 Dear students, in this topic, we shall discuss the process of neural integration. Dear students, you know that neurons in the brain receive thousands of sensory inputs from other neurons. The brain cells, before the generation of an output, add up these inputs through a process which is called neural integration. The neural integration occurs in through two processes. First pattern is the temporal summation. And second pattern of neural integration is spatial summation. First we shall discuss the temporal summation. In the temporal summation, when two excitatory post-synaptic potentials receive post-synaptic neurons on a single synapse per rapid succession, and as a result, the potential produced in post-synaptic membranes when the first excitatory post-synaptic potential is produced or received, so as a result, membrane potential changes. Now that membrane potential is not at its normal range, while the second excitatory post-synaptic potential is also received. The result of this is that both excitatory post-synaptic potentials sum up brain cells or brain neurons. This is known as temporal summation. That is, add those successive excitatory post-synaptic potentials. Why? The reason is that when a pre-synaptic terminal fires, as a result, it releases neurotransmitter. That produces excitatory post-synaptic potential. This excitatory post-synaptic potential opens the membrane channels just for a millisecond. As a result, post-synaptic potential is produced. That lasts for up to 15 milliseconds. If an excitatory post-synaptic potential is produced or received before those 15 milliseconds, then as a result, channel opens again. The first post-synaptic potential is still going on. It has not completed 15 milliseconds. The second post-synaptic potential is going to be added as a result of temporal summation. The second pattern of summation is the spatial summation. That is, distance-wise summation. The excitatory post-synaptic potentials produced at different regions of the membrane of the neuron can also be added up. And such an addition is called spatial summation. We shall explain spatial summation in detail. When a single post-synaptic potential is received or produced by a neuron, it is very small. It is about 0.5 to 1 millivolt. So, if the membrane of the neuron is receiving another excitatory post-synaptic potential at another site of its membrane, then the cell should have the capacity to add up these two. Because to produce a post-synaptic potential in response requires at least an excitatory post-synaptic potential of 10 to 20 millivolt. So, to provide this amount of EPSP, many pre-synaptic terminals are stimulated at the same time and their effects are submitted. Such a summation that if the stimulus is spread especially on the soma, they can be added up. And this addition can cause excitation and produce the post-synaptic potential and as a result, response by the brain cell neuron. Dear students, submission is a significant phenomena. Due to this submission, the post-synaptic potential becomes much higher. That ensures that the output action potential is produced that is able to generate response.