 Hello, can you hear me? Please let me know. You can hear me. Please let me know. Okay. It is control and coordination which has up to six to seven marks where it is up to six to seven marks. So we'll start with that control and coordination. And with this chapter we can discuss about two units that is nervous system, endocrine system. These are the two systems which controls and coordinates our body to do all the functions of our body. So we'll discuss, we'll see the topics in, okay. First, before going to the details of the chapter, we need to know few terminology like what is a stimuli, the changes in the environment to which living organisms respond is called as stimulus. So we can see many changes in the environment. We respond to that. So that is known as stimulus. For example, heat, cold, smell, touch, all these are stimulus. When you feel these, you respond to that. That is known as stimulus. Living organisms respond to stimuli in the form of moment of the body. So when you are responding to the stimuli, you move your body. So for the proper response to the stimulus, you need to coordinate. Your body should coordinate. Many organs of your body should work together. That working together of the body parts is known as coordination. So the stimulus will be controlled by a nervous system and coordination will be done by endocrine system. So working together of various organs in an organism to produce proper response is known as coordination. So this is known as control and coordination. Okay. In animals, control and coordination is done by the nervous system and endocrine system. In plants, it is done by plant hormones. Plant hormones are known as phyto hormones. Okay. And next, we have coordination in animals. In animals, control and coordination is done by nervous system and endocrine system. First we will discuss about nervous system, then we will go to endocrine system. Okay. Nervous system consists of, nervous system consists of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. In central nervous system, we mainly discuss about brain and spinal cord. And next in peripheral nervous system, it is divided into sensory and motor or it is also divided as afferent and efferent, afferent and efferent. Okay. These motor nerves, these motor nerves are again divided into, these motor nerves are again divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system is again divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. So this is all about nervous system. Nervous system, mainly divided into central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system comprises of brain and spinal cord and whereas peripheral nervous compress of sensory neurons and motor neurons. Whereas motor neurons again compress of somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system where autonomic nervous system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. This is a brief introduction of nervous system. So we will go into the topic one by one. Okay. Here we have some terminology like receptors, effectors, sensory, or the sensor which receives to the stimuli and the sensory. So these receptors are nothing, they receive to the stimuli as the brain and spinal cord. It will take light. Other phonoreceptors may detect sound. All the factors gusted, they may detect taste and tango receptors will detect touch. These are the five different sounds which are very important in one question or two. Next, what are effectors? Effectors have two different sounds, sensory or the motor. Okay. Suppose you touch a hot object, immediately the information has to be sent to spinal cord or brain and that information is like it is it is taken to the spinal cord and brain. Then it is information is analyzed at there and again the impact so that you can remove your hand when you touch the hot object. This is done by saturn nose and the information is analyzed by brain and spinal cord. So this is about sensory nose and motor nose. Okay. And next you have your nervous system. This is not okay. Parts of nervous system. I already discussed central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. On a central nervous system, you have brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system. It has cranial nose and spinal nose. Cranial nose arrives from brain whereas spinal nose arrives from spinal cord. You can see here this is brain and this is spinal cord. The nose arising from this region. The nose arising from this region are known as cranial nose with the nose arising from the spinal cord or known as spinal nose. Okay. You can see this all the striations coming. You can see this striations coming here. These are the nose okay from brain and spinal cord. These arising from brain are called as cranial nose and here from here are known as spinal nose. And next here the brain and spinal cord. Okay. This is our peripheral nervous system. You can see the nerves. Nerves coming from brain here from the spinal cord. Okay. And there is a brief introduction of all the parts of the nervous system. Now we will go into structure. We will go to the different parts of brain okay. Now first let us look at the structure of neuron. This is the structure of neuron whereas neuron is a structural and functional unit of nervous system. Neuron is a structural functional unit of nervous system. This is a structure of neuron. I can you can this is dendrite or these are dendrites. Okay. This is the cell body. This is the new axon. This is an axon terminal. Okay. Inside the cell body we have cytoplasm also. Okay. These are the different parts of the neuron. This is the cell body. Inside the cell body we have a nucleus with nucleoplasm and chromatin material. And this is a long axon and axon is ending within fibers called as axon terminals or now terminals. Okay. And in some neurons we have sheet covering we have a sheet covering the axon. Okay. This sheet is known as myelin sheet. Okay. So myelin sheet is basically used as an