 The z-scheme system has been used to convert solar energy into chemical fuel, mimicking the natural photosynthetic process of plants. Recent research has focused on improving the efficiency of the system through the use of electron mediators and other factors. Scientists have developed three generations of z-scheme systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The first generation involves the use of porous silicon structures, while the second generation uses carbon nanotubes. The third generation involves the use of thin film sheets of porous silicon structures. These advances have led to increased efficiency and scalability of the z-scheme system, but there remain several challenges to be addressed before it can be implemented at a commercial scale. This article was authored by Boon Jun-ing, Lutphi-Kernien-Dishaputry, Exan-Inkong and others.