 Today, we are going to begin our third module, where we would be talking about the range of reactions that human beings are usually capable of displaying. What are basic attempt is to primarily understand that even if there is only one type of situation that demands you to respond, there could be a possibility of coming forward with n number of responses. From psychological view point, we are not interested in terms of computing what this n could be. What we are interested in is that what are the basic nature of these set of human reactions. So, what we will do is that we will see a particular situation, we will see what could be the possible responses and then we will try to know break them into chunks. These chunks will be defined broadly as certain type of behavioral manifestations and then we will try to see that is this range of reaction normal or it falls on the gray zone, the sub normal and or is it that it goes towards the abnormal. Here, we will for each of the steps for each type of behavior that is possible, we will try to see whether it has social acceptance, whether it has a legal acceptance and of course, whether it has a psychological acceptance or not. So, this is the way we will be moving across just one day short type of discussion on this to understand the range of human reactions. Till now, what we have been doing after we have defined that there could be a possible way of interpreting normality and hence with respect to normality sub normality and abnormality can also be defined. We took the example of marriage, the basic reason of taking marriage as an example was that this is fact of the society that has psychological, social, legal all types of burdens over it. It has certain influences of all these three major segments of the society. Today, we are going to move little ahead and instead of taking marriage as an example, you remember the national geography example that I quoted here in the class that students of your age, once they have completed their fourth year, they joined the IT industry and then they were interviewed. You remember that example, so having a house of once own was considered to be extremely important. The second extremely important requirement was that you should get married and as you know in our social fabric, one important consideration after marriage is that you should also have a child. With respect to the possible reactions in terms of this type of a situation where you are somebody, we take an example of women because primarily procreation in the society has been affiliated to womenhood and if a women is not able to bear a child, we consider her to be responsible instead of any other factor by a large. So, we will take that as an example that you are a women who is little advanced in age, has got married for couple of years and has not been able to produce an offspring. There is social demand for it, the family also says that this is a high time that you should have a baby. What could be the possible reactions? The way we would look at it is, we will first begin with the extreme possibility of the direct overt attack. So, you have a problem at hand that you are a woman who has not been able to conceive. So, what could be the direct overt attack for this very problem? Once we discuss that, we will come to the second set of reactions that is substitute reactions. Now, I know that I am not able to produce an offspring, what do I do now? Substitute reaction. Then we come to borderline defense reactions. Now, you remember there is a color code on the top, the first two simply means that these are perfectly normal human reactions. Then the pink one is the borderline case, so borderline defense reaction, so you adopt one or the other type of defense mechanisms which basically helps you remain on the borderline of normality and abnormality. Then the fourth set of reactions that are called as socially unacceptable overt reactions. You perform certain type of actions which does not have social approval and hence whether you are normal or not, because besides the critical interpretation of normality there is also a social way of looking at the behavior. So, we will look at those behavior and see whether it is legally acceptable, whether it is clinically acceptable, whether it is socially acceptable. Socially it is unacceptable, that whole category of behavior is socially unacceptable, but we will try to see from the legal in the psychological acceptance point of view. And then we will come to know the rest two sets of behavioral manifestations, the possibilities which has the red tag over it, psychosomatic and neurotic reactions which are of course, you know psychotic disorders and neurotic disorders both are considered as one type of pathological disorder in psychology. And then the extreme form of response which is psychotic disorder, which is you know an acute set of problems which helps the clinicians classify you to be a sufferer of one or the other psychotic disorder. So, this is the full range that we will cover. Example will remain the same, that say 35, 40 year old women who has been married for say last 8 or 10 years, she has not been able to produce an offspring. The possibility of reactions, the first set of direct overt attacks, you decide that you go for a thorough medical examination and diagnosis. Usually this is what is anticipated, that you have know you are thinking of a possible problem. And therefore, you realize that the person who can very well know diagnose you can let you know where the problem lies can also suggest you the alternatives is a physical practitioner. And hence you visit the medical practitioner. You undergo thorough examination, you go for certain set of diagnosis. This is perfectly it has psychological acceptance, it has social acceptance, it has legal acceptance. Now, once you