 Welcome to plenary nine of the 2022 international conference on sustainable development. I'm going to hand it over to our moderator Maria Cortes-Puch, head of networks at SDSN to kick us off. Thank you very much, Lauren. Next year in September 2023, during the General Assembly week in New York, so exactly the same week that we're in right now, the second SDG summit will take place. This summit is going to mark the midpoint of the implementation of the 2030 agenda. And sadly, as you probably all have seen in our sustainable development report this year, the world is nowhere near to achieving these goals. In fact, the multifaceted crisis that we are immersing the pandemic, the climate emergency, as well as armed conflicts have become major setbacks in achieving these SDGs globally. Furthermore, we see how the most vulnerable around the world are at highest at higher risks of suffering the impacts of this crisis. As the COVID-19 Lancet Commission stated, the pandemic has brought to light, but also further exacerbated many of the existing social, economic and political inequalities. And today we're also seeing how the most vulnerable are experiencing the worst consequences of the climate emergency and side effects of the armed conflicts. As many have pointed out, one of the barriers of achieving these goals is that much of the SDG related action focuses on small incremental change projects. They touch upon very specific component of a wider system that is in itself unsustainable. Often what we're seeing is that countries, cities and organizations are trying to address sustainable development challenges as a question of optimizing what we're already doing and making it more efficient or improving this particular aspect. And instead of really reimagining a whole new way of doing things, and it's important to identify which are the policies and the trajectories that can lead to really transformative change that can lead us to an unsustainable system. With the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, as well as at our partner institution GIZ, we place a huge value in the principle of leaving no one behind. You know, in our work on the six transformations to achieve the SDGs, we post it that it is this principle that needs to underpin all policy designs. It requires identifying and addressing the needs of the most vulnerable from the outset, and it also requires ensuring that all investments in services in infrastructure and technologies promote equity. So, as the SNN and GIZ have partnered to develop several initiatives that focus specifically on advancing the LNOB to leave no one behind principle. We started off last year by hosting a bar camp. It's a very interesting experience where we invited members from around the world to present ideas that could then be further developed through a process of co-designing. We had members of 40 different countries and the help of our LNOB ambassadors, as well as many other experts that helped improve those processes. So this year we've done something else. We've awarded three research grants to conduct research on different angles of the LNOB principle. And we focused specifically on why this principle is important when designing sustainable development policies and also recovery strategies, recovering from the pandemic, from the current crisis. The other come from the SDSN Mexico, the SDSN Pakistan and the SDSN South Africa, and today we're thrilled to have a discussion with them to learn from their work and some of the insights that are coming out from this research. Before I give the floor to our fantastic keynote speaker, Martha Bekele, who was one of our LNOB ambassadors last year, allowed me to express my gratitude to GIZ. We have three years of partnerships that has helped shape what SDSN is. And we are an organization of 1,700 member institutions in more than 100 countries, but also my gratitude goes very specifically to the team at GIZ, to Nina, to Barbara and Eva for their leadership and their diligence throughout these months. They've done so much work and many other projects that we're doing together. And of course to be in set for their support over the years. So, without further ado, I'm handing the floor to Martha Bekele, who will be making our keynote speech right now. Thank you, Maria. I will have a few slides. But before that, hi everyone. As Maria said, my name is Martha Bekele. I work for Development Initiatives, that is DI, a global organization that harnesses the power of data and evidence in development. For those of you who are not able to see me for some reason, I am a black African woman. I'm wearing a white shirt and a blue jacket. So that is that is part of leaving no one behind. So, what I would want to do now is share my slides. There are very few, I promise. There you go. Okay, so I want to speak to you today about common challenges that have differentiated impacts on those that are vulnerable. And I will also want to speak on the vital role of data in the conversation of leaving no one behind. The premise is here, being not everyone is affected equally by the ongoing world crisis, such as the Russia, Ukraine war, and climate change. The furthest behind are often the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of national and global decisions and actions. In short, we may have common and compound challenges, but the impacts are different on different sections of the society. The consequences of the global, the geopolitical Russia, Ukraine crisis are