 Russian electronic warfare complicating Ukraine's counter-offensive. Russian electronic warfare equipment is a key factor complicating the counter-offensive of Ukrainian troops on the Zaporizia front, according to analysts at the Institute for the Study of War, ISW. The ISW cited a popular Russian military blogger who claims that Russian electronic warfare systems are preventing Ukrainian troops from using precision-guided munitions guided by GPS coordinates and severely disrupting Ukrainian radio communications. In particular, according to the ISW, the mill blogger noted that Russian troops are using Murmansk-BN electronic warfare systems to disable the sensors of Ukrainian air reconnaissance assets and Krasuka-4 electronic warfare systems to suppress communications with satellite signals within a 300-kilometer radius. The ISW has previously assessed that Russian electronic warfare assets are crucial to complicating Ukrainian counter-attacks on the Zaporizia front. However, it is unclear whether successful electronic warfare tactics are the result of superior capabilities or advanced use of these systems. The ISW has noted that the initial Ukrainian counter-offensive and Russian defensive operations should not be extrapolated to predict the outcome of all Ukrainian counter-offensive operations.