have undergone a test and the doctor tells you that there is no problem with you, then you ask your husband to undergo a test. And when you ask your husband to undergo a test, legally it is perfectly psychological, it is perfectly socially you will find a variation. In small, small you know sections of the society, it is considered to be an offense to manhood. And you will come across you know especially when you read the details of different types of domestic violence. One of the prominent reason of violence is also is that when the wife demands the husband for something which challenges the manhood of that very individual. But still you know by and large some of the men can also agree some and in certain societies you will find there are little degree of unacceptance for this. But by and large you will find that there is a great degree of acceptability. This is also a very direct over attack that I know that there are two people involved in the process. The first one has undergone diagnosis, has not been identified with any problem, person has not been diagnosed with a problem. So possibly the problem lies with the second person and that person undergoes a diagnosis. Then after having the thorough medical examination, the medical practitioner tells you that you might have to undergo certain surgical intervention or behavioral you know recommendations are given to you or some medical prescriptions are suggested. Whether it is medical, whether it is surgical, whether it is behavioral all you have to do is to simply comply to the suggestions that has been given to you by the experts. You follow that and you overcome the problem. This also has no all three surgical, medical, behavioral interventions all three of them have social, legal and psychological acceptance. All these three set of behavior they constitute the segment what is being defined here as direct overt attack. Direct overt attack usually is that type of behavior where you take the situation at hand, you decide to confront you try to confront the situation phase to phase. So I know this is the problem. I bring the problem here try to you know handle it phase to phase and I resolve it. What if I do not go for direct overt attack? I am told by the medical practitioner that find you know any of the medical, surgical or behavioral intervention would not work for you or the doctor says that we have tried and we have failed. So there is no possibility of you have bearing a child. And then you decide of another set of responses. You may decide now that find let me adopt a child or let me adopt couple of children. Now the fact that I cannot have a child of my own gets substituted by the very fact that I adopt another child. The process of adoption has social, legal, psychological acceptance there is no problem at any end. In fact, I must tell you that the adoption rule has become little stringent in our country in the recent past. Earlier it was not so, but I am told by somebody who has adopted a baby couple of years back that the laws have become little stringent. And the parents who have adopted the child along with you know the original care taker with whom the child was and the child they all have to visit the court couple of times and the court wants to you know certain that there is no problem in terms of the adjustment with the child. The other possibility could be that you accept the fact that fine you know I am not able to bear a child and this is the truth of my life you have accepted. But then you somehow develop this tendency to go to professions which primarily deals with children. So, you become a pediatrician yourself, you become a doctor and you specialize in childcare. So, you become a pediatrician, you become a nurse who is basically into caregiving. And then you decide that no caregiving to children is far more important or you decide to become a teacher of you know small children where you are always know surrounded by small kids. Becoming a doctor, becoming a nurse, becoming a teacher all three of them are good professions and going for any one of these professions is perfectly ok. It has social, legal, psychological acceptance no problem at all. The third possibility could be that I do not do the first two, I do not go for the first two options rather I decide to have a pet or couple of pets in my house. So, dog, cat or dogs and cats and usually you know such type of exercise of adopting and you know taking care of the pets would be more when you know more reflective when you see that these dogs and the cats are decorated they are made to wear sweaters, jackets, trousers you must have seen those images no. Many people they you know take pride in taking care of pets like human kids, but then taking care of pet is acceptable no in all formats. You go for you know little more generalized and much more intense type of reactions like you decide instead of you know adopting one pet you decide to establish a veterinary hospital, hospital which takes care of the those animals which otherwise will not get medical care anywhere. You join anti-bibisection society in your area you say that no these are atrocities to animals and we should certainly stop them or you know start working with organizations which takes care of cruelty against you know animals. So, it is primarily the desire psychologically speaking it is primarily the desire for a child which gets substituted by another human baby in case you go for the first alternative of adopting a child or you try to further diffuse it. So, you do not have a baby of your own, but you tend to be surrounded by babies and hence you know choose for professions which ensures that will be surrounded by human babies or a third set of substitute where the original desire of having your own offspring is substituted by adopting a animal and this animal