 All right, so I don't think anyone saw something in the chat so I'm going to move ahead and as you know, we have, you will have a mail address to contact us if you have a question coming later in your, once you're working with your data or if something comes to your mind. So for now, let's move to the last presentation of this training sessions that will be on energy balances. This was created by my colleague Taylor Morrison and me, Nicola Trent, and we are working in the annual energy statistics team within the IEA. And our work is simply, to put it simply, to use all of those five annual questionnaire that you've seen described before, so for the fossil fuel electricity annual goals. And use them to build energy balances. So for this presentation, we will be separating five main topics. So first, define a little bit what is energy balances and then we discuss why it's very important and we can use them. And for the later part, it will be a little bit more time on how we do that, how we manipulate the data and what are the rules that you try to follow doing so. And then we'll be focusing a little bit more on the energy balances layout as we do it in the IEA. So as you already know, I can understand that sometimes for different, depending on the organization of the country, this is presented differently. And this will also be a big part of the data session that we will have later on. And finally, we finish by a brief overview of the uses that we can have of the energy balances. So for now, let's talk about what are the energy balances. And before that, you start to know the drill. We have a mentee for you. Let me set it back here. You should now see the mentee with the correct code. So it should be 7, 8, 4, 1, 9, 1, 5, 4, 7, 8, 4, 1, 9, 1, 5, 4. And the question is, are you aware or are you working maybe directly on the production of your national energy balances for your country? And you can also find the code written in the chat box. And so we already have 7 people that are actually aware, that knows of the country producing national energy balances, which is nice. But I think we are something like 87 participants. So we might have more people normally within it. Oh, currently developing it, it's interesting. I would be curious if you can say for which country you are in the chat, I would be curious to know which country is currently developing the energy balances. That's a part of our work here to assist if you are doing so. All right, so now let's move back to the presentation. So now we are back to the PowerPoint. And so let's talk a little bit about definition. So what is an energy balances? So let me just move one thing on the events. So an audition can present an energy balances in many ways. And you see on the screen right now the way the IE chose to do. This is based on what is truly international recommendation for energy statistics or IRS. This IRS is a set of methodology and rules that have been established by the United Nations regarding energy statistics. And we see a way to build a comprehensive framework on the scope of energy statistics regarding classification, units, method. And to put it more simply, it enables us to speak the same language when we talk about the energy feed. That with both routes we can speak the same way of power plants in Africa or in Asia. We can speak about the same consumption in Latin America or in Europe. That they are all relatively similar and we can discuss them. And just also something to clarify, we are working on the annual basis for the energy balances. So this would be the representation of the energy supply and demand within a country, a territory delimited by border within a year. So if we look a little bit more closely at this energy balances now, you can see that this is a matrix. A matrix with different dimensions that we call products, flows, years. And within this table when we only select one year, you can already descent three main components. So you would have on the top of it the supply part, which would be corresponding to the production roughly and the supplying of the country, of the territories you are studying right now, of the energy commodities. You would have below it the transformation, where you focus on how those energy commodities are manipulated, how they use to generate another form of energy commodities, etc. And the last part would be on what we call the final consumption, which means, we call it final consumption, because after this usage, there is no way to use this energy anymore. Those products cannot be used for energy purposes, once they have been consumed in the sector, hence the final wording. One of the interests, and we will be speaking a little bit more about this later in the presentation, is that for all of those products that you see here, coal, hydro energy, geothermal, biofuel, they are all comparable between each other. All products are comparable and we see why, just a little bit further. And it's because it's in comparable energy. All of those data points are in terajoules, in this case, or in energy units, which means that they are comparable. When you cannot compare a gigawatt hour and a ton of coal, you can compare a thousand of terajoules to a hundred of terajoules. So, as I explained before, this is a way to paint, to display a global picture of the energy situation within a country. And so you can present this as a table, but there is another way that you can present it, but it will be as a graph. In that case, we call that a sandy diagram, a sandy chart. So, this chart is actually exactly the same information that you have in the table. It's exactly the same, but just presented with this way of representing the flux between production, transformation, consumption. So, you can see there the way the energy flows in the country, if I can say. It's