failed by the poorest, thousands of miles away. And this comes immediately after COVID-19. And also we're experiencing, for instance, in the Horn of Africa, the worst climatic event in 40 years. And households are left with starvation. If you look at the data, we have people who are not able to afford basic food items as food prices in Ethiopia, for instance, have increased by 66% and in Somalia, 36%. The other element that I would want to touch on is women and children are affected disproportionately compared to the general population. For example, because of the ongoing Horn of Africa drought crisis, we have gender-based violence. Studies are indicating that children, particularly girls, have been dropping out of school while gender-based violence has doubled, almost doubled. It is 97% in one refugee camp alone in Kenya. And despite having no stake or role, the economic impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on Africa is devastating. According to the Africa Economic Outlook 2022, for instance, 1.8 million Africans could be pushed to extreme poverty as a result of this crisis. And this number is expected to increase to 2.1 million by 2023. You can imagine the ability to recover quickly and protect vulnerable households is dependent on the strength of existing social safety net programs. And as you know, typically in Africa, for instance, safety net programs consist many small but fragmented programs in Africa. Hence the challenge the continent continues to face as a result of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The mounting public dates and inflation is compounded by climate change where there is an estimation that Africa is losing, it has been losing 5% to 15% of its gross domestic product per capita growth. Now I would want to speak specifically about climate change impacts and a particularly transition to clean energy. I know one of the panelists is going to discuss this later, but for now I just want to ask if what we have is a win-win for everyone. Now, we know there is a consensus, a general consensus that nations need to move to clean energy economy, which is okay. But the speed, the scope and the form of transition is highly contentious. Why? Because for instance job created in one district as a result of this transition may not necessarily be created in the same district where jobs are lost because of that reform. The other is I want to bring in the case of Nigeria, what happened in Nigeria. So as you know, one reform many countries are implementing is phasing out the use of dirty burning fuels such as household kerosene. In Africa household kerosene is used as a primary source of energy for heating, for cooking, for lighting. And as countries move to cutting fuel subsidies, urban dwellers, especially those that are living in slums and rural communities feel the pinch as the price of household kerosene increases year on year. So there is an example here that I put according to the National Bureau of Statistics of Nigeria within just one year, the average retail price per liter of household kerosene, paid by consumers in July 2022, increased by 99% compared to the previous year. So in the absence of easily accessible and affordable alternatives, the impact of rising prices of primary sources of unclean energy is significant. The report by the Center for Center for Global Development that is CGD, and what the report is that unlike in India and Iran, Nigeria is not successful in cushioning the poor while carrying out energy subsidy reforms through cash transfers to compensate poor households. So there may be a question of physical accountability, but compensating the poor requires infrastructure in this particular case, for instance, ATM machines, even in rural communities as we saw in Iran, or the collection of benefits using a universal ID system, which is a common practice in India. And Nigeria do not have this in place. So when we discuss just transition, these are the elements we need to touch on. It's not the effect is not equal for everyone and there are likely people to be left behind as a result. And imagine this is in countries where they are exporting the impact is even more for countries that are needs importers fuel importers. So where there is poor infrastructure low level of civil registration of vital statistics and in the absence of reliable, timely and relevant data policies to cushion the poor during reforms on energy or any other. Reform for that matter are unsuccessful, even when there is political will. So this brings me to the vital role data place in leaving no one behind. The question is, do we even know who are those that are being left behind, because you need relevance you need reliable you need these aggregated data, and preferably real or near real time data, which is crucial for appropriate responses to any crisis to address needs to plan beta for recovery. And all this after measuring who and how many people are pushed back to extreme poverty or experiencing inequality, marginalization and exclusion. And more specifically, we need to have these aggregated data by age by sex by disability type and also by geography, even going moving beyond the urban rural binary. The data needs to be collected using simple and standardized methods to identify factors that are keeping people in extreme poverty or even to identify those factors that are facilitating movement out of extreme poverty. So such level of data allows us to understand and track inequalities between countries