 Yeah, my name is Uli Bauman. I am Deputy Director of the Foundation to the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, Germany. And I am actually a historian. So, during my work as historian for the Foundation, I came also to this position of Deputy Director and Curator of Exhibitions. I also work for my own, for historical projects, but yeah, I'm here in the function of being part of the team of the Foundation. The Foundation actually was founded by the German Parliament for the erection of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. And the Memorial was finished and inaugurated in 2005. So, the question was, what will the Foundation do in the future? But, obviously, we had to care of the information center at the Memorial, which is a small kind of museum. And, yeah, time by time, new commemoration projects started. And so, up to today we are responsible also for the Memorial for the persecuted homosexuals, for the Memorial for the Murdered Gypsies in Europe, murdered by the Nazis, and for the victims of the so-called Yosemite Nassiyah. So, four memorials in the moment and, yeah, a lot of projects besides, because when our Foundation was founded the Parliament said, well, the Foundation has to contribute to the commemoration of all victims of the Nazis, not only the Jews. So, and we are really taking this very serious. There was a long debate on the Memorial to the Murdered Jews, very different voices. And one point of critique was that it would be maybe not appropriate for the Germans to have a Memorial for the Murdered Jews, because the Germans had to care about the information about the perpetrators, because they are the people of the perpetrators. So, why should they have a Memorial for the victims? And some voices even said, okay, the Germans find a good way to sympathize with the victims, and that's very easy for them, and they can forget about the perpetrators. So, this was one point of critique. And the other was why a Memorial only for the Jews and not for all victims of the Nazis. But in general, I think the concept was successful, because just one reason why it is so necessary this Memorial is that Germans are concentrated on perpetrators. However, either they try to speak about it or they try to avoid to speak about it, but the whole subject of being sons, daughters, grandsons, granddaughters of perpetrators is very important in Germany. And in one way, this is very self-focused, and it is very important to open the mind and at some stage to talk about the victims. Germans tend to forget about the victims, and they have actually no idea who the victims were. There are visitors in our information center who are really surprised and tell us, oh, six million Jews, we thought they were German Jews, and they had no idea that more than 95% of the Jewish victims were from Eastern Europe. So, a lot of things which they don't know, and this is the reason why it was a good decision to do it. At the beginning, the Holocaust was not a substantial part of Germans' own national memory from the 1950s to the 1980s. Actually, the Holocaust was not really playing a big role, but afterwards it played a very big role, but still more the side of perpetrators. And the victims had been not really so important, but this changes. Yeah, I think this is stupid. I think on the one hand, there is no primary victim and secondary victim. So, suffering in the past or losses in the past merit at any rate a commemoration in different ways, and there should be no competition. So, this is nonsense. And I think if you do it smart and concentrated on the circumstances and the aims and the targets of persecution, you can really teach or show both systems maybe even parallelly. So, like in some of the concentration camp museums in Germany, they do it, I think, very smartly. But actually, in our daily work, we have no problems with this kind of competition, not in Berlin at least. Of course, the whole discussion about the 23rd of August is, of course, we know it. Actually, I think the problem is much more complicated than only the 23rd of August. I think it is very important to speak about the Soviet occupation of, for example, eastern Poland or whatever, of Estonia and Latvia and so on. But somehow it couldn't be very easy to blame, for example, the Soviets for the occupation of these countries and not to speak about their own participation. The own participation of Latvians or Hungarians after the war or Slovakians and so on in the Soviet system. And so to say this is also the subject of our meeting today. The borders, the limitations are shifting somehow and you have to look very closely at the own history. So I had several talks with a Hungarian historian, which is very interesting, the director of House of Terror in Budapest, Maria Schmidt. And the interesting thing is, of course, she always emphasizes the communist persecution and everything. But I was very surprised when it came to a closer look. We were discussing this as polls and some of those polls, they said, yeah, even when we were in Solidarnoš, we were responsible. Somehow we are guilty because we did not fight enough against Jaroselski and whatever. And she went crazy because even if communist dictatorship was her major subject, she was not pleased to hear about Hungarian participation in. And I was completely surprised because I thought, now she starts, oh yeah, and the communist times and we have really to inform people how the system was in Budapest, in Hungary and the secret service and so on. And she said, no, I don't want to speak about Hungarians in the communist system in Budapest. We won't speak about it. It's just the Russians or the Soviets and we Hungarians, we won't speak about the participation of Hungarians because the Soviets were the occupiers and the Hungarians were innocent. So I was very surprised. And so to say something like that here, that Germans speak about German responsibility in the GDR regime. She really don't like. She doesn't like because she would like to hear that also Germans would say, okay, Honecker doesn't matter, Ulbricht, it's not interesting. It was the Soviets who occupied GDR and the Germans have no guilt. So that's her position and this is very strange. And so you have to look very closely at the own responsibilities and the own participation of those people. And if you start to do it also, you know, the discussion on August 23rd gets quite interesting because it's not like, not this easy, you know. So the situation is not really a pleasant one if we look at certain tendencies in other countries. But on the other hand it's quite difficult for us as Germans as part of the people of perpetrators to intervene on one hand. We can only be a, so to say, a kind of good example, I don't know, maybe that's a kind of offer. Maybe this sounds a little bit arrogant, but I think they see what we are doing and often they really come to us and say, we can't understand what you're doing. You're crazy Germans. Why do you blame yourself all the time? And we can't understand. And actually the nucleus, the inner, the center of this mentality is that I think that they have no ability to to a relaxed and, yeah, to a critical attitude towards their own nations. So this is, this is really a difficulty. So, yeah. So for our, for our sites, especially for our site, which is not an authentic site, I do not see really a problem because it is an artificial site. So we have the, the permanent exhibition, which is most important. Some people didn't think about an exhibition at the beginning, but I'm really happy that we decided to have one. But we, we are completely aware that this is a tourist point and that also because of the concept of Eisenman, a lot of people do not understand what all is about, but we have to live with that. Okay. Thank you.