 With a few things about what you can take out of this and what you can't the first point to make is about I'm talking about work that's been done by a group of a group a Group of at least 60 people. So if you find anything wrong, it's not My fault, it's the other 59 The second thing to say is that as you you you come to see it's work that we've We that we started about two years back and we're just starting to get to get the data. So All all that that I'm really presenting is Some of the ideas behind the research and some of the first the some of the first impressions of the findings that We That we start in to see so the the the main problem that we're trying to deal with is that if you look at employment Data in In In the last while Across the globe. I think it's clear that that most Most of the job creation is in the informal economy and the most the most recent sort of data that we have suggested that That's something around half of total of Total environment in the None egg egg rig sector comes from the informal economy and this Numbers unsurprisingly somewhat somewhat Larger in Africa Than it is elsewhere But if we think about About stories about growth about about structural transformation In the effort in the African setting and and and this came to Me also in in some of the sessions this morning is that you don't you you hear a lot about exports about the Modity boom there's a lot lots of work around social protection in Africa, but None of the growth the growth stories really focused on the informal On the informal economy and and what the papers trying to do is to really say well Why is this though and and what about the African growth story? Can we tell? From views from the in from the informal economy and and I guess the point that I'm trying to Make is that most of the Models that they're trying to explain growth in Africa Either ignore the informal economy completely or else Capture the informal economy in a way that is that is Not really consistent with the sort of picture that we see at them at the Micro level and and I think that that that this is That this is something that is really really important because the the the the bulk of the economy that we see in Africa is Not really being seen by those who make choices about policies So how do these models then tend to just sort of capture the informal economy if you if you Look at the growth the growth in Africa the growth The growth in developing countries stories you you sort of tend to see the informal economy sometimes in the Models that we use and the sort of bulk of them tend to to to come from a multi-sector approach and and and this the the sorts of things that you see in in the Models is a view that would say well we We need something to distinguish the formal economy from the informal economy and and and in that Work it sort of tends to be one of those six things That is the key distinction between the formal economy and the informal economy So the thing that you see the the most is that is is that these dual-sector Models would say that we have a sort of part of the economy that we would We would think of as traditional and a part of the of the economic system that we that we would think of as Modern part and and that's really the distinction between formal and informal or Something that you see a lot of it as well is a view that That would say you haven't a sort of part of the economy where the laws have some sort of bite And you have a part of the economy where the laws don't Kind of really have any impact at all and people don't pay to pay taxes, etc So that's really the distinction between between the formal and the informal economy So so it sort of tends to be one of those six things that is the the main factor between something that we would that we would think of them is Models as the formal sector and and then something else is the informal sector So what sort of really lies behind these? Models is one of four things that we've that we've called myths about the informal economy so if you if you think about the traditional Modern distinction, what's what's really being said is that is that the informal economy is not sort of part of the Modern sector and that's why we're going to have it as a sector on its own Or else it would be something like like mystery Which would say the those in the informal economy are there because they're trying to hide from some laws So they they're trying to evade taxes or they're trying to They're trying to evade laws on on sort of Business registration or there's something that they hide from and that's really what what what lies behind behind these Models that we that we tend to use so it's it's it's largely one of these four Myths that that that really informs the bulk of the thinking on the informal economy So if you if you sort of think about what's what's really going on most of these models simply Simply add on the informal economy and then the sort of Models kind of stirred up in the usual way and and and and and there's there's there's the so the key the The main question that we that we Trying to think through in this project is is do these Models sufficiently sort of capture What is going on in this in in this part of the economic system where the bulk of the people tend to be the models? tend to be extremely Extremely elegant and they they tend to be extremely Extremely parsimonious, but do they really tell us what is going on on the ground? So the work that they That we doings In those cities, so it's it's It's work that's spread throughout the world. It's work. That's that we doing in three sectors, so we Looking at street vending we're looking at at the way speaking sector and we Looking at home-based work and in each one one of those instances we were working closely with the with the member-based organization, so so there's there's a In each case there's an organization that is organizing the workers and we working really closely with that and the The main issue behind the research is we we we sort of were wanting to understand Three three three broad drivers we we we sort of call them drivers so we Want to know how the