I said wow take a picture I don't know if I can catch these repetitive patterns cloud streets very proud of myself took this picture brought it back home see what I got said story every shuttle mission that ever flies catches the same thing what? yeah the clouds stay there it's a repetitive pattern sometimes they are in the shape of vortices and other parts of the world this but you only know that these clouds are always there because repetitive pattern or repetitive photography these clouds are just symbolic for the jet stream I took this one for sheer beauty got back home and he said oh got the jet stream so the jet stream manifests itself in all different kinds of ways this is island interaction this is interaction between landforms and cloud formation so all those perturbations you see in that cloud pattern are caused by that island here's one other example the same thing fantastically beautiful pattern but the patterns you see that's monsoon type thunderstorm that you see in India if you look at that at night you see lightning lightning from out of space is fantastic is that a rhythm to it down here you just hear boom but you don't see the rhythm but here you see boom boom boom boom just like in music we've heard in the last couple of days you see the rhythm a bolt of lightning here will set one off 50 miles away and you see it playing it's incredible blue lightning I don't know how far 40 or 50 miles but you also see these patterns these linear streaks last time I saw these linear streaks for 100 miles shoot like this pink and purple lightning over Australia so lightning has its own kind of rhythm its own kind of beauty I guess that's the end of the first carousel means I got 8 more to go I'm going to speed up when we get on to the rest of the universe we will have covered a lot of be able to go faster hurricanes and space fantastic sea is kind of hurricane this was typhoon Uri that I caught 205 miles an hour thank goodness didn't strike land mass I thought that was going to suck us right down into the hole you're talking about 50 miles across there and about 60,000 feet tall that's the most powerful I was on my fourth flight I got a clockwise rotation and so you know what part of the world has to be in the southern hemisphere and that's the kind of transcendence that space gives you you see clouds out hurricanes rotate counterclockwise well not always if you get them in the southern hemisphere they go the other kind of way so you get used to that you launch in Florida you launch in July you've been sweating for months you get a feeling for you know you get beyond your own parochialism the sun goes up and down every hour and a half and you look and you say wow orbital mechanics that's what makes our day orbital mechanics makes our day defines who we are space life does different perspective I just got this in any notion for beauty the sun up there on the glass take a sunset here is a space sunset incredibly sharp because you're outside the atmosphere that is what a space sun looks like with the moon with it that's a good beautiful thing she got a shoot fast that sun goes down just as fast the lights in the movie theater but don't worry if you miss it an hour and a half later you're going to get it I have tried to look and see the difference between sunsets and sunrises there ought to be more turbulence there ought to be a difference and I can't say that I have ever seen that this is a roar in the shuttle that's the glow down stream and you've got irons recombining if you know what you're looking for in that space flight you've got to know what you're looking for and you've got to write in a book I want to experience this miss it you've got to dark adapt a lot before the sun goes down you've got to use light intensifiers every possible thing you see is a roar on the shuttle recombining irons and you get this dance just like an aurora this doesn't seem to fit in where I'm talking about a roar but the reason I got in there on the Hubble repair mission we are so high up 360 miles no one ever told me I'm going to see auroras you don't see them when your latitude is only 28 degrees you don't go higher than 28 degrees I'm looking down at the launch site one night and I look over there and here's a thousand mile aurora of Northern Canada I had no suspicion that in 360 miles you don't have so much atmosphere to look through and that is the thing it isn't the curvature of the earth it limits how far you can see it's a matter of how much atmosphere and the scattering of the light that is coming to you just my second mission here this is the limit of the earth you see right there and here's that dancing silk fantastic thing like a ghost the sun goes down and it comes out and it dances and it changes colors and it shines itself that one you've seen already I think Bob was the one that showed that but that shows the aurora on the shuttle and the aurora on the earth an incredibly ethereal scene these are images which were computer constructed from Mediosat but I think they're very artistic images of the continents and the earth I'm not going to say much here just let them sink in the kind of colors and artichokes gorgeous place and here of course is a look at the earth we're going to start moving further on out now and here's the moon you're always interested in what kind of moon you have in your flying space because it makes a huge difference moonlit earth is fantastic you can see moonlit oceans you can see moonlit cities what kind of moon you're going to have does make a difference it may steal some of your star look in time and here of course this is an artist he drew a picture of how he saw a burn a burn talked about looking out from a lunar crater and seeing moon so this is an artist concept of how a burn saw the earth from the moon that's a picture of course of the moon the crater is on the moon we've spoken about all the impacts impacts on the moon about the same rate