 So here we are and let's now start with our first speaker professor Christian Brichaud. Christian the floor is yours Thank you very much Michel and thank you also to Thierry de Montbriand if I can have the first slide Michel as Michel has mentioned I mean we are still in the midst of this Pandemics I just want to emphasize that we are facing these waves And we do not know really the fine mechanisms of this natural evolution, but clearly Vowel variant seasonate variation and obviously the various Pre-questions as well as vaccines at stake Huge impact on health on hospitalization But also we should never forget the pending issue as to what would be the long-term medical Consequence and the real impact of for example what we call a long COVID I believe that this is really something where we still have uncertainties. So what Will be the future well first we really have always to stay humble and careful, but for the rich countries We can really foresee a transition to low-grade pandemics due to combining vaccine efficacy Natural immunity precautions. We will have new waves But we may hope for lower and lower rates of severe disease and death But we have to pay attention to co-infection, but obviously what about low and middle-income countries it's The year 2022 might well be the year of development of antivirals There are new direct antiviral therapies such as Monupiravir, which has recently showed very interesting results and others which are coming and the results will be in 2022 There is a very debated impact of non-specific antivirals such as targeting the infected cells and there is I believe the underestimated potential of the monoclonal antibodies not only for therapy But for prevention in person who have been in contact with infected individuals now always is the cost the issue of cost and productions the treatment of severe COVID-19 has been very much improved and so many related questions and this has been addressed by Michel is really the impact of a global versus national strategies and Related to this the emergence Potential emergence of new variants Okay, the next slide which doesn't come is a slide which shows the impact of the The takeover of the Delta variant in blue over the other variants We have several variants. I'm not going to list of all of them interestingly the two so-called beta and gamma which shows some resistance to vaccines have remained very minor spaces Will we have a new variant? Yes, as long as we will have circulation of the vows will they be sensitive to vaccines? So far, yes, but we don't know really for the future But the very important point is that we have the tools for real-time genomic investigation of infectious disease and it's about organizing the on-site capacities Worldwide for the sequencing for the database For this pandemic and for the future. This is really a very important issue Vaccines I don't want to discuss all of them. Obviously the RNA vaccines are the leaders The overall efficacy has been reduced remarkable. They prevent hospitalization and death less than 0.0 0.0 0.01% sorry or vaccinated person are hospitalized in the US and Death from COVID-19 are mostly mostly deaf in unvaccinated persons Do they act on circulation of the vows? Yes to some extent but not complete in other words vaccines cannot be the only solution And there are major questions for the future Duration of immunity. I believe that we will need second-generation vaccines with longer protections We need to distinguish the which correlates of protections which markers we need large prospective studies in various Geographic and environmental context will we need to adjust to variants so far not necessary But we have to be careful So this has been discussed already and this is a key point obviously vaccine inequality I just want to mention a very recent paper in science, which is based on mathematical modeling which really demonstrates the impact of vaccine nationalism on the dynamics and the controls of SARS-CoV-2 and The really return on investment that we can get from a global strategy So what went wrong many things and Michelle has listed some of them I will just focus in a very few slides on the science medicine and public health we need to have Scientific driven questions, which means expertise always remember that the vows was actually sequence as early as January the 5th of 2020 in China and by the way Immediately made public there is the issue of mask and of dynastics Dynastics have been very much underestimated and will be key for next pandemics Very briefly. This is what an example of a global virus network center You have a happy test from left to right based on salivary samples molecular test Low cost very easy to develop in low-income countries. We have apps We must very much more work on these issues. We must also have other Organizational schemes. I'm the president of the global virus network. There are other networks, obviously, but merging Really the scientists of all over the world to provide a real expertise, not an individual based expertise And it's about research education and training which is key for the future Advocacy communication Expertise reactivity and partnership between academic and industry Which had been always at the heart of the global virus network. So I will close on two slides We need to see to embrace this on a more global basis We will have and Michelle has mentioned this on today. We will have other pandemics be respiratory Vousers, there is the long-term resurgence of Ebola or others We know that it's about the interface between environment animal health human health 70% of emerging infectious disease are zoonoses they come from animals It means that we must work on this ecosystem It also means that when we come to surveillance We really want to target the human animal interface and this is a very concrete objective But finally we also need to incorporate nutrition food safety and security and this is my final side We need to integrate visions of different fields It is now clear that the gut microbiota this population of bacteria We have in the intestine play a major role in the risk of COVID-19 and severity and Hence it is really about the impact from left to the right of the environment on the soil The on-science microbiomes in turn on the plants the food the nutrition and in terms on humans and viral pandemics So it's really about the need to work on some specific items which have fed on these pandemics and To really embrace this in a global context and I will stop there. Thank you. Thank you very much Christian, thank you for sort of setting the scene focusing on transmission on diagnosis and Bringing the one health and even broadening sort of the one health concept