insulator. Okay. This is a structure of neuron. Let us see here. Structural and functional unit of nervous system. It has cell body. Cell body is also called as cyton containing nucleus and cytoplasm. It has several branch structures called dendrites. The hairy structures which are on the top these are known as dendrites. It has a long nerve fiber. This is a long nerve fiber which is known as axon which is covered by a protective covering. I showed you right the blue color one in the diagram that is known as myelin sheet. Okay. One more. And here we have one more neuron. Okay. Just like this. Imagine this is a neuron. The junction between one neuron other neuron. This is known as synapse. Okay. The junction between two neurons is known as synapse and the gap here is known as synaptic cleft. Synaptic cleft. Okay. The junction between two neurons is called as synapse as I told you. Message is passed through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and electrical signals called as nerve impulse. What is nerve impulse? The messages are transferred are transmitted from sense organs to brain and spinal cord through electrical signals or chemical signals which are called as nerve impulses. Okay. The dendrites receive the information and start a chemical reaction which produce later electrical impulse which passes through the axon. We will see it in the next next slide. Okay. So now we will study how the impulse is transmitted. How the impulse is transmitted? Now the information is passed from sense organ, from the sense organ to the dendrite. From dendrite it enters the cell body then it reaches the axon. From the axon there is a space called as synapse or synaptic cleft. There we have some receptors and neurotransmitters through which the information is again transmitted to other neuron. Okay. Here this is known as presynapse. This is known as post synapse. In between we have a synapse. The first neuron which carries the information is called as presynapse and the next which gets the information from the first neuron is called as post synaptic cell. Okay. I will show it in the diagram here again. Okay. We will continue here itself. Okay. One more neuron. I have one more neuron here. This is known as synaptic cleft. Okay. This is a sense organ. From here the stimuli is transmitted to dendrites. From the signal passes from here it is a chemical signal outside the neuron. Once it enters the neuron it enters to electrical signal. Now the electrical signals I will show it with the red color. Yeah. Now the electrical signal enters here and it passes through the cell body then it enters the axon or transfers towards the nerve terminal or axon terminal near neurotransmitters. Okay. Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, dopamine, nonadrenaline or transmitters. These are present near the synaptic cleft. So again the electrical signals is taken in the form of chemical signal again by neurotransmitters and these neurotransmitters in turn transfer the information. This is known as pre-synapse. This is known as post-synapse and here it is synapse. Okay. These neurotransmitters transfer the information to post-synaptic receptors. So where are the receptors present? Now the receptors are present and here. These are the receptors. These cells will reach the receptors will carry the info in the same width. First it enters the dendrites then it enters the cell body and it enters axon. First till it reaches the brain. Here we have brain. Now the information has reached the brain. Then brain will analyze the information. It will send back the same information Neuron. Okay. The information has been passed through. Now it's okay. At least now you can see the image clearly. This is how the transmission of messages through neurons takes place. This is the post-synaptic cell and this is the synapse place where two neurons meet with the help of neurotransmitters. This is about transmission of messages or signals. Then the neurons and next we'll see the parts of brain. First let me show the diagram. Yeah. Human brain. As you all know, it has different lobes. Here it is shown with different colors. This is the frontal lobe. This is the temporal lobe or occipital lobe. So we have four lobes basically. Frontal or this parietal. We have temporal. Behind the parietal we have occipital. The top two lobes are known as frontal lobe and parietal lobes. So we have four lobes. Next we have cerebellum. This is the pons. Middle oblongata. Middle oblongata continues as spinal cord. This green color will continue and it continues as a long stick or stick like structure that is a spinal cord. Here we have medulla oblongata and this is a cerebellum. Okay. I'll show you here also. More clear. We have cerebellum of midbrain here. Above the pons we have midbrain. Four brain midbrain and hindbrain. There are three different parts. One is forebrain which is present here. We have midbrain and we have hindbrain. We'll see one by one. Okay. Brain is the main coordinating center in the human body. It is protected by cranium. Yeah. Brain is surrounded by craniums. So it acts as a cushion so that whenever any pressure falls on the brain it would not lead to any shock kind of conditions or it might not damage the brain. So the cranium. So it is covered by three membranes called less meninges. Okay. Our duramatter arachnoid it basically lies in a cranium. It is protected and then it is surrounded by meninges. Meninges are nothing but layers. Those layers are known as meninges. Okay. We have three meninges. The first one is called as duramatter and the second one is known as arachnoid matter and the third is known as pyamatter. Okay. I'll show it in the form of diagram now. First outermost layer it is duramatter. Inside the duramatter we have is a middle layer. Next inside this we have one more layer. Pyamatter. Okay. Outermost layer is matter. The middle one is known as arachnoid and inner to arachnoid we have pyamatter. In