this is of course the moon in sunlight but this part of the moon is lit by reflected earth so this part of the moon is lit by the sun this is reflected earth light that's why you see that part of the moon this is a moon in total eclipse eclipse of the moon as you see there that looks like an eclipse moon but you know what that is that's my eyeball that's a picture of my eyeball so you got to watch me I'm going to tease once in a while here I'm going to keep you alert but I looked at that I looked at my eyeballs said eclipse of the moon they sure look a little bit alike but that took that for medical reasons another look at the moon but here's the Hubble Space Telescope after I worked on that for five days it all checked out and re-released it we were able to follow that for days to come actually on the entry day it looked like a planet out there that's a picture of earth when you get out away from earth earth has all the same phases the moon does we're used to looking at the moon but that's what spaceflight does you it gives you a lesson that the earth also from out there goes through depending upon your relative position all the same things here's an artist concept of two sisters the moon and the earth out there floating through space together another picture that was by Dan Durt this is artist and the sun this is a picture of zodiacal light here's some of that dust from the asteroids out in space you have a fantastically bright Milky Way it's the wonderful part about looking out there and taking a night pass you see so many stars you can barely recognize the familiar ones you tend to get lost but if you orient instead of constellations by that Milky Way you orient according to the Milky Way it's awful lot easier to do that very distinct Milky Way this is zodiacal light that's all the dust from the asteroid belt that little sliver that you see right in there that we have been talking about for the last two days we're going to fly further out you have seen this picture the relative size of the planets the earth and we've talked about all those other planets another depiction of the relative size of the rings of Saturn this of course is an x-ray picture mountain of volcano on Venus all this is radar of course because of the atmosphere that we've been talking about the southern pole carbon dioxide cap the southern pole of Mars you've seen this here's an artist's concept of looking at Jupiter from Ganymede the big red spot someone said I think it was three times the size of the earth this Saturn picture by Voyager low Sun angle this is William Hartman what Saturn would look like if you were in the middle of the ice belt in the middle of the rings here's Dan Durt a fantastic artistic picture of what Saturn a conception of how it would look if you were in the rings ice and again Dan Durt looking at Saturn from one of the moons that is an actual photograph of Neptune by Voyager here's a Hubble Space Telescope picture of Pluto and Charon a concept of looking off at Pluto from the moon Charon okay who knows where this planet is yeah it's close that's how beautiful earth is that is glass art so I saw this art and I said wow I got me a planet so I took a picture and got permission to use it fantastic reminder of that beautiful spherical structure and the kind of planets that are being created from Massachusetts Shoemaker level you know about that comet and the strikes that are on Jupiter Meteorite crater Arizona we have our own kind of crater here that's about a mile across out in Arizona here's Quebec Canada about 200 million years ago this is about 70 miles across that one there but 200 million years of erosion have reduced that crater to a circular lake this one in Africa looks like that's probably a volcano which has been beaten down by by wind erosion none of the chemistry of impact or ejector anything is in there so one can only conclude that it is an eroded volcano here's an artist concept William Hartman of the big one that we spoke about 65 million years ago on the Yucatan that caused major extinctions here is Haley's Comet that's Comet West this is hellbop taken by an amateur kind of spectacular year with hellbop but that's probably about the way that most of us saw it with binoculars minimum power here is a fantastic picture Bill and Sally Fletcher of hellbop showing the dust the dust tail here and the iron tail has a fantastic iron tail really wonderful picture hellbop is a very very powerful comet flying along here into the sun this is an eclipse of the sun the moon here is sitting over the sun that allows you to see the corona that is the corona of the sun that extends way beyond the disk this is looking at the sun X-rays a sky lab photograph if you had X-rays in eyes if you looked at the sun in X-rays the X-rays it's putting out that's the image that you would have more sky lab pictures you can see it's huge solar flare to limb of the earth that causes the radio frequencies electromagnetic events on earth some fantastic little loops again it's a solar flare that's the limb of the sun do you see right there and that is a solar flare little loops fantastic creativity universe this is Dan Durden this is an artistic picture of the death of the sun very very dark earth and this is a sun this is a solar system an incredibly warm beautiful kind of sun now moving on you saw the horse head nebula when he spoke about the creation from dust and gas solar systems and planets Bob Russell showed you the I think he showed you the horse head nebula here is the Orion nebula and star formation taken with the Hubble Space Telescope Bob Russell gave you a beautiful description what's going on the eagle nebula is starting its life and each one of these little perturbances right there a brand new star is beginning but it is that archetypal kind of structure that cloud that is trillions of miles of size here's the artist's concept of a brand new star starting on life here's a Hubble