 Good morning everyone, the Department of Psychology welcomes all of you here as we observe our very first World Brain Day. We are so happy to see our HOD doctor losing you know here, our faculties from all the different departments and our very dear students. So the World Brain Day is the brainchild of the World Federation of Neurology with its aim of fostering quality, neurology and brain health worldwide. The theme for this year is brain health for all. We will have a case presentation by our faculty assistant professor Meluti Sharma. Next we will have video presentations by our students Kenny, Lika, Hamshen and Moa Menla after which we will have a quiz. So the quiz masters will be Moa Menla and Moa Kala. After that we will be having another presentation by our students, third semester students. They will be presenting on the structure of Neuron by Naomi Machoni and Mercy. We will also be having a presentation by our first semester students Hengwal-e and Suntinaro after which I Wondango Lota will be presenting on the optimal brain development. Some few tips on how to keep our brain healthy. So this program is we will be focusing on awareness and advocacy for brain health and I hope you will enjoy the program. A very good morning, Wondango. I, Naomi, of third semester will be presenting on the topic Neuron along with my friends Mercy and Moa Joli. So basically what are neurons? Neurons are also known as nervous system. Neurons are a fundamental unit of the nervous system specialized to transmit information to different parts of the body. What is Neuron? Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system that receive and transmit signals to different parts of the body. This is carried out in both physical and electrical forms. There are several types of neurons that facilitate the transmission of information. The sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptors, cells present for all the body or the brain. Now I will be talking about the functions of Neuron. Neurons are information processing unit of the brain which have responsibility for sending units of brain, which have responsibility for receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals throughout the body. Neurons also known as nerve system are essentially the cell that make up the brain and the nervous system. The function of Neuron is to transmit nerve impulses along the length of an individual neuron and cause the synapse into their next neuron. The central Neuron system which comprises the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral Neuron system which consists of sensory and the motor nerve cells all condemn this information processing unit. According to the Neuron research, the human brain is contain 86 million neurons. These cells develop around fully. Around the time of the birth, unlike other cells, cannot reproduce or regenerate once they die. Now I will be talking about the structure of Neuron. Neuron comes in many shapes and varieties according to the specialized to perform. There are four basic Neuron structure. The soma which is also called the cell bodies, the dendrites, the axons and the axons terminal soma. Soma which is also called the cell bodies is essentially the core of the Neuron, the central of the Neuron. This cell provides information containing genetic information but the neurons then maintain the Neuron structure and provides energy to drive activities. The cell, like other cell bodies of Neuron soma, combines with peers and specializes in the dendrites. The dendrites is a branch of structure shaped like a tree root. It's more like a tree root. The method of this is to transmit information from other neurons and to receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical signals for cell bodies. The third is the axons. The axons is a long cylinder deep covered by a millingal sheet. A millingal sheet is a layer of the face and protein wrapped around the nerves. The axons as you can see is a long cylinder deep which is wrapped around the nerves by the face and the proteins. These axons carry signals away from the cell bodies to the terminal bodies and lastly the terminal bodies. Here the terminal body is located at the end of the Neuron, as you can see here. The purpose of this is for transmitting and for signal from the other neurons. These are the four basic structures of the Neuron. Today I'll be talking about the types of neurons. Before that I'll be briefing you what is Neuron is, as my family explained about it, but in a very simple term. The Neuron are a basic constituent of the brain, viral spinal cord and vertebral nerve cord and the peripheral gangway, which is a mass and nerve cell bodies. And in a very more simple term, neurons are responsible for carrying out information throughout the human body using electrical and chemical signals. They help coordinate all of our necessary functions of life. So Neuron can be categorized into three types, that is sensory neuron, motor neuron and internal neuron. Firstly, let's look into sensory neuron. Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by the sensory input from the environment. For example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertip, the sensory neuron will be the one firing the sending of signal to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received. The input that active sensory neurons can be physical or chemical, corresponding to all of our five senses, thus a physical input can be things like sound, touch, heat or light. A chemical input comes from the test or smell which Neuron then sends to the brain. Most sensory neurons are pseudonia polar, which means they only have one exon. The exon is there, one exon N, which means they only have one exon, which is split into two branches. The second type of neuron is the motor neuron. This is the motor neuron. Most neurons of motor neuron of the spinal cord are part of central nervous system and connect to muscle, glands and organs throughout the body. This neuron transmits impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles like in our stomachs. And so they really control of our muscle movements. There are in fact two types of motor neurons. These that travel from spinal cord to muscle are also called lower motor. Whereas those who travel between brain and spinal cord are called upper motor neurons. Motor neurons have the most common type of human body plan. For nervous cells there are multipolar, each with one exon and several dendrites. Lastly the last neuron is interneuron. As the name says this interneurons are one in the between the connect spinal motor and sensory neuron as well as transferring signal between sensory and motor neuron. Interneuron can also communicate with each other forming circuit of various complexity. There are multipolar just like motor neuron. In conclusion the neuron does form the basic functional unit of the nervous system transmitting and receiving the neuron impulses to and from the various part of the body to the central nervous system. Thank you. Thank you students for very aptly presenting the functional structure of the neurons. Now we will have our video presentation by our students. So in order to understand the brain we also need to understand the development. So the students of three semesters have done a small experiment in a real life situation with children and we want to show that video. By Jenny and Rika to take a step through our brain healthy. So this was supposed to be the last presentation of the day but we will be continuing with this because of other technical switches. So how do we keep our brain healthy? So we often talk about how mental health, mental well-being and social life and our physical life, our physical body is all important for enjoying a good life or enjoying a good quality lifestyle. But all this the source of it is the brain. So it is important that we know how to take care of our brain. So let's look at the definition of what a healthy brain is. So brain health is basically the preservation of optimal brain integrity and mental and cognitive function at a given age in absence of over brain diseases that affect normal brain function. So notice the word preservation here. Reservation means that we have to be continually making certain maintenance. We cannot just keep something away and say that we are preserving it, right? Even if it's an ancient artifact or an art piece what happens is that we preserve it and keep it in a safe location but then there is regular maintenance that happens. So even for our brain in order to enjoy the most optimal peak brain health we have to keep regularly maintaining it. So we are going to be just looking at few practical tips on how to maintain our brain and of course this is when it comes to certain brain diseases or certain brain dysfunctions we have to visit a physician. But in case of normal brain development we have to have certain practical things that we have to keep doing in order to keep it at optimal. So we are going to be looking at the different methods that we can keep our brain at optimal. So now I also want to emphasize a little bit on the relationship between mental well-being and brain health. So these are just a few of the studies. There are numerous studies but I have just picked a few. So it shows that people who score higher on mental health they also tend to report better memory taking skills. So this is in relation to call the students also and in people in the education sector. Now when mental well-being is high episodic memory and executive function is also high. Now when mental well-being is high mental sharpness is also high. So this is just something that is related to our education sector that is why I emphasize it. Now we will look at different ways in which we can keep our brain optimal. So these are practical tips. We are going to be looking at brain and body connectivity. We are going to be looking at brain food. What sort of food to take. We are also going to be looking at brain and sleep connection. We are going to be looking at brain and social connectedness. Lastly we are also going to be looking at cognitively stimulating activities. In order to keep our brain healthy and stimulated. Firstly looking at brain and body connectivity. I think we have all heard, all of us have been given various exercise advices. Always being physically active, doing certain sports, exercising and these are actually true. So a lot of scientific research has gone into this. And a lot of studies have been shown that keeping ourselves active improves our neuroplasticity and improves overall mental well-being as well as learning outcomes. So now keeping active need not always be going to the gym and exercising. Of course that is also good but having a physically active lifestyle is also one way you can keep yourself positive. Now of course purposeful exercise is also another part of it and I think we should be doing both. But studies have shown that