between this arachnoid matter and pyamatter we have sub-arachnoid space. Okay. Here we have sub-arachnoid space. This is known as sub-arachnoid space which is filled by cerebrospinal fluid. Okay. So we have three meninges. Here we have brain. Brain is protected by cranium and it is also protected by three different meninges are covered by three different meninges. One is duramatter. Outermost layer is duramatter. Middle is known as arachnoid matter and the inner most is known as pyamatter. In between arachnoid and pyamatter we have a sub-arachnoid space which is filled with a cerebrospinal fluid. So what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid? Cerebrospinal fluid again it can be asked for two marks question. The definition what to be written for cerebrospinal fluid it is known as CSF. It is a clear colorless fluid. It is a clear colorless fluid. It is present in between the arachnoid matter and pyamatter. Okay. It is filled both in brain and spinal cord. Okay. This fluid is secreted by corollated plexus. Okay. It is alkaline. It is an alkaline fluid of around 7.227.3. Okay. And the total amount will be 80 to 150 ml. Okay. And this is actually function is protection and it acts as a shock absorber. Okay. And also in removal of metabolic waste. Metabolic waste is removed. Also removed. And it also flow. So these are the main functions of cerebrospinal fluid. One is protection, other is shock absorber. Next it also waste and also some toxins, hydration. These are the main functions of cerebrospinal fluid. So the brain which is filled with fluid cause cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain from shock. Okay. The brain has three main parts. There are brain, mid brain and hind brain which I already showed you diagram. What is the fourth brain consists of? It consists of cerebrum and olfactory lobe. I showed in the diagram again. So olfactory lobe is the thinking part of the brain and controls the voluntary actions. It controls that smell all the sensory sense organs like that smell here, hearing taste inside. And also it controls the mental activities like thinking, learning, memory and emotions. All these four brain as it has cerebrum. It helps in controlling all the sensory stimuli. And next we have mid brain. Here you can see the mid brain. It controls the involuntary actions whereas four brain is controlling the voluntary actions. Mid brain controls the involuntary actions and reflects moment of neck and eye. Okay. Next we have hind brain. Brain here. Mid brain is here and hind here. Hind brain consists of cerebellum, horns and medulla. Hind brain is basically brainstem. Okay. So the function it controls the body movements, balance and posture. Balancing is done by cerebellum and horns it controls the respiration of the brain. Brain is basically divided into four brain, mid brain and hind brain. You can see all the functions. Four brain controls voluntary, mid brain controls involuntary actions. Even hind brain also controls some of the involuntary actions. Okay. This is about brain. And next we'll go to spinal cord. If you have any doubts you can just send me personally or you can ask in the chat box. Okay. Basically this is the mid brain, the brainstem. This is hind brain and this is four brain. Each have different functions. Next we'll go to spinal cord. One part of central nervous system is brain and next we have other part of central nervous system that is spinal cord. Spinal cord is one part of central nervous system, one part of central nervous system is one of her body parts. I understand. Everywhere, every pair of nerves are connected. Each pair of nerves are connected. Okay. It carries messages to and to brain and from the brain. It also controls reflex actions. Okay. Basically reflex actions are controlled by spinal cord, not brain. Okay. Reflex arc is done by spinal cord. Okay. What is reflex arc? We'll see in the next few minutes. So, from medulla oblongata there is a long stick like extension throughout the vertebral column that is known as spinal cord and it is divided into 31 pairs. So, it is divided into five different regions. Okay. One is cervical, other is thoracic, other is lumbar, other is sacral and coxigial. Okay. The nerves are divided into different regions C, T, L, S and coxigial CO. Okay. First few which are red or blue in color known as thoracic which are dark blue. These are known as lumbar. Next, last two which you can see are known as sacral nerves and coxigial is at the bottom at the tip of the spinal cord. Okay. At the posterior tip of the spinal cord you can see coxigial nerves. These are two different spinal nerves. Okay. Next. Now we'll see what is we have seen the brain and spinal cord and we have seen how impulse is transmitted from brain or how it is transmitted from different parts to brain and again from brain to different parts but reflex action or reflex arc is different from that transmission of impulse. How is it different? We'll see. Okay. First let me explain you then I will show you the slides. Okay. Now we'll discuss what is action and reflex arc. Okay. Now basically whenever you do some function, you need to do some function. The impulse will be transmitted from spinal cord to brain and from brain back to that sense organ. But when you touch a hot object, when a light rays are passed into your eyes, you immediately show your action there. When you touch a hot object, you remove your fingers or you remove your hand within no time. When you see when the light falls in your eyes, you immediately blink your eyes. These actions are done in very minute period. Right. So these impulses will not go to brain because the impulse has to be transmitted to brain. It takes longer time. So it will rather pass through spinal cord where spinal spinal cord can send back the information faster than the brain. Okay. Now we'll see how it passes the impulse. The spinal cord. Okay. We have a sense organ here. Now the stimulus from the