you know is basically again a substitute of the first example where you had the option of adopting a human child and again instead of know becoming a nurse, a pediatrician or a teacher you go for veterinary hospital, anti-bibisection movement, joining movements which has to do with cruelty against children or cruelty against animal all these are considered as substitute reactions. The original desire has been substituted by some other format, but then all these substitute reactions have great degree of social acceptance. So, if you are a doctor doctors are celebrated like anything in our society. If you establish a hospital you know it gives you name and fame for I do not know how many years even after you die people will remember you that you had done this thing for the society. So, all of this has social acceptance all of this behavior also has legal acceptance. As I told you that only for the first case adopting a human child in the recent past the law has become little stringent and that is good for the babies who are being adopted because the courts want to ensure that the child does not suffer any type of neglect after he or she has been adopted. Psychologically speaking this is again perfectly although you are substituting the original desire by something else, but because it gels well with your you know lifestyle it does not hamper your psychological functions at any level in any form. Therefore, psychologically also this is perfectly ok. It is only you know from a psychological view point that we consider it to be substitute reactions that these actions are actually intended to replace some original desire and therefore, this word has been added otherwise it is perfectly ok. Both these sets of direct over attacks and socially acceptable substitute reactions are completely normal set of behavior. We now come to the third set of human reactions. The first set of behavior where you decided to confront the problem directly. Second set of behavior where you decided to replace the original desire by fulfilling it by some other form. We are now coming to the third set of reactions where you know adopt one or the other mechanism you remain childless you do not you do not adopt a child you are not going for a substitute reaction. But then you show certain type of reactions in your behavior the possible reactions could be one when you talk to others you justify you know how you know pleasant it has been for you remaining childless. You could succeed in your life simply because you had no child and you did not invest your time or you did not waste your time taking care of a child. You could do much much greater things in life because you were not supposed to invest on the bringing up and education of your child. So, you just basically what you do is that you start justifying the blessings of being childless psychologically this is a defense mechanism and this defense mechanism is called rationalization. Something in your life that you are trying to justify as if what happened is you know something that should have happened and it happened because I did not had something else others could not achieve my level because they had kids and this is whole process of rationalization. See here you will find couple of you know defense mechanisms written here as I told you that I think in the last lecture or before that that defense mechanisms are usually those you know forms of human reactions which are used at a unconscious level. So, you perceive a threat to your ego and in order to defend it all you do is that you put a defense shield in front of you that will safeguard you from the external world. So, I being childless can be under scrutiny by different members of the society. Hence, I need to defend myself the first set of defense is rationalization. So, the moment I am you know questioned about my childlessness I just you know rationalize it justifies it and I give the reason what is why is it you know good to remain childless in life. Now, socially people know might accept your argument because it seems sound to them some of them some of them will say that oh you know she is just trying to justify, but otherwise your acceptance in the society is not at stake you remain the way you are legally there is no harm remaining childless legally there is no harm rationalizing the fact that you are childless. Psychologically, you know that this is one of the defense reactions that is being used. But the very fact that defense mechanisms are primarily made to defend your ego hence usage of one of them know to defend this situation is perfectly ok. The only difference here is that now you are on the in the borderline zone the second problem could be that you start blaming your parents that you know I doctors told me that everything is fine with me, but perhaps I think know my parents did not take care of me properly I was not fed I was not given medical care I was deprived of certain nutrition that made me come to a point where I am not able to conceive. Now such type of things are considered as projection why because you try to project the blame for not having a child on somebody else ok. So, usually know human beings in most of the situations when you realize that you are really caught at a wrong foot many of you many of us use this technique know. So, for example, if you get a bad grade you are not responsible the instructor is responsible ok. So, that is the projection in rationalization you try to fit with arguments that I had a fever that morning the last night I could not sleep properly and hence I could not perform well in the exam ok. Had the slides been given to me had the cushion been disclosed to me had this happened then I would have got good grades projection is you simply say this man he is known for giving bad grades. The third possibility could be little