 We comprehensively looked at the Colberg model in our last session and today we are going to be talking about another model which again emerged from research conducted at Harvard University by Carol Gilligan. And this particular model basically revolves around the concept of care that in every human being there is a certain element of care but that care is manifested in different proportions and different perceptions and different interpretations and different circumstances. So she looked at model development in the context of care and also of how we tend to interface with other individuals. So more than something which is more introspective and more inner in context like the Colberg model of the development of morality, she looked at it from an external context and basically divided that development into three different levels of care. Now when we are looking at the Carol Gilligan model then we see that this was challenged by Gilligan and she thought that there are three levels of moral reasoning based on care. She provides evidence that about one-third of women took decisions based upon care and compassion. So the Gilligan model is more focused to the female gender and looks at how they look at decision making in the context of care and compassion and also how they would make sure that whenever they are taking decisions or doing things in a collective context they would empathize with the other person. They would sympathize with the other person and would shed away the other patis of apathy and antipathy. So again this model basically revolves around the two C's which are care and compassion. Care perspective or moral behavior emphasizes personal relationships, responsibility and care. So again this human development and moral development depends upon how we develop different relationships and what influence those different relationships have on us. How do we take responsibility? So we do have rights but with every right there is a responsibility. Are we willing to take that responsibility and then do we care for others or are we absolutely selfish. So these three elements form the basis of the Gilligan model and we are going to further see how these are divided into different levels. So when we are looking at level one of the Gilligan model then again we are seeing how these different relationships tend to ward off loneliness and create friendships. Now when we look at the human being, human beings are social animal and as social animal the worst state for a human being would be to remain in isolation. So usually what we see is that in prisons if there is anyone who is mischievous that person is put into the isolation ward. And after two weeks that person says that he would or she would not do anything wrong because they don't want to go back into the isolated confinement and therefore we as human are social animals and want to create friendships, want to create relationships, want to care for people and want people to care for us. We want to have the feeling of being together and we don't want to isolate ourselves. The same feeling also exists with an organization. Organizations want to have loyal employees. Loyal employees want to have good organization and that relationship is based upon mutual trust and an element of mutual care. And even though in now people think that this is the age of cutthroat competition but even in cutthroat competition there is this element of care, compassion and trust. And if it is properly exhibited and incorporated into an organization then it leads to healthy positive empathetic organization and that is what Gilligan basically was looking at. Now when we look at level 2 then the care oriented individuals in the Gilligan study showed more concern about institutions and the structure of relationships within an organization. We see that in the modern world organizations tend to create more informal platform, tend to create informal opportunities of families getting together, of events, of sports, of competition, of out of the box creative approach towards creating friendships, of encouraging employees to break the barriers of communication, of encouraging employees to have dialogues with each other to understand each other, of creating opportunities where employees can participate in happy events and also sorrowful events. So those organizations and those group of individuals tend to flourish more and tend to have a higher level of moral development because they tend to oversee and overcome and go beyond the element of selfishness and self-aggrandizement and they look at that element of collectivism and collective good and collective progress. So that is level 2. When we are looking at level 3 then we see that the majority of women regard non-violence and compassion as universal standards and the Gilligan study viewed care reasoning in terms of mutual care at least when participants are equal in the care relationship. So care cannot be a one road approach. It has to be mutual. It cannot be that I care for someone infinitely. There has to be a mutual relationship of care. There has to be mutual empathy. There has to be mutual sympathy. And when we are talking about females then they have a stronger emotional contact and a stronger bearing of relationships and that is what tends to influence them in the family, in the community and in institutions. So the Gilligan model revolves around care and compassion and consideration. mutual trust, understanding each other and caring for each other on a more equal level playing field without exploitation, without manipulation and without encroachment. So this model sees moral development on the basis of human relationships and how those relationships can be defined in different circumstances and different contexts. So that is the Gilligan model. Thank you so much.