either one helps in maintaining our cognitive health. So now physically active lifestyle includes for example walking to college or walking to grocery stores or walking to shops instead of taking the autos or buses. And also walking up and down the stairs. I think that's a college almost score very high in this one. So instead of taking the lifts we can take short walks up to the first floor, I mean to the top floor. Also engaging in hobbies and sports in your various hobbies or housework chores. You know some people like gardening, cooking. So all of this contributes towards a physically active lifestyle. And that is very important for even our cognitive health also. Now purposeful exercise. I know a lot of you now joining the Zumba and gym. It's free for our teachers and students also I think. So one thing you can do is you can join the Zumba classes here at that. So you have your basketball courts, you have a tennis court so you can all make use of this. So brisk walking also includes in purposeful exercise, strength training, aerobics training. All of this come under it. So I encourage all of you to keep yourself physically active because it helps in your cognitive functioning also. Now coming to brain food. Again you have all heard from your parents that no you should have this, you should have this supplements, you should have this vitamins, you should have this fish oils. And they do have fruit to it. But of course we should maintain a balanced diet. Too much of anything is also not good. So these are just a few of the diets which have been found by studies to be effective. So these are the Mediterranean diet, the Nordic diet and the Okinawan diet. And I'm not telling you all to leave your Naga food aside and just follow these diets. But then there are fruits to these studies. So you can look at the certain trends that show in their food habits. So it shows that this Mediterranean diet has ample motor saturated fats which comes from olive oils, walnuts, all of that. Again certain seeds, now vegetables, fruits, plants, proteins, whole grains and fish. And the Nordic diet, it includes fish oils, fish and oils and several types of meat, even meat is important. And specific vegetables, foods and cooking styles. So you know even cooking style has a big part to play in our, in healthy eating. So if you eat a vegetable but it's deep fried, it's not as effective as it is sauteed or steamed. So you have to keep in mind even cooking styles. Now the Okinawan diet, I think a lot of you have a craze for Korean and Japanese food. So this actually has been, there is a specific island in Japan where the people there are known for their longevity. So they live very long. That is why scientists have studied their food habits and it has showed that their lifestyle also physical as well as their food habits contributes to their longevity. So I encourage all of you to have all sorts of fruits and vegetables of all colors. Some people don't like beetroot but then red is also important. We should have some green vegetables also and some yellow vegetables also. And now soy, legumes, sweet potato, fish, meat and our favorite rice. That is also if had in a balanced way, it's good for our health. So when you are eating, drinking in college, I encourage all of you to keep all of these in mind and make sure that you are enjoying diverse food. Now these are just some research based food recommendations. So I will just be reading it out. Most of it contributes to our contributes towards lesser cooperative decline. Now fish, flax seeds, chia seeds, kiwi fruit, butter nuts, walnuts. Even turmeric is good, you know, honey, cocoa, green tea. Now cocoa is different from chocolate. So keep that in mind. Don't say that, of course chocolate is also good but then manufactured stuff usually has a lot of unwanted materials to eat also, which is bad for our health. Now, okay, can you go see, we might not get it here but we also, I think if they came and studied in Nagaland, we also have a wealth of food which are good for our health. Okay, but research is not that, not much research has been done, so maybe you students will be the one to research on Naga food. So yeah, dark chocolate, wine, butter, kiwi, lard, coconut oil, coconut seed, palm kernel oil, dairy also. So these are just things to keep in mind. So I'm just going to be briefly mentioning about it. So spinach, olives, asparagus, avocado nuts, spinach, vegetable oil, sweet gram, red bomb oil, all of these, okay, liver, mushrooms, pork fat products. You might even add mao, kerala, no, and what else, squash leaves, no, all these are good for our health, okay. Now we're also going to be looking at brain sleep connection, okay. So I think this is one part where we fail a lot. So I know a lot of you binge watch and then don't sleep all night and come to college without breakfast. So these are very bad for your health actually and also for your learning, okay. So you would have noticed that if you have not slept properly or if you did not get adequate nutrition in the morning, you did not eat breakfast. Your concentration, your focus is also poor in your class. You would have noticed that in yourself, okay. So make sure that you are getting adequate sleep, okay. So studies have shown that 7 to 8 hours sleep is a good amount of sleep a person should get, okay. Less is also not good, more is also not good, okay. But then again, it depends on your various health conditions. Please take advice from your