picture of a star which is 200,000 degrees on the surface our own sun is only 6,000 degrees a new star starting out and it was taken for that star but you look at the beauty around that fantastic the Pleiades, the more stars in a red dwarf we've spoken about star death creates some of the most beautiful pictures out there at a Karina taken from the Hubble Space Telescope a fantastically beautiful thing millions of miles an hour an artist's concept here of a supernova the hula hoops you've seen pictures of those we have no good explanations why you should have those hoops universe, the cat sign nebula and a vella incredibly a supernova blows up and eventually it ends up in clouds such as this fantastically lacy filaments which are going to create and provide the material for other systems we're doing good six more carousels we're doing good we're out there in supernova our own galaxy you're looking at our home eventually we will get to understand what is our place in the solar system we'll think of ourselves not only as global creatures but as solar system creatures eventually we will intuitively feel we're our place in the galaxy you're looking at home we are out on a lake what you're looking at there is you're looking toward the center that's from Kobe here's an infrared look 360 degrees around of our own galaxy we're starting to be able to look it's always also a galaxy it's closer but at one time this is really the nearest galaxy to our earth which is well formed here's Andromeda looking in x-rays that's another kind of edge on galaxy here is a spiral galaxy M100 fantastically this is face on that's why beauty you're almost at right angles to looking at that thing this is what's called a bar galaxy because it's got a bar in here and we also have elliptical we're used to looking at spiral galaxies this is an elliptical galaxy it's more like it's halfway between and here's the sombrero galaxy which is almost like a basketball two galaxies running into each other and whose gravitational fields are affecting each other the deep field by Russell and others have spoken about eloquently you aim the Hubble space telescope for hours and days on end at a place that you didn't think there was one of Sagan's billions out there and that is what we ought to assume wherever you look you're going to find things out there black hole for the first time once we got spectrographic analysis on how we're able to measure those velocities at millions of miles an hour and you can calculate the mass it's got to be in the middle it's up to billions of times the mass of the sun here is an artistic concept of Welles' spaceship head out to who knows where whenever we send satellite out far enough we're very careful to define ourselves who are we? this is pioneered this is Voyager it's an interesting exercise to say who are we how do we tell other peoples about who we are it's a wonderful exercise it's an artist's concept of a massive radio facility which is like a city listeners if other civilizations are talking radios they're listening to our television you wonder whether they would come here or not maybe they are we've spoken now for the last couple of days on all the different kind of forms that it might take the kind of genetics that it might have we're going to come zoom back in here and finish up that's our home, our galaxy back into those incredibly beautiful Bahamas all I do is take a picture that's our universe that's the creation that's what we got it's like a painting everywhere you look around it's a painting I just took a picture the island of Mouvella and the loyalty island is a fantastically beautiful thing the wispy kind of clouds the shallower water and the beaches on both sides like a necklace the water that is a painting all we did was take the picture unfortunately we got to come home here's Edwards Air Force Base we're going to land, we take that look at that, turn that beaut around backwards like the ancients and get coming home here we come screaming on in San Catalina Island my second flight still taking pictures always taking pictures look at the left San Catalina Island looks as big as a continent we're going on a road yeah, it's a harbor freeway I know what we're going to do we're going to go down the harbor freeway turn left and land it's like that but you know, down the harbor freeway he says, wow, we're on the harbor freeway I better check my speed look over there we're going 7,000 miles an hour down the harbor freeway hey, it really smokes no one sees us my third flight look at that kind of beauty nothing but desert out there but look, someone's trying to take a picture of the shuttle what do they got, desert flowers to welcome us home that is what it's about the heavens, you know where that is it's my backyard in Houston, Texas you don't have to go in space that kind of beauty is everywhere that's a sunset my backyard in Houston, Texas but that's what it's all about I'm convinced that if we immerse ourselves in beauty science understanding of the universe if we let the cosmos consciousness self I think we're going to be much better people and we're going to work toward an ethic not only for individuals but an ethic for the species and where it ought to go and the kinds of things like that the kinds of things that we all have been up to today are going to lead to a much better world thank you very much good evening ladies and gentlemen we're going to take 15 minutes to say thank you and a goodbye we couldn't do this conference I couldn't be part of and direct this conference without my colleagues on the faculty and especially this year the chairman Chuck Neiderider who over the last two years has taken his own time over and above his committee assignments and his classes I'd like to have you just say something there's an official Edgar Carlson award that's given for great teaching but then the students have their award that they give and they gave it to