different when you start recollecting your earlier days experiences and you try to revert back to one of the most pleasant earlier phases of your life. So, you realize that say when I was 18, 20, 21 perfectly there was no such no need imposed on me and my life was as beautiful as one can think of. So, you regress back to that phase of your life regression is a tendency of an individual to revert to one of the earlier phases of life which the individual considered to be most pleasant. So, say the women considered that as a 20th year of her life was very pleasant. So, she now starts no behaving as if she was 20 you dress up like that you talk like that means the way you lead your life when you were 20 you start replicating many of those things ok. Now, here you have no legally find there is no problem whether you know act little matured or you tend to be little immature. Psychologically this is a defense mechanism therefore, perfectly socially people know might sometime start talking about you. So, you could become a subject of gossip have you seen nowadays she is doing like this. So, you could become an object of scrutiny for certain people in the society you could become a hot cake for some type of gossips people always search for certain options like that. The other possibility could be that you start to know in your imagination you think as if the child in your neighborhood is your baby or a child that you see on the screen the child that you have seen somewhere you start visualizing that child happens to be yours that is fantasy. So, you are fantasizing and in your fantasy you have children and you derive satisfaction out of it because it is you know an individuals prerogative to think the way one wants and because it does not involve any set of overt action therefore, if you fantasize that way there is no problem there this also has social legal and psychological acceptance. Then we come to another set of reactions where you develop a version for children and this in psychology we call it reaction formation. Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where you show a behavior exactly opposite of what you inwardly feel little difficult to digest know that inwardly for example inwardly I have a deep sense of liking for you outwardly I express extreme of hatred for you what the world sees it the is the outer manifestation that this person neglects me this person does not like me he hates me like anything, but inwardly that person actually likes you to the maximum possible extent. So, if you have that type of a diametrically opposite reaction overtly compared to what you internally feel that is called reaction formation now reaction formation in this type of case could be that inwardly you know passionately want a child outwardly you show extreme rejection for a child. So, you have your apartment in front of it know you put a notice there children not allowed please leave your children when you visit me. So, when you do things like that you show extreme degree of aversion for children and that is an indicator of reaction formation once again legally there is no point having aversion for children psychologically also this is a defense mechanism. Socially people might start know thinking twice before visiting you because you show aversion for their children. So, socially there could be little bit of incompatibility, but otherwise you know by and large this format of reaction is also because all of them are defense mechanisms used in this type of a problem situation therefore, they are called borderline defense reactions means in case you were not able to defend your need and hence your ego using these defense mechanisms probably it could have led you to some other possibility. You are successful leading a normal life because the defense mechanisms that you adopted face to you the desired results hence these are classified as borderline cases know that you are now in the gray zone. Then we come to the another set of reactions socially and acceptable overt reactions. Now, these are you remember earlier we had discussed a direct overt attacks where you had know analyze the problem and you decided to confront it head on you face the challenged know and then you try to know get rid of it or find a suitable solution for it. Here also you have overt reactions, but then it you know crosses the acceptance limit of the social protocol and hence they are also considered as compensatory reactions. These reactions include indulging in sexual promiscuity which has great degree of social and acceptance legally also know you can be challenged if you are if you are married man or woman you can be dragged to the court of law and with the recent know verdict of one of the high courts in India even if you are not married, but if you are in a living in relationship the court has given a different interpretation now. So, even if you can be held responsible if you were not married, but still you were in living in relationship and has shown your indulgence in social promiscuity you can be dragged to the court of law. One way intellectual way of looking at it and more what you call psychologically balanced way of looking at it could be that you say that it is an individual's act to consenting adults are involved and hence I take a neutral view about it. If your action does not interfere with know the other know elements in the society and it does not break the stability there of units like family, units like a relationship, units like society then you say that fine this is the prerogative of the individual to decide one way or the other. The other possibility could be that you go for know multiple marriages in your life I do not know how many of you are aware of it, but if you look at the data of remarriages in India or if you talk to sociologist who are into know society marriage