 Well, we started to see in the late 90s and early parts of the 2000s where we had an excessive amount of precipitation come through the area and through that we saw consequences that came from that was water tables that got saturated and salts that started to come to the surface and so producers were losing production areas because of these saline seeps that had started. So producers start to come in and they start to ask questions about alternatives on how they can address these resource concerns and how they can solve these and get them back into a productive state and we offer them alternatives so we look at providing them alternatives like cover crops, putting it into permanent vegetation. We look at crop rotations and residue management as ways of improving the overall fertility and bringing back and reducing the effects of these salinity areas. We've seen a decrease in the diversity of our crop rotations and we've also seen more of our what I kind of refer to as our absorption zones that are out in the watersheds have been broke and now are being planted to conventional crops and the other thing is I think that the other probably the biggest thing is our crop rotations. We've gone from having four or five crops in our rotations and reduced that down to a two crop rotation where we're looking at primarily corn and soybeans and what that's done is it's ultimately by planting those soybeans out there it's reduced the amount of organic matter that we're producing out there. We've we're not getting as much water usage so we're not managing the subsoils the way that we were back when we had these more diverse rotations so I think those ultimately have led to the effects that we're seeing now on the soils and ultimately we've got to figure out a way to provide alternatives producers that they can go out there and feasibly go out and manage their land in a sustainable way that will allow them to be able to have future generations produce crops on those on those acres. We've always kind of known they've been a problem just in anecdotal stories from farmers. We had a previous NRCS grant that was funded where we were looking at planting cover crops into corn at v6 and we had some saline areas that we worked with with some farmers up in this area in Redfield all the way up to Aberdeen. What actually happened was is that I would bring some of the soils back to use in my classes during fall and spring semester and when we would start working with these soils it was very apparent that a lot of the indexes that we use the sodium absorption ratio or actually the exchangeable sodium percent the numbers did not seem to make sense for our soils here in South Dakota and North Dakota. Here where we are in North Eastern South Dakota, South Eastern North Dakota our problem is the salts are coming up from our high water table and so that's one thing that we wanted to look at so we identify the problem and we start looking at trying to provide solutions. When I talk with farmers and we are thinking about management the first thing I tell them is they have to test for their salts. The calcium in the magnesium salts are salinity problems which must be managing separately from the the sodium problems. So when you soil test for salts there's a couple different analysis methods that you need to ask your lab the first one is electrical conductivity or EC and that is what we use to measure total salts with. The other test would be testing for sodium. Sodium is like I said is a different problem. The test that is typically run by our labs in the upper Midwest is exchangeable sodium percent. We have a couple different options. The exchangeable sodium percent is a test that's easier for the labs to do so they can turn you turn over the answer to you in a shorter period of time. Another test that we do use is the sodium absorption ratio and that's not used as much because it takes much longer for the labs to do that. I think with our with our no-till systems that we've seen we've seen a decline in our no-till systems over the last probably five to ten years here in Spent County. This county was at one point probably about 85 percent no-till and a lot of that has come from the change in the climate and the amount of residue that a lot of the new varieties of crops produce especially on the corn end of things with our corn with our crop rotations going to corn soybean rotation. So I think what I think what we're seeing is that they're trying to reduce the amount of residue so that they can get those crops up sooner and earlier that they can germinate and get up and growing they're going to help maximize their yield potential but there's other producers that are using those those small grains in the rotations that aren't seeing the problems with their their excessive residues in their no-till system. So again it kind of goes back to having sound management strategies with their crop rotations and their residue management. The biology of everything all works better when you have that small grain crop in in the mix. The way the the in a corn soybean rotation the corn stock which is the the primary source of the issue is not breaking down because it's simply sitting on the surface. So there's nothing there to get it down to the microorganisms that are going to break it down and turn it into something useful and productive for that that current year crop.