a more visual approach to this. All of the energy balances are available on our website for the country we publish. So, you can consult for your own country if you are curious. You can follow this way with this link, igay.org, slash sandy. So, now, why do we produce those energy balances? Even if we find them beautiful and they are really interesting new tools, why do we produce those? The energy balances gives a general overview of the total energy system, meaning the supply and the consumption. And for many reasons, that could be political, technological development. It's important sometimes to have this global overview of the system and understand how it goes. And by presenting all the data in this common energy unit, we can see the total amount of energy that is used in the country. And the relative contributions of each fuel, meaning that you can know if your country is exceptionally dependable on, especially dependable on one fuel or has a relative stability in between suppliers. It also serves as the basis for the estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. So, my colleague Pouya would have probably a lot more to say about this. But, relatively, if it is what is used to then calculate what is the amount of CO2 produced by burning energy community within a country. To put it really simply in one sentence. Furthermore, a country can analyze its dependency on energy import, as I told you. And analyze it as the energy efficiency, meaning that it can monitor if it's policy in terms of energy efficiency. If it managed to produce the same amount of services or to produce more services with the same amount of energy. And we can also compare countries in between themselves as they are, as they are lying on the same methodology for these data sets. Meaning that you can compare a country that would use a policy A on its energy production to a country using the policy B. And this way you can make sure all make sense. And finally, it allows us to have good basis for forecasting, for modeling, for projections. And to check the efficiency of already implemented policies, of course. So, now that I briefly talked about all of those definitions. Let's do a little bit more within the engine and see how we are calculating those energy balances. So, as I told you, roughly speaking, we take all of the data energy statistics that are produced by my colleagues using the annual questionnaires. Or when the country we are working on do not feed those annual questionnaires for us using annual publications, websites, official data that we can find or that they provide sometimes in different formats. We aggregate all those and we create what we call the commodity statistics. So, this is a big table, but all of the data from both different issues and sources, but not in energy units. It's only in the natural, if I can say units of those data. But once we have these commodity statistics, we can generate the energy balances. So, we need to transform those data in kilotons, in digiawatt hour or in some other units into the units we want for the energy balances. And to do so, we need a specific item that we see just right now with another mentee. So, we can move to the second question in the mentee. So, still the same code of 7, 8, 4, 1, 9, 1, 5, 4. And the question is, if you want to convert mass or kilotons of coal, for example, from the energy statistics into a data and energy units for the energy balances, what do you need? Do you need to use the density of the material, its terrific value or the carbon content of it? I'll leave you a few minutes, the time for me to have a sip of water. All right, I think you might have already seen this presentation or already be aware of all that. So, yes, indeed, we need the terrific value to generate, to move from the, sorry, let me find again the point now. So, to move from energy statistics to energy units, we did need the terrific value. So, good job. And typically, this information on the fuel is found in unit of energy per mass, kilojoule per kilogrammes, for example. It can be found sometimes in energy per volumes, but the most useful one is usually used in the mass. So, let's get a little bit more into the details here. So, we have statistics by products, as I told you, and we use a multiplication with the calorific value. So, we move from kilotons. We mutilate the value in kilotons by kilojoule per kilogrammes to get the data in energy. And so, we process to a few format changes in the statistics. That would mean, for example, to apply a negative value to the exports when we toss positive in the statistics or these kind of things just to follow specific rules that we want within the tables. And using that, we get the energy balance. And if we would just to remind you on the definition of calorific value, but I think you all know it, it's the amount of heat that you obtain from one unit of energy commodity when you burn it. And it can be, it represent particularly the amount of energy that you extract from the physical unit of the commodity. And we insist a lot in this presentation on calorific value because they are quite important. And we have an example just here to explain you why it's not negligible to you to be careful with them. So, calorific value, let's say you have an example of statistics sheet with data in kilotons. And you have here the value of their calorific, their calorific value, their net calorific value. And you do what I did, so you apply the calorific value and you modify the format to get it into energy balances. And what you can notice in that situation is that you move from the statistical differences, so differences between the supply and the demand of zero in the statistics to differences of 200 within the balances. And these come from issues within the calorific value that do not match