and stuffs like this they do this type of a work they will tell you that in our society also there are large number of marriages where the women is held responsible for not giving a baby to the family and hence the man is supposed to marry some other woman. And in couple of situations not many, but in couple of situations I have heard several times where know the wife herself has asked her husband to go for the second marriage. So much is the know what you call social burden or social influence that you allow the know your husband to get remarried or you allow the wife to get married usually this does not happen usually it is the husband should marry multiple times and this again is driven by the whole idea that the primary responsibility of delivering a child lies with the women. The third know a compensatory reaction could be that you do not involve in the first two type of reactions, but you resort to drug abuse for example or you start know abusing alcohol intake. So, you are just know basically it is know usage of an external chemical agent that does not allow you to think of certain situations that you are experiencing in reality. So, basically you are trying to blur your clarity about the immediate problem that you are facing using one or the other chemicals. So, whether it could be alcohol intake or it could be drug abuse all these three sets of behavior have social and acceptance that you should not do these things know legally you can be challenged in many forms. And psychologically we say that these are all compensatory reactions you are trying to compensate for a great loss that you a great vacuum that you experience in your life. Now, this set of compensatory reactions and the defense mechanisms they were the set of reactions that were in the gray zone. Now, we come to the other extreme end of it where you have behavior which would be know revisited re looked at in the psychological clinics. Here we come across the behavior which are socially and personally handicapping. Means it does not allow you to socially perform what you should have actually performed or psychologically it does not allow you the possibility of the growth that you are otherwise entitled to you are capable of. So, somewhere you are know these sets of behavior makes you handicapped in terms of your social and personal indulgence and achievement. Simultaneously you could also develop some psychosomatic problems. Psychosomatic problems are basically those set of problems where the origin of the problem lies in your psyche. And the symptom is reflected physically. Let me take one small example know. Situation when you become tense, situation when you have certain degree of anxiety and that makes you do something which actually is not needed, but you feel it has to be done. For example, I ask you that fine I have put down three different symptoms here. Can you tell me another symptom and you say serve me me and I say yes you and you say there was no choking in your throat. But you experience certain degree of performance anxiety. Now, you have to leave your seat everybody will turn and look at you. Means you are under scrutiny for this smaller frame of time. There is certain degree of performance anxiety that I have to perform. So, that I meet the minimum expectation level of my fellow classmates here they would say good English good dancer look wise good. So, overall you want your judgment to be at the higher end or within the acceptable limit. This perception starts invoking this performance anxiety in you and that performance anxiety in turn makes you clear your throat multiple times. So, psychosomatic reactions are like that where the origin lies in your psyche, the manifestation is at the bodily level. We will not go into the details of it. Even in the last unit when we come to psychological disorders, but it these are interesting set of reactions. And if you want to read about it you can certainly read in any book of clinical psychology or psychopathology you will find details about it. Very few hospitals in India had psychosomatic clinics nowadays where the doctors from the medicine and other departments will suggest you to visit the psychosomatic clinic. And it is these psychosomatic clinics which makes you realize that fine the origin of your problem lies in your psyche. And hence it needs to be addressed differently you should not be completely dependent on medication. The possible reactions here they could be that you develop functional eminoroyer. Now this is basically an indicator of the fact that you have conceived. So, you just display this symptom and display of the symptom somewhere makes you very happy inside. Why? Because you know that this is one of the indicators of conception and I have developed it. So, it is fulfilling for you within. Two you develop another symptom know what is called morning sickness. Again this is reported by women who have who are bearing child. The very fact that you are aware of this symptom you try to know experience it within and that makes you inwardly very happy that I also I am carrying a baby. The third case of pseudo-pregnancy where you actually do not bear a child. But then you have all types of abdominal know growth which is again a very strong indicator of pregnancy. And usually you will find that the first two symptoms are still of know little what you call not as grave as what you usually see in pseudo-pregnancy. The interesting clinical case is very few very few. But the interesting clinical case one case that I know of pseudo-pregnancy was where this women would sleep. And once she is know asleep the abdomen will reach its normal range. So, you have the flat normal know type of abdomen and the moment she wakes up suddenly this abdomen will have great know bulging there. Now, the suddenly know this bulging of the