physician also if you have some sort of sleep disorder, okay. This is not a, I'm not diagnosing you all, okay. So keep that in mind also. Now again we should practice good sleep hygiene, okay. So in order to have a peaceful sleep, you would have noticed that on days where you are looking at the screen too much or have drank too much caffeine or you ate very late in the night, you do not get good sleep, right. So make sure that before you sleep, you have eaten your dinner before that, okay. Make sure to avoid caffeine and also keep all your electronic social media, phones, all of that aside in order to experience more healthy sleep, okay. Now looking at brain and social connectedness, okay. Our growth, our experiences and some variants of our personality, they are molded through our social engagement, okay. And you know if the psychology students know that a lot of our, even cognitive development has a lot to do with our social influence also, right. How our society or our social or our family relations help us in our brain development. So this is also important that you engage in meaningful relationships, okay. So people who are lonely, okay, shows cognitive decline also, okay. And now lonely does not mean that they are always alone, that's why, okay. You can be lonely in a crowd also. What is important is that you, even if your need to be social is big or small, it has nothing to do with extrovert or introvert, okay. So if you are extrovert, maybe you need only one or two or few people to enjoy a good social engagement. And if you are extrovert, maybe you need 10 or 20 people or more regular, let's say social outing in order to have a meaningful interaction. So that is not what I'm emphasizing on, okay. So even if you are introvert or an extrovert or an ambiver, all of us have certain thresholds, okay. So we all need to have our need for affiliation also met in order to enjoy a healthy cognitive and even physical mental well-being, okay. Now, last but not least, engage in cognitive least stimulating activities. So now that you are in college, of course, all of us are being intellectually stimulated and we are all actively participating in certain activities which are stimulating our brain. So that is one good thing. But then make sure to maintain that, okay. Even when you grow older, make sure that you are enjoying certain intellectual pursuits, you know. And you are doing certain mindset games. So actually Sudoku and crossword puzzles, all of that has shown to help reduce cognitive decline in even Alzheimer's patients, okay. So make sure that you are engaging in your own intellectual pursuits. It will not be Sudoku, okay, but it could be your own different hobbies that you enjoy doing, okay. Cooking, gardening, whatever it is. Carpentry, painting, singing, playing musical instruments, all of this also include in mental challenges, okay. So now we hear a lot about this brain teaser game or that game, right. So of course, certain video games have shown to increase our fluid intelligence and maybe our problem-solving activities, okay. Certain video games. But it does not mean that playing video games actually improves our cognitive health also, okay. So keep that in mind, all right. So that is all for my part. So I hope that as you are going on with your day, you remember all of these tips. Okay, thank you. Now I will give time to Kelly and Lika for their presentation. Good morning everyone. Lika and I will be presenting on cognitive development by Jean-William Fritz Piaget. Jean-William Fritz Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and a genetic epistemologist born on 9th August 1896 in Switzerland. He is widely considered to be the most important figure in the 20th century of developmental psychology. He is famously known for his theory of cognitive development that looked at how children develop intellectually through the course of childhood. His theory of cognitive development has four stages. First is the sensory motor stage which spans from third to two years of age. Second is the pre-operational stage from two to seven years. And then comes the concrete operational stage which is from seven to eleven years. And lastly the formal operational stage which is from twelve years and older. Now we will be watching Piaget's famous conservation task. Hello, my name is Kelly. My name is Lika. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. We have proposed four major stages of cognitive development and called them sensory motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage. This is a video presentation of the second stage which is a pre-operational stage. Our subject is a four-year-old girl named Arnie. Pokemon Kart, okay. Now tell me, are you here? Is there a number of karts in each row? Right there. What about now? Which one has more? So we have two sticks, okay? Which stick do you think is longer? Or I don't look same? Same. So now which one? Which one is longer? This one is longer. Here we have two boards of paper, okay? Are they the same? So now take this stick. Okay. Okay. Now do they have equal amount of water? Yes. Okay. What about now? Which one has more? Hello, my name is Kenny. Three members. And we consist of three members and Arnie is development. So we are this completely development consists of four stages that is sensory motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage. And formal operational stage. And today we are going to conduct experiment based on pre-operational stage. And