within borders and across segments of a society. But truly, for data to be meaningful, it should go beyond just desegregation and needs to be inclusive. Vulnerable people themselves, those in crisis very well know that they know what matters most, and they need to break out of crisis. This means including affected communities along the data value chain. From the design of the data collection instrument to the actual data collection analysis and use, but ultimately, whatever level of data one obtains and however inclusive it is, it has to be holding, it has to lead to holding decision makers accountable. So finally, I want to just emphasize that once again, we are tied by challenges but differentiated by impacts, we need to recognize that. I have given you an example from Africa for a continent that has no role in a conflict happening somewhere in Europe and little to none engagement in mass consumption of fossil fuels over the last decades. Africa is facing the worst impacts of these challenges through high energy and food prices. It has low coping mechanisms as a result of poor states of institutions infrastructure and social safety needs. And hence, new and recurring crisis are pushing millions of Africans to extreme poverty. I just want to conclude by saying that common challenges do not affect all equally considering intersectionality of crisis we need to consider intersectionality when we're discussing about LNOB principles. And intersectionality, for instance, between food insecurity and protracted humanitarian crisis or intersectionality between vulnerabilities, as I mentioned earlier, drought and gender or drought and disability. The role of timely, relevant and reliable granular data is huge in defining the narrative around a crisis and the approach of addressing of its differential impacts on a community or sections of a community. Thank you all. And over to you, moderator. Thank you very much, Martha for these wonderful insights I think you've already brought up a lot of important topics such as the need for granular reliable data that is inclusive in itself and this question of intersectionality. I'm going to introduce our speakers. From SDSM Mexico we have Dr. Ali Ruiz Coronel from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico. We have from SDSM Pakistan Dr. Sulphi Karputa from the Agakan University. And from SDSM South Africa we have Professor Heinrich Waldman from the University of Pretoria. And with Dr. Ali, I'm going to ask a first question to the three of you, which is very quickly to briefly present your project, your projects in about five, four to five minutes. Dr. Ali, please go ahead. Thank you very much. Good morning, everybody. My name is, she just said is a little scrolling and I am a middle aged Mexican woman with brown eyes brown hair wearing spectacles and is sitting in her office. First of all, I want to censor the thank you organizers of this event for the invitation and to Martha Beckley for the enlightening and inspiring keynote speech. Dr. Sulphi Karputa and Heinrich Waldman, it's a great pleasure to share this panel session with you both. The project that we carry on in Mexico and which I will very briefly describe in the following minutes is called the Open Door Clinic Helker for Persons Facing Homelessness in Mexico City. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they already start exclusion of persons facing homelessness in Mexico City became even starker with the stay at home restrictions as they obviously have no homework each day. Furthermore, violence against them increased and the lack of an official identification and proof of residence document made it impossible for them to access screening for the detection of COVID referral to hospital care and vaccination. So that's the main reason why we implemented the Open Door Clinic. The Open Door Clinic is simply a movable tent placed in public spaces that are known congregation points for homeless people in Mexico City in which screening for the detection of COVID-19 referral to hospital care and vaccination against COVID-19 were offered to homeless people completely free and with no need of any document other than their consent. The vaccination was carried out by the National Navy and medical students, professors and other health professionals of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, volunteer to provide COVID-19 screening and primary healthcare. We gather anthropometric indicators such as weight, height, body mass index, body composition, hangar strength, as well as other biomarkers such as blood pressure, glucose, oxygen saturation and body temperature. We also offer HIV and STD tests. Apart from the biomedical data, we gather social information, anthropology, psychology and sociology students conduct in-depth interviews thereby creating a brief clinical and social health record. Collecting information on people's living conditions, their survival strategies, their experience in accessing healthcare services, and the challenges that they have faced during the pandemic. In those cases where the primary care consultation deemed necessary arrangements are made between the participating NGOs and Clinica Condesa which is a public clinic belonging to the local government to guarantee a secondary level follow up. Through qualitative research we found that in the opinion of homeless persons themselves the lack of access to healthcare during the pandemic had to do first with lack of information, they didn't know what to