stomach with the moment she regains her consciousness know after she leaves her bed she finds herself the way she was when before she was you know coming to the bed. So, that is the extreme variation in terms of the physical response of the individual. Now, these set of responses needs to be examined legally there is no harm know because there is a particular situation in your life that you are experiencing. And therefore, legally you will not be scrutinized if you develop any of these problems. But then socially know people might rethink about attending you they might be concerned psychologically also this requires great degree of attention to the client concerned. Because you are showing certain degree of psychosomatic problems or you develop certain type of neurotic problems. And then we come to the last set of possible reactions and these know reactions are much more acute in nature. And therefore, they are classified as psychotic reactions these psychotic reactions could be delusions. In psychology we talk about know three forms of such reactions. Let me know again draw the range all of you can see me right now I am available in your physical environment. And you look at me and you are able to see me the very fact that you are able to identify a human being standing in front of you talking to you something is know dependent on some type of electrochemical mechanism know the whole process of know light coming to me falling on me going back hitting your retina impulses going to brain if you interpret it that way. But then finally, once you have sensed the presence of a human being you provide a meaning to what you have sensed. Now, if you consider that this is my instructor of PSY 451 you have successfully identified what you have sensed you have provided a appropriate meaning to what you have sensed. This is what we call as perception is psychology. Now, if you are able to successfully provide meaning to what you have sensed this is perception, but you might commit errors three types of errors you can think of I have seen this person, but I do not know could be BSB we say somewhere I have seen him. The moment you misclassify me in one or the other category or say the popular examples of having seen the shadow of a rope and then feeling as if this was a snake. These are the popular examples of illusion where you fail to provide appropriate meaning to what you have sensed these are illusions. Perception illusions are perfectly delusions and hallucinations are two things that we need to give more attention to with respect to the type of course that we are deliberating on. There could be three types of delusions one delusion of persecution delusion of grandiose and delusion of hallucinations and delusions of reference. Say one of you whisper into the ears of the person sitting next to you and I look at it and I say what they must be talking about definitely he is talking about me. I am not an object of your interest you are talking something else, but whenever I see any two person talking I think they must be talking about me. This is the delusion of reference that the activities in my surrounding takes place with a reference to me which is not true. This is delusion of reference delusion of grandiose you know there is there has been many many instructors in the world, but nobody as great as me and you think that there have been students coming to your class, but there was no student like me I can understand before the slide transaction takes place. So, disproportionately know that degree of greatness that you attribute to yourself that is the delusion of grandiose. And the third is delusion of persecution that person at the back has covered his head looking at me must be planning to kill me this is a delusion of persecution. So, all three delusions know makes you pay a heavy price because it does not allow you to adjust well in your society. And then comes the third set illusion delusion we have discussed then comes the third set and that is hallucination you can see me in my absence also. So, when I ask you that do you see the instructor there and say yes very much. So, visual presence of the stimuli visual presence of something or auditory presence of a signal in the absence of the actual signal is hallucination. So, you see you claim to see things that others cannot you claim to hear things that others cannot that is verbal or auditory hallucination. We are talking about delusion here. So, delusion of persecution concerning seductive behavior of man. So, somebody is trying to persecute you delusion of being a drunk and or raped or having that intense belief in you you think that why am I not able to conceive why am I not delivering babies like all other women around me. Lord Krishna wants to take rebirths he is searching for a suitable mother and I am going to be a that baby. So, that type of belief you are in crossed way or you have delusions of motherhood all these things are on the complete aborated end of the reaction the reaction continuum that we plotted in the beginning and these are classified as psychotic patterns. Now, neurotic and psychotic patterns both these set requires the attention of clinicians. The from the legal framework you you should be certainly given proper attention by the state machineries society should certainly pay attention to you society will be concerned even if you show neurotic or psychosomatic or psychotic reaction in this type of situation and clinically you deserve special attention because you have been showing neurotic psychosomatic or psychotic set of reactions. So, what we did here was that we took one situation and we try to stretch it to the maximum possible extent this was all about the possible range of human reactions and how are adjustment is put at stake when we meet next we would be taking up another module.