pre-operational stage consists of three members and two disciples of each group. Today one subject is a very good friend of mine, Anno. And she is five years of age. And we are going to test if she has one share and one team. So basically, conservation is the object. In short, being able to construct this one, that one group doesn't change. It's been altered. So let's have that experiment. We have two kinds of air at the same time. So tell me which one is longer or both are the same size. Is it the same length? Is it the same size? Same size. So when I hold this one here, how can I tell you which one is longer? Which one is longer? How many points are doing this, right? And what about this side? How many points are there? So, if I do it like this, which one has more points? This or this? This one? Can you call it once? Okay, good. And this one? Okay, good. So, which one has more points? This one. So, we have these two classes of water. Which class has more water? Or is it the same? Same. Which one has more water? This one. Why? Why do you think it's more water? And then what is higher there? I think so. This one is longer. From the three experiments that we have conducted today, we can conclude that our subject unknown is not able to perform the skill of conservation. That is because it lies in a pre-operational stage. And according to PRG, children in pre-operational states cannot perform the skill of conservation. So, the pre-operational stage is the second stage under PRG's cognitive development theory. This stage spans the years two to seven. The most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational or symbolic activity. Infants and toddlers' mental representation are impressive, but in early childhood, representational capacities blossom. So, we did this conservation task. Let us know what is conservation? Conservation refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes. This famous conservation task reveals several deficiencies of pre-operational thinking. We have carried out four conservation tasks to prove this, and the child has failed in all the four tasks. So, the inability to conserve, highlight several related aspects of pre-operational children's thinking. First, their understanding is centered or characterized by centration. They focus on only one aspect of the situation and neglect other important features. For example, in the conservation of liquid, the child focus only on the height of the water and completely regarded the effect that the width of the glass will compensate for the height of the glass. Secondly, children are easily distracted by perceptual appearance of the objects. Third, children ignore the initial and final states of objects as unrelated events, ignoring the dynamic transformation that took place, like pouring of water, flattening of the play-doh, and scattering of the cards, etc. So, I will be concluding all the topic pre-operational stage. So, in this stage, memory and imagination are developing, and at this stage, children are egocentric, which means they are unable to think outside of their own perspective or viewpoints. So, the management of this stage is being able to attach meaning of objects with feelings, thinking about things, similarly. So, as we saw what our subject already, her understanding of conservation principle sends her into the world of egocentricism. So, she has felt in answering all the questions correctly, and because she has not yet attended a poor cognitive development, as she is still four years old, we are to conclude that intellectual development is the result of interaction of hereditary and environmental factors. So, as the child develops constantly, interacting with the world around him or her knowledge is reinvented and reinvented. So, here I come to the end of our presentation. I hope our presentation was interesting and knowledgeable. Thank you. Thank you, Kenny, Lika, Hamshen, and Moa Munna for a very elaborate and clear presentation. Now, our very own faculty, Ms. Melody Gurumayoon Sharma, will be presenting a case of her own client, of her client who is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Very good morning, all the students. So, this case study which I am going to present is on the case of schizophrenia, which was my own client, and during the entire assessment it was quite difficult for all the team to come to the conclusion as well, because the symptoms were very confusing, firstly, because when we talk about schizophrenia, it's a very big spectrum and we get to have lots of symptoms, starting from positive symptoms, negative symptoms. So, for this particular case, I would say the biggest thing that we could learn from this client was that the theoretical part that we have always read about schizophrenia. Let's say we have read about paranoid schizophrenia and all. So, we could really experience in the real life setting how the client felt paranoid about her own family numbers. So, I would be presenting AOPI, History of Present Illness, along with the case formulation and some of the psychological assessments that we have done during the assessment or the intervention period. I will be announcing the winners of the quiz and the winners are Group 2, Nila Niro and Pamshan. We will be giving you exciting prizes which are psychological books. Okay. And even our two semester students, the answers you have given are all correct. So, you will also be winning a consolation prize. Okay. So, you can leave the stage.