 polycrystalline or amorphous transparent conducting oxide, TCO, semiconductors have been widely used in photovoltaics due to their ability to combine electrical conductivity and optical transparency. However, these materials are subject to various limitations, including the scarcity of indium, the fragile nature of glass, limited transparency to visible light, and the instability at temperatures higher than 200 degrees celsius. As a result, alternative materials such as graphene or carbon nanotubes are being explored as potential replacements. These materials offer greater stability under acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, and reducing conditions, as well as increased flexibility for application in flexible solar cells. Additionally, efforts are being made to develop large area deposition techniques to increase the deposition rate of TCO films.