do or where to go if they fell on well. And the problem of transport because they don't use public transport so if something is too far to walk they simply don't go, lack of money, lack of documents and being discriminated against both by professionals and by other patients. Although our databases is not big enough to make general statements about the homeless population in Mexico City, it does exhibit a prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, HIV and syphilis, which is necessary to address with further research. On the other hand, we only found five positive cases of COVID-19 and more like more than 300 tests, all of them reported to be asymptomatic. So we pose the hypothesis that their microbiome may have been acting as a protective factor against SARS-CoV-2. So we collected a sample of the microbiome of 60 chronically homeless men, and while these samples are currently being analyzed and we expect that they will provide interesting information about how COVID-19 interacts with the human microbiome. This is in general what the opener clinic is about. Thank you very much, Ali. What a wonderful project. Let's move to our next speaker and we'll start the brother questions now. So, Dr. Volta, if you want to go next. Thank you very much, Maria. And I don't have slides, but I'm very happy to tell you about the project that we are engaged in, in the context of reaching the unreached in COVID-19. So the project is a combination of work that you've done with UNICEF and with GIZ in Pakistan and South Asia. And starting off by our work on trying to evaluate the impact of the stringent closures or stringent measures at the early stage of the pandemic on looking at its impact on health services and on educational services. When we began the project with UNICEF in the middle of 2020, we were just beginning to see the impact of early closures and widespread restrictions. But we didn't realize that even though the health system might recover a little bit, educational institutional closures in South Asia would continue to the extent that they did in some countries, they lasted well into 2021. And just to give you some figures based on our actual estimation of real health system data from the district health information systems. We believe that there was between a 12 to 13% increase in child mortality because of reduction in indirect services, immunizations, health services for mothers, and also an increase in reproductive health lag and gap out there. On the education side, the startling figures that we were able to assemble from South Asia indicated that they were potentially 9 million adolescents, a large proportion of which were girls who dropped out of schools permanently as a consequence of school closures that lasted for a year and a half or two years. That's an absolute travesty. And in a geography where because of social cultural norms, if a young girl, let's say between 16 to 18 years of age is out of school, what would happen. We estimate that proportions of early marriages or marriages under 18 years of age in the region went up significantly. We estimate that they've been close to around 450,000 to 500,000 adolescent pregnancies excess adolescent pregnancies in that region which houses one and a half billion people. And this in turn has its own consequence in terms of poor nutrition increase in the risk of low birth weight and higher rates of stunting in early childhood in the first two years of life, which have an intergenerational impact in terms of outcomes. With that background, and the GIZ support, we set out to also look at what was the evidence around school health and nutrition programs that could potentially mitigate some of these challenges, both in normal settings as well as during consequences like emergencies. So we ended in two parts. We undertook a systematic review of evidence from low and middle income countries on what had been the experience of school health and nutrition programs on number one potential impacts on health, nutrition and education, but also importantly on reaching the marginalized populations. So we were able to assemble what we thought was initially a very large database, but out of good quality studies that only about 10 or so that we were able to look at in terms of enhanced education and and nutrition outcomes. In Bangladesh and Peru, there is some evidence from health and nutrition programs in schools that this impacted primary education completion rates reduced dropout rates by 7.5% and increased attendance and enrollment of students in the intervention schools, particularly for girls. So there was some evidence of a rural benefit. There was evidence of improved practices, but sadly very little in terms of actual nutritional benefit. But across the board in all of these studies from low and middle income countries on health and nutrition interventions in schools. There was now no evidence that there was any selective targeting of marginalized populations or importantly of resilience. And that is really a very important finding that prior to this pandemic, there wasn't a conscious recognition of targeting and reducing inequities through the school and health nutrition programs, particularly those that are based in in in low and middle income countries. The, the, the feeling is that just by placing these programs in rural areas or in poor settings that they would somehow the other be reaching everybody who should be reached but the evidence is to the country that even within those