sense organ is sent to spinal cord with the help of sensory neurons that is neurons. Okay. Now in the spinal cord, we have two different regions where this is white matter and this is gray matter. Okay. Now from sense organ or from the, this is the organ where from where the stimulus has been sent, it is sent to sensory neurons or afferent neurons. It reaches the gray matter of the spinal cord. In the gray matter, we have, these are the sensory neurons. Inside the gray matter, we have interneurons. Okay. We have interneurons. Interneurons will analyze, spinal cord or the gray matter, we analyze the information. Someone, we need the mediator between one neuron other neuron. Right. So interneurons act as a mediator to pass the information. Now interneurons will send back the information to motor neurons and these motor neurons will send back the information to the organ or the receptor. This is the receptor. So now motor neurons will send back the information. So from the receptor, the impulse is transmitted through sensory neurons. It is sent to gray matter of spinal cord. From gray matter, there is an mediator who pass the information from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Those are interneurons. Then from motor neurons, the information is sent back to the receptor to perform the particular function. Whereas in normal case, it doesn't happen. From the spinal cord, the information is sent back to the brain. Then back brain will analyze the information. Then it will send to spinal cord. Then this spinal cord will send the information to the receptor, which is a very long process. So in some cases, like when you touch a hot object or when you do your eyes in situations where you have to do the function immediately, then the information is passed directly to the spinal cord and it will send back the information. And this process is known as reflex action and this process is known as reflex arc. We will see it in a better diagram. Here you can see. The reflex action is a sudden unconscious and involuntary response of effectors, pain stimulus. For example, we suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot object. This is the best example that can be given to reflex action. It flows in the skin. The receptor detects the heat and passes the message through the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. Then the information passes through the motor nerves to the muscles. These are effectors of the hand and we withdraw our hand. In between, we have interneurons, which is the mediator between the afferent and efferent nerves or the effector and effector nerves. You can see here in diagram. In this, you can see when a pin pricks your finger, the information is passed from the sensory neuron. It reaches the gray matter of the spinal cord. In between, you have interneurons and these interneurons will pass the information again to motor neurons. This will again send to your effector. This is a pathway of reflex action or reflex arc. I guess you are clear with this. You can get a doubt why in spinal cord, we have white matter and gray matter. In gray matter, we have myelinated neurons and in white matter, we have non-myelinated neurons. That is why we have a color difference here. This is also one more example for reflex action. You can see how the impulse is transmitted. This is a sensory neuron and here we have interneuron. Again, it is sent back through motor neurons. This is about nervous system. This is about nervous system. If you have any doubts in nervous system, you can ask me. So, some disorders of nervous system is Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, paralysis. These are the disorders of nervous system. I will give you one minute. You can just ask me. Then we will go to the next step. So, that is endocrine system. Main things in this chapter is know that some of you have divided the nervous system by referral. Let me come to the spinal cord, midbrain and hindbrain and four lobes, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. I gave it in the exam also to label the parts like cerebellum, medulloplankate. I should be clear with that. Next, you have to describe the conduction of impulses. Impulse conduction is very much important. Both the reflex action reflects arc and the normal conduction of impulses through nerve fibers across the synapse. These are the important things. Next, I will discuss these sensory receptors like eye and ear at the last. And now we will go to endocrine system. Now we will discuss about endocrine system which maintains the body balance. This is the overview of endocrine system. What all endocrine system does? Endocrine system regulates growth of the body, water balance, reproduction, metabolism and maintains the level of glucose, maintenance of the level of calcium. It responds to stress. These all are regulated by endocrine system. Where do we have endocrine glands? We have different glands. This is a pituitary gland. We have like gonads, parathyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland. These are the different glands of endocrine system. Now we are discussing about endocrine system. We need to know the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands. Exocrine glands are nothing but these release, whatever liquids are enzymes released by them into ducts. These are like sweat, tears and digestive uses. Endocrine system released directly to blood stream. The no ducts are present in the endocrine system. Example hormones. These are directly released into the blood stream and from the blood stream it is traveled to different parts of the body where the function has to be performed. Again here in endocrine system also we have different hormones. These are paracrine, autocrine. We will see what is autocrine, what is paracrine in the next slides. Endocrine system, we have glands. This release the products directly to blood stream. We have hormones, products deliver messes to the body