 Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and we are studying the topic child labour. We are studying this topic child labour in the context of industrial revolution. My dear students, with the onset of the industrial revolution in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour. Dear students, industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving child mortality rates. In the industrial revolution, the adult labourers were exploited, but the child labourers were also exploited a lot, and the children were exploited a lot too. Many towns and cities were destroyed and the only reason for this was the industrial revolution. My dear students, these cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agriculture output. This process was replicated in another industrializing country. My dear students, you will be enlightened to know that the Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. The Victorian era in the history of England is the worst of all in terms of child labour. My dear students, the children who were four years old were also exploited for work. They were exploited in coal mines, because the coal mines that used to be in Surungye used to be used by older people, and the children were exploited to do coal transportation within the mines. You see, coal mines are very dangerous mines for health, and every other health disaster in coal mines children would crawl through tunnels to narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as aren't boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks or selling my matches, flowers and other cheap goods. My dear students, some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants. My dear students, there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century. Building hours were long, builders worked 64 hours a week in the summer and 52 hours in winter, while my dear students, servants worked 80 hours a week. My dear students, child labour played a very important role in industrial revolution from its very outset. Children brought about by economic hardship, the children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In the 19th century, Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. Industrial revolution did not take place as such. In England and Scotland, in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. The author Charles Dickinson worked at the age of 12 in the blacking factory with his family in debtor's prison. My dear students, throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialized society due to regulation and economic factors because of the growth of trade unions. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803 and this was the beginning of the civilisation as regards the child labour. Thank you very much. Hope you have understood the topic.