Chuck I guess I was supposed to say something something okay thank you Monday night when we were out at the country pub preparing for this event the speakers and the hosts and President Stoyer and Lorelai a bunch of distinguished guests and I shared a little bit of my vision for what this conference would be what I thought it might turn out to be I also shared a little bit of Chaplain Elvie's vision for the conference we've had two wonderful days we've seen lots and lots of pretty pictures Elvie should be happy we've seen some great science lots of it we've learned some theology we've had some art and history thanks story wonderful we've had a great time thanks for coming I really appreciate it I was wondering what it might be like if Carl Sagan and Jean Schumacher could have been here I can't imagine it would be better it was so good it probably would have been different we've had a great time I do have to thank some people so many people have come up to me in the last two days and told me how much fun they've had and I've had to tell them I didn't do that much but there are a lot of people involved and I know I can't thank everybody but I do have to thank some people the faculty committee their names are on the cover of the program this year there are a few others two others that I should mention they're off to other venues without their help we wouldn't have been able to put together the panel of speakers that we have here this wonderful panel certainly we wouldn't have been able to make it without Pat Francik and Jerry Connolly and the crew with all the AV stuff let's give them a hand and I can't imagine any Nobel conference without Chaplain Elvie he makes it happen I'd like to call upon our speakers for just a minute or so for a last greeting our Nobel prize winner this year around whom we always build the conference Dr. Sher Roland do you want to thank him for his marvelous presentation I'm going to assume Davis Adolphus in the audience although the lights kept me from identifying the ages and I want just to talk about two people neither of whom were mentioned in my lecture one of them was a graduate student named Neil Harris who I gave him the assignment of trying to find out why my eyeball said something was going down and the statistical analysis didn't agree we were losing ozone over the Northern Hemisphere and was the only graduate student on a committee of 120 that after their report the DuPont company in 10 days turned around and said they were getting out of the business what I'd said to Neil was your good news is that your thesis is on the front page of the New York Times the bad news is you didn't get credit for it and the other person that I want to mention is a woman named Susan Solomon I did mention that there were three expeditions to Antarctica the first of these Antarctica expeditions was taken in 1986 and it had 14 scientists on it one of whom was a woman that was Susan she was 30 years old and led that expedition which was reported back in a press conference that was done by radio from McMurdo in Antarctica identified that it was a chemical cause of the ozone loss over Antarctica my point in talking about Susan and Neil is that it's possible if you get involved in the right scientific experiments to be at the forefront very early and you don't have to wait until you're 50 or 60 years old Neil was, both of them were involved already when they were in their 20s and so it's interesting, it's a great field to be in thank you Dr. Alan Boss of Washington DC this conference has truly been amazing for a scientist to be able to have the opportunity to speak to so many clearly interested members of the public as well as the intellectually vital members of the faculty it's a pleasure to be able to meet them and interact with them on a personal basis hopefully they've learned something I know I've learned a few things I've learned a few surprising things I've learned I may be classified as a pantheist I've learned that Minnesota's climate is surprisingly similar to that of Florida although it does not yet have hurricanes I suspect El Nino may take care of that for us and finally let me just say that clearly this is a conference that is extraordinarily successful formula we're at the 33rd conference this year it will not be too long before we have the 66th thank you and Dr. Raul Sagyev of the University of Maryland before I came here for this Nobel conference I tried to answer the question why the Nobel Foundation in Sweden gave such a special honorable task to Gustavus Adolphus College at such a far distance from Sweden now I understood why thank you Dr. David Stevenson of Caltech being a research conference that occurs to me that more professors have come from Caltech than any other institution in the world to this conference I have enjoyed this conference immensely as I mentioned in the introduction to my talk there is of course a sad aspect to my being here the fact that I am replacing Gene Schumacher who I knew well but leaving that aside I have found this to be a marvelous experience I think in particular that the educational aspect the fact that this conference brings in a large number of high school students is particularly important and I must say that although I only had a short time to interact directly with the students primarily immediately after my talk I was greatly impressed by their enthusiasm for science and I think something very special is being done here at Gustavus Adolphus and I compliment the organizers on their efforts may it continue may it flourish may it be as successful as it appears to have been this year thank you Dr. Bob Russell, Berkeley there is a fundamental metaphor for the religious experience of God it is climbing a mountain often times you think in terms of discovering the laws of nature is bringing you closer to the mind of God you climb the mountain to look upwards and get away from earth I want to reverse that metaphor