which these are the products deliver messes to the body. We have target cells. So these are have specific receptors for specific hormones. Next we can see different glands of endocrine system. So in the brain, in the brain we have hypothalamus, pineal gland and pituitary gland. Here near the recreation we have thyroid and parathyroid gland. In the chest region we have thymus. Chest region we have thymus and above the kidneys we have adrenal gland. This is adrenal gland and here we have pancreas and these are the ovaries in the female reproductive system and in male reproductive system. These are the different glands of endocrine system. We will see the functions of each gland when we go into detail of each. So these are the different glands. These are the different glands of endocrine system. Now we will see the functions of each gland. First we will see the pituitary gland which is a master gland that controls the other endocrine glands. It is a master gland which controls the other endocrine glands. It circuits 6 to 7 hormones like growth hormone, antidiarrheic hormone. I will show it here in different diagram in the gland system. Pituitary gland is a master gland. It is a bilobed structure. So it is like this. It is a bilobed structure and one is known as anterior pituitary other is known as posterior pituitary anterior pituitary posterior pituitary or it is also known as adenohyepophysis or neurohypophysis okay these are also known as adenohyepophysis or neurohypophysis. So anterior pituitary releases six different hormones that is I will show it in different color one is it can ovaries and testis it controls ovaries and testis basically gonads by releasing the hormones FSH and LH FSH and LH. It also controls bones and tissues bones and tissues bones and different tissues okay by releasing the hormones known as growth hormones GH okay it also controls memory glands memory glands by releasing hormones such as prolactin okay prolactin again it controls adrenal adrenal gland by releasing the hormones known as adenocortico trophic hormones controls adrenal gland by releasing the hormone known as ACTH adenocortico trophic hormones it also controls thyroid gland by releasing the hormone known as TSH thyroid stimulating hormones these are the six different hormones released by anterior pituitary one is follicle stimulating hormone other is luteinizing hormone next is growth hormone other is prolactin other is adenocortico trophic hormone and at the last thyroid stimulating hormone these are the six different hormones that is released by or controlled by anterior pituitary is controlled by anterior pitary and next posterior pituitary controls memory glands it does and kidneys so the hormones released are oxytocin vasopressin vasopressin is also called diuretic hormone so these two are posterior pituitary pituitary basically controls the functions of memory glands and uterus and uterus pressing it controls the kidney kidney your views of pituitary gland and how it controls we will see in detail when we study about each of the hormone overview of pituitary gland and the hormones controlled by the pituitary gland it is a bilob structure which is divided as anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe anterior pituitary is known as adenophypopasis whereas posterior pituitary is known as neurohypopysis anterior pituitary is six different hormones like FSH follicle stimulating hormone LH luteinizing hormone which controls the gonads at the reproductive system whereas growth hormone it controls the bones and tissues whereas prolactinate controls the memory glands whereas adrenocorticotropic hormone it controls the adrenal gland and next thyroid stimulating hormone which controls the thyroid gland and next posterior pituitary controls as I guess two hormones that is vasopressin and oxytocin which controls memory glands uterus and kidneys okay this is about pituitary gland and next we have hypothalamus we already told pituitary gland is a master gland whereas master pituitary gland okay which controls the functions of other endocrines like pituitary gland whereas pituitary organ lumbus controls the pituitary gland that is why it is known as master for pituitary gland okay so it here we have stimulating hormones these stimulating hormones are inactive form are which when released by hypothalamus these again these are activated by feedback mechanisms so inactive form cells are created by okay those inactive forms are quarters which are released by hypothalamic cells so this is about hypothalamus and next we will study about pineal gland so we'll see here what is there so we studied much more in detail next we'll go to hypothalamus part of the brain and attached to pituitary secretions I told you it is a master for pituitary next we have thyroid gland and is about you can see two lobes basically in the front you can see it below the lack here this is the location okay and these are the two lobes of thyroid gland which is connected by isthmus this connection is known as isthmus these are the two lobes of these are the two lobes of thyroid gland which is connected by isthmus okay right gland is in the neck which is in the neck slide it is present in the neck region it releases three different hormones that is T3 T4 and calcitonin so T3 T4 together are known as thyroxins okay thyroxins are handling the metabolic activities so it controls the metabolic activities metabolism of different carbohydrates proteins and lipids whereas calcitonin it controls the calcium level in the blood okay this is the function of thyroid gland and next we will see the next gland basically regulates the metabolism energy balance so the thyroxin calculates the metabolic rates proteins and tonic is one hormone behind the thyroid gland okay so even parathyroid hormone parathyroid gland releases a parathyroid hormone okay what is the function of parathyroid parathyroid hormone it increases the calcium and phosphate level and