 As I was introduced, my name is Jan Boulas and I'm a PhD student in Krakow in a Galonian University. And I will be talking today about a cultural situation in Upper Tysa region. It is a region located on the border of four modern countries. Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland. And the cultural situation in this region was shaped by two main factors. By the migration of the population of the Pseversk culture to the south, which is quite often correlated with the migration of the, at least some of the Vandal tribes. And this migration is quite well represented by the sites where the Pseversk cultural material dated to the time of the second half of the second century. Also the burial grounds as well as settlements. And the second factor is Markomaniq Wars, that I will be also talking a little bit about in a minute. In the last few years, few new burial grounds have been excavated in the region, not only geographically speaking in the Upper Tysa region, but also in the southern part, the east-south part of Poland, in the Sun Basin, which is thought to be a region from which the population of the Pseversk culture migrated to the Upper Tysa Basin and was connected strongly in the next centuries. And what is interesting, what we find on these burial grounds are quite typically for the Pseversk culture graves furnished with military inventory. But what is, this is the example from Rankovce in eastern Slovakia, wonderful burial ground excavated by our colleague from the Vihodo-Slovenske Museum in Kosice by Jan Rakosz. And what is interesting, those graveyards contains a lot of military equipment, but to be more specific Roman military equipment in higher numbers than on the other territories of the Pseversk culture. This is the example from Prushek and another example, maybe the best one, from the double horseman grave from Pakoshovka in the same areas as Prushek. And to be even a little bit more precise, when I say Roman military equipment, I mostly mean Roman swords, but not only. And just to express the importance of inflow of the Roman military equipment to this region, I just present you the maps after Biporsk and Jakar that shows how much of those swords there are in the region of the Pseversk culture, there are even more in the mean of percentage by the grave, number of graves in the Upper Tysa region and in the southeast of Poland. So what was the relation and what was the role of the Pseversk culture population in the context between Romans and barbarians in that period of time? We know quite a lot about the relations between other barbarian tribes from the Danube region and the Rome. I won't go into the details, I won't say that the influence of the Roman Empire grew through the first and second century. This influence can be represented by the famous emission of the Cisteri from the time of Antoninus Pius with the inscription on the reverse rex quadidatum, which means king gave to the quads. So as we can see this influence was quite significant and the relation between both sides were mutually to simplify quite good. However it all ended with the Machmanic Wars and it seems that the Vandals and more precisely Asdinghi took advantage of the conflict in that region and migrating south. They found themselves in the situation in which a lot of people were at war with empire. But what we can say about those people of the Pseversk culture and about the Vandals is that, going back for a second, is that the Roman historians actually confirmed that those tribes were also interested in striking a deal with the Roman Empire. And as we can see in the fragment of Cassius D. Roman history, Asdinghi received from the Emperor Marcus both money and privilege of asking for land in case they should inflict some injury upon those who were then fighting against him. And that means Machmanic Wadi Sarmatians or other tribes not specifying that fragment. And those deals can be perhaps is just the idea reflected by the fact from this double grave that I showed you before. Seal box, the only one so far known with the archaeological context from the territory of the Pseversk culture. So what is the mechanism? The population of the Pseversk culture integrated to Apertissa region and then there is the exchange of goods and exchange of services on both parties. And all of this resulted, as we think, in massive inflow of Roman goods, especially in inflow of Roman silver coins to the Pseversk culture. It was quite lately demonstrated by Archduke Demoski and Kriomyskin that possibly this inflow of really huge amount of silver Roman coins firstly appeared on the territory of the Pseversk culture and later they were distributed to the other areas, the Baltic areas in the area of the Wilbark culture. And also the culture, to generalize the culture of the Pseversk culture is also transformed on other levels. We can see the grow of significance of the horsemen, which is represented by the percentage of the Spursk in the graves and specifically in Apertissa region we see in the third century after the migration and in the time of a kind of stabilization for that region, a transformation of material culture, which is best represented by the appearance of the materials that so-called Blažice Berek pottery production centers were the exact copies of the products made by the Romans were made. Another examples are the polygonal jugs made in those centers in the eastern Slovakia that as our colleagues from Slovakia think they are copies of the metal vessels. There was an example of Suezo horde and also of course the elites were influenced by this exchange of ideas as also can be demonstrated on the example of Ostrovane. And where we can find also quite a lot of Roman objects, those elites probably benefited from the mentioned control of the land in the Apertissa region which became in my opinion a very good trade route to the north. So adding to this picture we can see that after this exchange of goods and services there is a trans-cultural diffusion, Romanization of the barbarian elites but also a barbarization of the Roman army as it was a barbarian warrior society that also influenced the Romans. And quite quickly as my time is running out there may be an indication in the very short but important fragment from Decipus which shows us on the different levels how it all could have happened maybe. As the children of the Vandal elite could have rise on the Roman territory and therefore I believe be romanized at some level the fragment demonstrates again the importance of the cavalry in the Roman army and the importance of the trade deals between both parties. The fourth century is much more difficult as we lack of well-dated material from that area. We do not lack material. We have a problem with dating and the differentiation in dating of the materials dated to the phase C2 and C3, quite a lot of objects are dated to the both phases. So there is a problem, a methodological problem but we can see the decline of the pottery production centers, the mentioned production centers, a decline of the Roman influences before we see copying of Roman ways of making pottery for example. It's not the case anymore at least from a point of time in the fourth century and we start to see the appearance of the cultural elements from in other regions and from in other peoples. For example from Charnyahov culture and from nomadic cultures this is just an example of representation, a pottery very similar, well the pottery which can be connected with the Charnyahov culture that was not previously made in Appetis origin dated quite well with those keys. And possibly the explanation is not only universally a Roman view as it is your dynasty, it combines views of both barbarians and Romans and what is important in that fragment is that it can maybe explain in part what happened and why there is this decline of Roman influences and appearance of the new influences from the east. It possibly happened because the Vandals lost the conflict with the gods and lost their superior in that region position in later in fourth century. So there are the conclusions, my time is finished now, you can read them. But what is important and what I would like to underline is that I think the role of those people in the Appetis region and this region in the third and fourth century was so far a little bit missed and not fully understood. And it had a huge importance in shaping the cultural situation not only in the Appetis region but also in the region north from the Carpathian Basin. And thank you for your attention.