and say you climb the mountain in order to look down upon your origins and see them in a broader way than you wanted to go to space story you did it you fulfilled the kind of thing I wish I could have done and you spoke eloquently with pictures in your soul about what it gave you and what you gave us that sense that the most beautiful thing is that blue green jewel and our connection to it which you could see and you could taste and you could touch you climbed a huge mountain and you look back I think it does Mr. Schumacher proud it does the whole generation of those of us who love the sense of space thank you our president, Dr. Axel Steyer I sat next to the story Musgrave at the dining room table and he left some notes there so I'm going to work off his notes if I may these last evenings the banquets and these glass gatherings are always a bittersweet moment for us not only because we have a last time to relish and to very much enjoy and savor what is that we've experienced the last couple of days but it's also a time for me to bring the conference to a close I thought I might do something just which may be quite out of order and that you had the speakers with you for two days but I took copious notes quotes or paraphrases that come from my notes as I was looking at them this afternoon and attributed them and if I miss I'm not correct in my attribution please correct me Dr. Stone space age open the search for life elsewhere if you find star forming systems then we'll find other solar systems Rawls-Sagdev I don't think we'll ever forget the Russian space programs but the greenhouse effect on Venus pretends how bad things could get Alan Boss I've often wondered how to tell hot Jupiters apart from brown dwarfs and he tells me that orbital eccentricity is a sign that you're dealing with a star rather than with a planet Sherwood Rowland each fluorocarbon radical can destroy molecules and then the last thing left in Pandora's box is hope Daniel Stevenson the earth is an accident big guys grow because of their own gravity early earth was nasty hellish and nasty and hellish place Robert Russell theology must come in a creative relationship with the developments of science and the presence of life on earth evidence pardon me for the meaningfulness of the universe in Albert Einstein's physics and reality one finds the observation that the whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking but just as common sense is not all that commons or refined thinking requires careful experiments deep reflection precise observations and sometimes counterintuitive perspectives as to say the hard work of science including here theology on our behalf this latest conference on unveiling the solar system also known as getting to know our galactic neighborhood has a special fascination for us human ingenuity and creativity as well as human courage and tenacity have all been put to severe tests as we seek to understand our celestial neighbors what separates us and what conjoins us and in the process we've come to a better understanding its destiny I know from conversations with a number of conference campus visitors conference participants young and old alike this has been an extraordinary conference for them as well when groups of high school students come up to me and say and thank me for including this conference I know that we've been successful and that we are indeed affecting perhaps career choices we owe a special debt of credit to this evening to our distinguished speakers and panelists for assisting us in coming to a better understanding of our solar system of stars and planet formation and of life sustaining environments of the amazing insights of 30 years of space exploration have wrought we've been privileged to encounter in our speakers a graciousness and eloquence and common generosity of spirit and a sense of inquiry the willingness to share some of the life's work with a deeply interested general audience as David Stevenson said of Eugene Chumaker they have an infectious enthusiasm for science with the assistance of you our special guests we have greatly enjoyed albeit vicariously the thrill of new discoveries about our solar system and we have gained a sense of cosmic and for human history speaking for the entire Gisevus community I want to express our deep appreciation to Edward Stone to Ronald Zegdev to Ellen Boss to F Sherwood Rowland to David Stevenson to Robert Russell and story Musgrave as well as to the full-fledged Gusties, the Morrison's learning and teaching that has taken place over these past 44 hours at this college which is so firmly committed to teaching and to the pursuit of knowledge many people have worked long and hard to make this conference a reality they have been thanked already I add my special thanks to all the people who took on extra tasks over these last couple of days that they don't normally have working behind the scenes the dining service people and then of course leading all these troops I guess our drum major if you wish the guru of all this the person with his rich imagination and persuasive power Richard Elby I do want to thank him I also want to thank Professor Chuck Niederreiter who was today I don't think this has been mentioned was today's WCCO I mentioned that to you as well so many people are to be thanked and finally again to our special guest to our distinguished speakers we've called upon your knowledge and your energy your goodwill, your stamina and even your patience and in good Nobel tradition you have responded generously on all counts we thank you and we wish you Godspeed we wish you a safe journey home and invite you to mark your calendar for next year's 34th Nobel conference on viruses the human connection scheduled for October 6th and 7th in 1998 with that wish and with that reminder we formally bring this 33rd annual Nobel conference unveiling the solar system to a close Dear friends I bid you all a good night