magnesium absorption in intestine causes bones to release calcium and phosphate removal of calcium and magnesium from urine by kidneys increase the making of vitamin D so basically when you see the parathyroid gland it regulates the calcium and phosphate level and thyroid gland also calcitonin regulates the calcium level so basically parathyroid gland it releases the hormone known as parathy hormone and it also regulates the calcium level regulates calcium and phosphate level we saw it in the previous slide here calcitonin also regulates the calcium level so these both are antagonistic to each other one might increase the calcium level when it is required other will decrease the calcium level so basically calcium level is maintained by these two hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone okay so by the process of we have two different cells osteoclasts and osteoblast both maintain the level of the calcium one if the calcium level is more in the blood it is absorbed to the bones if the if it is less in the blood it is deabsorbed back from the bones or even in the kidneys also we have calcium so it is reabsorbed from the kidney tubules this is how the calcium level is maintained both by the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin okay and next we have so this is our cycle how it is maintained both as tonin and parathyroid hormone and the basic level of calcium is 9 to 11 mg per 100 ml so how it is balanced you can see okay one might stimulate the deposition in bone other might decrease the level of calcium in blood so this is how parathyroid hormone and calcitonin together maintains the level of calcium inside the body i guess you are clear by seeing this picture so this is not required for you next we'll go to adrenal gland these adrenal glands are basically present above the kidneys so these are the adrenal glands which are present above the kidneys maybe here it is not in much more detail i'll show it yeah you have it so adrenal gland is present above the kidneys where it is divided into cortex region medulla region outer cortex and in the medulla so cortex releases different hormones medulla releases different hormones we'll see the hormones which are released by both uh cortex and medulla draw here and above the kidneys right so this is structure of kidney and above this you have a cap like structure which is known as adrenal gland you'll see the structure of adrenal gland it is like a triangle inside that it is divided into different layers so this is the cortex outer cortex inner medulla and the cortex region is again divided into different layers that is zona glomerularis zona fasciculator and zona reticularis we'll see that also so the cortex region is further divided into three layers to make you difference i'm just drawing it like this next we have one more layer i'll show you to the dotted lines okay these are the different layers that are present in the cortex we'll see the layers the outermost layer is known as zona glomerulosa which is drawn with the black color this is known as zona glomerulosa and next layer is known as zona fasciculator or zona fasciculus zona fasciculator and the innermost layer which is dot which is with dotted lines is known as zona reticularis reticularis so these are the three different layers of cortex which releases three different hormones okay zona glomerulosa releases mineralocorticoids mineralocorticoids mineralocorticoids and next we have zona fasciculator and zona reticularis together releases glucocorticoids and rodents okay zona glomerulosa releases mineralocorticoids whereas zona fasciculator and reticularis together releases glucocorticoids and androgens whereas the innermost layer medulla it releases epinephrine non-epinephrine and dopamine which are known as catecholamines which are known as catecholamines like epinephrine non-epinephrine and dopamine okay these are the hormones released by adrenal gland so adrenal gland is basically divided to two parts that is cortex and medulla two different regions whereas cortex is further divided into different layers that is zona glomerulosa fasciculator and reticularis where different layers release different hormones such as mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids and androgens whereas medulla inner medulla region releases catecholamines which are epinephrine non-epinephrine and dopamine okay basically all these mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids help in maintaining the metabolism maintains the metabolism of body maintains the metabolism of body that is the function of adrenal cortex that is it mining of carbohydrates whereas catecholamines is basically respond to stress so these are the functions of adrenal gland and the hormones released by the next pancreas which are present which are elongated LOH glands okay best lobes of sacred pancreatic juice and in the so pancreas so we have pancreas the sacred insulin and glucagon both these insulin and glucagon regulates the blood sugar level or blood glucose level okay insulin and glucagon basically regulates the blood sugar level or blood glucose level which are antagonistic to each other so they work opposite to each other antagonistic so you can see how they regulate the blood sugar level so we have glucagon and glucose glucose can be glucose can be used up for the energy production and when excess glucose is there that can be stored in the form of glycosine so glucose is converted to glycosine and it is stored so whenever glucose is necessary glucagon is converted to glucose whenever glucose is not necessary glucose back converted to glycosine the glycosine is stored in the liver okay and these pancreas secrete both the hormones glucagon and insulin which regulates the level of glucose okay see here you can see it rises the blood sugar and here you can see that which lowers the blood sugar level and this is how it maintains the level of sugar okay level of glucose okay and these