exactly what is real, but do not have enough quality in them. So that's why when you collect your data in physical unit, you really need to pay attention also to the calorific content of it to also qualify the quality of the fuel. But also to think in advance of when you need to transform those data, you need a good calorific value that match depending on the flow that you're studying. The calorific value of the production, of the importation you have, or of the consumption in specific sectors. So now we have, so now we have the way we transform, we pass from energy statistics to energy balances. So now we have several steps to follow to keep building our balances. So you need to set a common unit for the accounting. You need to choose if you want to work in net or gross calorific value. And to be, again, doing a treatment on the calorific value by products. And then we spend more time on what we call the primary energy problem, which is a little bit more, probably the most difficult part of this presentation. So I will try to spend more time on it. So, first of all, what energy to use? You have a lot of energy units that you can use, invest. You have British thermal units, ton of oil equivalent, ton of coal equivalent, joules, watt hours, a lot of unitages. In the area, we chose recently to use joules. For a long time, we were using kilotons of oil equivalent because of many reasons historically and for some other particular reason. And now we move to joules, which are more close to scientific approach and use more usable for many of our users, actually. So joules, you know, but any of those units are valid because you just need to apply a conversion factor to move from 1 to 0. Then net or gross calorific value. To remind you, I think you already discussed it in the gas presentations. You have a difference between net calorific value and gross calorific value for the energy commodities. This comes from the latent heat of the polarization of the water that is produced during commutations, that is effectively a lost part of the energy content. So that would be a 5% for coal, 5% for oil and 10% for gas. In the area, we work with the net values, because in our mind, it's the energy that is actually available for the users. But again, it's just a matter of presizing it and explaining it in your methodology. And then people can just apply what they need to apply. Now, one last time on the calorific value. So let's say the table of coal, natural gas, crude oil and oil products. Those calorific values for those products, first of all, can vary over time. Meaning that point of point is guess of coal, depending on what strata you are in your, in digging in your mind. The quality of the coal will not be the same. So you need every year to recheck to make sure that the calorific value is still correct. Of course, it varies between commodities. So coal and oil products do not have the same calorific value. But even weaving coal between different types of coal, you have sometimes big differences. So you can just use a default one for every of those products. From country to country, of course, natural gas produced in South Africa and natural gas produced in Norway will not have the same calorific value. It will not be exactly the same gas with the same amount of carbon in it. And then finally, from flow to flow. Meaning, for example, in the case, the amount of coal that you have imported through trade will not have the same calorific value than the one that is consumed in the residential sector because it has the same product that is sold at that moment and sometimes with the transportation, you can also get different, different, different values there. So now that we move out of the calorific value questions, let's go a little bit more into one of the difficult parts of the analysis, which is, as we saw for the, for the combustible sources of electricity, it's far more easier to report the, not far more easier, but it's easier to report the data because you have the production and you just have to report the input to power plant, to electricity plant or to CHP and the output in another line or another column for electricity. But for non-combustible, combustible sources such as nuclear, hydro-energy, or geothermal, wind and solar, this is a little bit more tricky because what is exactly the input to the power plant and what are the outputs? This needs to have a convention and there are many ways that this could be done. I would just present here the way the IES follows because of IRS, but this can be a challenge for some other methodology. So we use what we call the, we follow in the monitor what we call the primary energy. So we calculate the amount of primary energy input into those power plants. And how do we define the form of primary energy that we will be monitoring for the supply part? So we need to, we choose in the A2, you follow up with the first energy form that has multiple energy uses. So to clarify a bit, for the point in the case of nuclear, it will be a hit. We do not monitor the uranium or radioactive materials because they do not have multiple energy uses. It's only used for those ones. Another example, for example, in the case of electricity for hydro. So we only monitor the electricity direct output of the hydro dam because the potential energy of the water behind the dam does not have any other energy uses possible. This is just for the, we focus on the first one that could have different way of being used. So once we choose what type of primary energy we will be monitoring, we need then to decide how we report that for the transformation part. So we use what we call a physical energy content method. Basically, we try to monitor the amount of energy that is within the primary form of energy and that will be useful, that will be enough to