the models in The models and the practices in In the whole economic space how models around urban planning In how sectoral issues get Get get transmitted through a sort of And number of institutions And how does that impact them? and On the lives of those who work in the informal economy The methods that we're using is is a sort sort of Mitch of qualitative and quantitative So we've done full of we've done 15 focus groups Of five each in in each One of those sectors and cities And we're really using the qualitative stuff to to sort of delve into those Those four broad areas. So it's it's it's sort of telling us about what are these driving forces? What's the sectoral issues which are the key institutions and and then how do they How do they engage with the informal economy and and there's there's a set of tools that That explores What's the economic what's the What's the sort of economic In can economic output of the workers We also have a quantitative survey Which is exploring exploring the household Issues of assets It explores the enterprise and we ask all sorts of questions about And how does your enterprise operate? What's your output Things like how do you determine your price? How much of that price is informed by by a price in the formal sector and things of that sort And we're going to track the same group The same group at two points in time So we've done the first round and we'll go back to the same respondents to get the same in The same in the same information in 2014. So I Want to share with you Some of the first impressions that we've got from the first round Of the data so go go back to the myth one of the myths Is this idea that we have a dual economy that that that there's a formal sector and and There's an informal sector and the two don't Don't really engage all all that much I'm I'll I'll sort of tell you a bit about What the first round of the data's Telling us about some of these economic issues and I'll tell you a bit about What our first rounds Telling us about issues of of sort of taxation hiding from tax, etc It's a it's a large amount of sort of data That we have and I could I could sort of talk for three days about it, but I'm I'm just going to Give you a free a few impressions on those three issues So the first First issue is if we look at the households how much of of of of the Livelihood strategy in those households tends to be determined by By work in the formal sector and work in the informal sector so do households tend to combine some sort of income from the formal sector and some sort of income from the informal sector and you can see that that that That from these these Numbers that are that that that that there's a large impact of of sort of households combining that That the households combine We work in the formal sector with work in the informal sector sector so Among our respondents there's a there's a this there's a sort of dual strategy in the household where It would be someone Working in the informal in the informal economy someone else in the formal sector and and and Some amount as well with with with with with with with with another member of the household in the informal economy as well We we Asked the respondents to just sort of tell us where they buying their goods from so what's what's the sort of Nature of the link between where you source your your goods and again, you can see a sort of fairy Large flow sort of back to the formal sector Although there's a there's a sort of larger integration with the informal sector Using the qualitative Tools we can see some of the so so This is a flow diagram from from one of the One of the focus groups And you can't see too clearly, but but what what so so this would be a group of five workers and and when we can track Which are the sectors in the in in the whole economic system that they Link up to and you can see food the large amounts of clothing Would say it's what what what what we sort of get out of it is an extremely sort of sort of complex set of of links throughout throughout the Throughout the whole economic system This is a special a map of the of the of the of the types of Work that we saw That we saw in that in in Nukuru and you can see sort of large spreads out into the spatial spatial setting of the city What what what sort of comes out clearly from our quantitative research is it 59% of our street Benders tend to trade extremely closely to a formal sector retail and One of the issues that we exploring is is what is this sort of tell us about the Then the nature of the links between the formal sector and informal sector is the one driving the other art or should we think about it is As some sort of integrated relationship where when when one part of the One Part of the economy grows when the formal sector grows Does the informal sector grow as well? And we starting to explore some of these issues Rapidly Running out of time so Just a few things on the growth On the growth issues we have a quite diverse growth Growth settings in in the five cities where we where we've Looked at the street at the street vending sector So it's a it's a it's a sort of Mixture of things Okay, I'll I'm I'm going to have to stop now. So I'll just just sort of tell you about this what one What we asked each group to do is to tell us what the main economic Forces where they shaped their They shaped their incomes and then to rank them so a high Number there means a large Number of our groups rank that is one of the top three One of the top three one of the top three constraints and you can see Rising prices is a big issue for Most of these groups if I if I if I So so Prices going up on on their own isn't Necessarily a problem if you can can pass on that price increase to the final consumer a large Number of our respondents Seem to be suggesting that they can't pass on the full price impact so that they They there's a there's a rise in their input Costs and they can't really pass on the full price impact On the chain, I think I'd best stop here. I have a few slides, but I'd be stealing someone else's time Thank you very much. Let's give a round of applause to our presenter