hormones are in activated by sugar level itself when the high blood sugar is level is there it promotes insulin to release when low blood sugar is there it promotes glucagon to release this is how both insulin and glucagon maintains the blood sugar level okay here you can see the disorder of sugar level in the blood high sugar diabetes it is a high sugar level in the blood do not produce enough insulin to control blood sugar some take insulin injections to regulate this is about diabetes the disorder of sugar level okay and I need to discuss about gonads and pineal gland pineal gland acts as a biological clock they have pineal gland which acts as a biological clock it helps in it helps in sleep wake cycle it acts as a biological clock and it helps in sleep wake cycle okay and where do we have this pineal gland it lies near the inside the brain in cerebral hemispheres lies in cerebral hemispheres okay and main function is it secretes the hormone known as melatonin and hormone released by it is known as melatonin and what is the function of this hormone it helps in concentration of pigment granules like melanocytes pigment granules are known as melanocytes it helps in concentration of melanocytes making the skin lighter or darker okay that is a function of pineal gland and next we have gonads testis and ovaries so gonads let me show you in the slide yeah gonads we have ovaries and testis ovaries and testis ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone estrogen is required for the development of secondary sexual characters in the development of eggs progesterone prepares the uterus for the fertilized egg okay before the fertilization estrogen helps in maintenance of the egg our secondary sexual characters once egg is fertilized progesterone helps in maintaining the uterus okay the thickness of uterus and the conditions of uterus and next we have the hormones released by ovaries is known as estrogen and progesterone whereas testis it releases a hormone or produce a hormone known as testosterone which is responsible for sperm production that is permetogenesis the production of sperms is known as permetogenesis and that also help in maintenance of secondary sexual characters in male okay this is about ovaries and testis and i've also mentioned about thymus you know thymus gland it basically secretes thymosin or releases thymosin which helps in t-cell development till lymphocytes development okay till lymphocytes are basically blood cells okay this is about I discuss pyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adenyl gland, pineal gland, pancreas and gonads these are the different glands of endocrine system okay at last i need to discuss about the sensory organs okay sensory organs if you have any doubts in endocrine system and nervous system you can ask me i have to discuss about eye and ear the structure of eye and ear yeah you can see that structure of eye here outer it is covered by cornea outermost layer it is covered by cornea and inner to cornea we have different layers okay like iris this is iris and we have pupil here inside the pupil we have lens and next we have these are known as anterior chambers in between the cornea and iris this is an anterior chamber and we have posterior chamber here a region behind iris is known as posterior chamber inside the posterior chamber we have ciliary muscles okay and we have conjunctiva and you can see the optic nerves and this is the vitreous chamber and these are the blood vessels and macula these are the different parts of eye in eye we need to remember basically it is used for the site we have a pair of eyes okay and we will start the study of structure and functions of eye and the disease is called as ophthalmology okay in eye with all the parts of the eye which are present that is iris cornea lens pupil and what are the functions of that okay next we have ear so in ear we need to study about ear rum that is pinna of the ear external auditory canal okay and we need to study about three bones that is malice in cus tapes which are the main hearing which helps in hearing main parts that helps in hearing malice incase and tapes okay and this is the tympanic membrane and we need to study about these semi circular canals and cochlea okay so these are the different parts of ear so how the we can how the mechanism of hearing first hearing and it vibrates the drum it vibrates the tympanic membrane these vibrations of ear drum will be transferred to these three bones as incase and tapes okay from malice it goes to incase then from incase it reaches the tapes okay tapes this it transfer the vibrations to cochlea okay now from incase it sorry from tapes it is transferred to cochlea by oval window here in between we will have an oval window and that oval window transfers the vibrations to cochlea okay now from the cochlea the organ of corti it catches the information and transfers to auditory nerve okay it transfers to auditory nerve that carries impulses to brain okay this is how the mechanism first it reach from the ear it reaches the ear drum the sound waves through auditory canal this is auditory canal it reaches the ear drum from ear drum these vibrations are sent to all these three bones which mainly help in hearing malice incase and tapes from tapes it reaches the cochlea and from cochlea it reaches the it sends the information to brain from through auditory canal auditory nerves and that is how the of hearing is done okay and if you have any doubts you can ask me and we'll see how the mechanism of like how the working of eye it takes place also okay we'll see here how working of eye first the light rays from the object it enters the eyes then it is it trans the right rays enters through the transparent layer and that is conjunctiva which is the outermost layer from conjunctiva it reaches the cornea then from cornea it reaches aqueous humor aqueous humor it reaches the lens then this is the pathway how the light rays are transmitted