generate the output that we are monitoring. So for to do that, we will have to use what we call implied efficiencies. So for example, to go again to the example of nuclear, remember nuclear, we use heat as primary form of energy. Most of the time when we receive the data from our contacts, they only report the amount of electricity that is produced from nuclear plants because this is what the plant is selling. This is what is more easy for them to monitor. So what we do when we create our energy balances is that we are back calculating applying the implied efficiency of 33% to the nuclear transformation to have the original primary heat to be reported as production in the energy balances. For another point, it is the same for solar thermal. Most of the time solar thermal plants will only report the amount of electricity that they are selling and we will have to monitor, to battery it then using a 33% efficiency estimation for the electricity generation and if the plant is also selling heat we are also taking all of the electricity of the heat as 100% efficiency in that case because it is not a transform heat it is just conducted. It is more easy for hydro wind and solar PV as we are focusing on the electricity as primary energy form so we are just applying 100% efficiency in the transformation. So what you have in the production line and what we have in the input to power plant line in the energy balances will be the same. I know this is a little bit complicated but we will go a little bit more into it during the exercises so bear with me here. And so here are again some examples as I described to you. So we have 1000 terajoules we have an energy input of 1000 terajoules of electricity from a wind plant to 100% efficiency for in that case so it's 100% terajoules of wind that is inputted into the wind bin. And again for nuclear and for the other sources depending on which efficiency we are using here you will have different inputs of primary energy equivalent. Of course if countries report to us the real efficiency that they have we try to use them but most of the time we have to use the simple efficiency. I think we are a little bit late and I would like to keep some time for the the sizes and the Q&A so I will keep this main question if someone speaking you I think someone forgot to mute ok sorry sorry about that so let's go quickly to a detail more detail view on the energy balances layer so as I told you you have three main sections so you will have the production the supply part on top of it which include for example the production but so the trading the bankering and the stock change and let's focus here on following the oil products column because it's a bit more interesting so you see there is no domestic production and you have a negative supply TES for total energy supply that you have here this negative TES indicate that the production the actual production of those products as they are secondary products and the primary ones will be happening in the transformation so in that case you have a negative input of crude oil into the line of refineries and a positive output of oil plots which represent the transformations within this process and to see another case of that you can look at the coal column you have a negative input of coal into electricity plants and further to the right you have a positive output of electricity from coal within the electricity plants and if you sum all of that in the total column at the far right of it you will see that in the case of electricity plant you have a negative figures this represents the losses of energy that you will have in these transformations cause as you probably all know none of the energy transformation that you can do most of the time have a high efficiency most of the time especially for combustible fuels you will be around 30% or lower in the production and we will be going back to this a little bit more into the size part and to finish briefly to have a time for questions so what are the uses of synergy balances beyond or as cool as they are so applying some basic economic indicators like population GDP of a country you can already produce a lot of indicators that can be useful for analysis for political reasons or for even classifying and comparing countries in between them for example here you can monitor the total energy supply of energy supply per capita so per inhabitants of India and see how this evolves over time and see for the impact of some events worldwide events in the 2020 and afterwards you can also compare as a total countries in between themselves so comparing the total energy supply and the GDP of the country of different economies and see if the economy is passive or not and you can also monitor the self sufficiency by dividing production of the total supply of different energy communities of a country to see how dependent they are or self sufficiency they are on this lastly you can also from energy balances I told you create and calculate your CO2 emissions put it out very simply you apply carbon content factors to the energy consumption that you have in your energy balances this is a big sum up of huge work that my colleagues are doing but just to cite it briefly and you can also try some of the sustainable development goals that are been established by the UN and to conclude before we move to the Q&A doing energy balances they require a good quality in statistics for physical data and of charity value they are a compact source of energy information you can read a lot about a country using their energy balances and they enable accurate check of the energy statistics for example if you want to check the efficiency of your transformations in your statistics or etc and they are the foundation for some of the basic energy indicators energy accounting and CO2 emissions estimates