then image is formed okay formation is basically it is in that okay and the nature is inverted or real and that much detail is not required here how transmitted from conjunctiva then this is the cornea this humor it wins for an eye's humor oh about blind spot and a low spot okay and spot this is the point where nerve fibers okay from the retina converge to optic nerve okay from the retina they converge to optic nerve okay point where the nerve fibers from the retina converge to optic nerve which connects the eye and brain it connects the eye and brain okay this is about blind spot what is a blind spot is also called as optical disc okay what is yellow spot yellow spot is also called as macular lutea and what do you mean by yellow spot here we have we don't have sensory cells here we have sensory cells in a yellow spot we have sensory cells cones we have the dark spots and cones are the sensory here in macular lutea we have very ones and we have few draw so okay this is about blind spots you need to remember if you have any other doubts you can ask me let me check the questions now so you have doubt about epirefrain non epirefrain these are the basically called as flight and fight hormones basically they regulate the stress level in the body other name for epirefrain is adrenaline and non epirefrain is non adrenaline okay so epirefrain this is produced by adrenal medulla it helps in smooth muscle contraction or relaxation okay and it also helps in constriction in the kidney tubules and it also helps in moment of blood in the nephrons that is inhibiting the moment of blood in nephrons whereas non epirefrain epirefrain it is basically more about stress hormone that increase the blood pressure heart rate glucose glucose level of glucose and it also helps in constriction of smooth muscles okay only I have I got only these two doubts what about neph epirefrain non epirefrain any other doubts so I'll stop the session here if you can ask me okay different stages of impulse so we have sensory impulse and motor impulse this is the two different impulses what different stages I didn't understand your question okay electrical impulse and chemical impulse you're talking about I guess so different stages of impulse means you're talking about electrical impulse and chemical impulse okay electrical impulse in the neuron electrical impulse is transmitted inside the neuron once the information passes from the dendrites it enters the cell body from cell body till axon terminal it is electrical impulse from axon terminal we have neurotransmitters neurotransmitters again convert these electrical impulse into chemical impulse and from the again these chemical impulse transmit from neurotransmitters till the next neuron in the synaptic cleft these chemical impulse the information once the impulse reaches the receptors then it enters the cell body in the chemical again the electrical impulse transverse trans mode okay okay you need to know about these stages of impulse polarization resting phase so basically I can show it in the form of graph these stages see here we have different voltage okay neurons have different resting phase whereas other cells mother cells have different resting phase the voltage will differ from cell to cell okay but average of resting phase average of depolarization average of repolarization all these we can give certain voltage that will be the average for all the cells but it differs first from cell to cell like muscle cell might have different resting phase voltage maybe it is uh till up to 90 millivolts whereas nerve cell we have 70 millivolts but average we take it as 70 so I'll show these different stages in the form of graph here we have membrane potential the graph will be like this so this is called as resting potential or resting phase and this is depolarization this is repolarization next here comes hyperpolarization and again it will come back to its resting membrane potential okay this transmission of nerve impulse take place to voltage gated channels we have different voltage gated channels like sodium voltage gated channels calcium voltage gated channels potassium voltage gated channels due to this charge the voltage differs due to positive and negative charges that is present inside the channels these membrane potential will differ okay the resting membrane potential is is basically minus 70 millivolts okay then when the when the stimulus is passed the resting membrane potential is to depolarization state depolarization state is a state where the sodium gated channels open and the charge get increased and the voltage gets increased okay then it reach to certain extent then the voltage gated channels will close and sodium that is sodium channels will be closed and it will come back to repolarization state then it will further come back to hyperpolarization then it reaches the resting membrane potential so this is this basically the voltage basically depends on the sodium gated channels potassium gated channels and calcium channels due to opening and closing of these channels the potential or the voltage will be changing okay from minus 70 to plus 70 and plus 45 is called as spike okay spike stage so any other doubts yeah melatonin is secreted by pineal gland see basically melanin is a pigment okay whereas melatonin is a neurotransmitter so these both are different okay melatonin is a natural hormone that regulates the human biological clack whereas melanin it regulates the pigmentation the difference between melatonin sorry okay melatonin is a neurotransmitter that helps in that act as a biological clock whereas melanin is a pigment that maintains your skin color pigmentation that is the difference between melatonin and melanin so any other doubt so any any other doubt melanin is melatonin is secreted by pineal gland melanin is secreted by tyrosine okay if you don't have any doubts i'll stop the session here if you have any other doubts you can ask me personally thank you