areas it reaches the more reaches the more well possessed and the more well resourced rather than the poorest of the poor. So we did and undertook a scoping the review of studies from low and middle income countries between January 2020 and January 2022 on what had actually happened during the pandemic in terms of targeting and here we had because of the during the pandemic, a larger body of evidence we had 18 studies that were conducted in these settings and these studies included a range of approaches that were focused on nutrition and food health and health services physical activity and a few on mental health although the nutrition and food program interventions were the dominant majority nine such studies. The mental health programs are only identified in two studies that have been undertaken and published from low and middle income countries that is possible some of this data had is just beginning to come out. We were reasonably heartened to recognize that these studies had begun to look at how could we read children who are marginalized who are dispossessed or were belonging to the poorest quintiles in the population. To run all of this body of work off an experience as we had set out with the giz we make five specific proposals in terms of how one can build resilient health and nutrition and education systems through the school platforms moving forward. The first recommendation is that from the evidence available. This cannot be done just within the education sector. To do this would require multi an intersectional collaboration amongst that stakeholders to develop context specific policies and importantly training it at school platforms and linked community platforms because when schools are closed partially or fully. We have to have some links with the communities. This requires number two adequate investment in wash in protective equipment particularly during epidemics or pandemics to ensure that parents and communities feel safe in terms of sending children to schools. To make the resounding and I am very pleased to say supported by the Lancet Commission recommendation that never again should be ever close schools for particularly the children in the most sensitive age age groups the younger children. The next recommendation is about money and we've heard this time and time again over the last three days that there needs to be much greater reallocation and distribution of health and nutrition program funding towards adapting programs for interventions that will reach the ball if there are virtual programs that have been the norm and this has become now something which will be perhaps continued even after the pandemic is over. There has to be a strategy for these virtual programs learning programs to reach the poorest of the poor in community settings in urban slums. There have been mechanisms to make that happen and that does mean that there has to be investment in infrastructure, low cost technology and linkages with community facilities where children can come, even if you cannot provide that at an individual level and have those programs in Pakistan. There was an effort made through television to have a learning channel but it really was not to the same extent or as effective as we would have thought. The fourth recommendation is to give greater financial autonomy to schools during times of crisis for rapid decision making. And that requires redistribution and allocation of existing resources rather than an epidemic situation asking for money that may not come within enough time. And lastly, we make a very strong recommendation for robust monitoring and evaluation for looking at what was happening even today. So we are making a very strong recommendation on M&E and data collection exercises that can impact both school health nutrition programs. And also we do not have sufficient data on inequities amongst the educational sectors reach into rural population because those data systems were so much dependent on surveys that regular information systems not collect that data. We are making a very strong recommendation on M&E and data collection exercises that can impact both school health nutrition programs and also their reach so that both children out of school and children who drop out of schools can be captured by those systems for policy makers and programs to pivot and make that investment. Thank you very much. I'll stop and I'll be happy to answer questions as you go along. Thank you very much, Dr. Bouta. Let's move to our next speaker and indeed then we'll open the floor for some questions. So, Professor Heinrich Boldman. There you are. Please go ahead. Thank you very much. Yeah, so the South African teams topic was quite a bit different. It was not health and education related at all, although there were some indirect health effects we looked at. In South Africa, the topic we looked at was what we call the just energy transition and the title of our research was just greening of the South African economy. So there's a lot to do with the South African proposed move of getting away from coal-fired electricity which for those who know the South African economy continues to play a large part in our economy and then of course then subsequently the emissions. And the whole focus of our study was trying to look at how this transition away from coal-fired generation towards cleaner more renewable sources is going to impact not just the economy and its various sectors but also the workers themselves involved in those activities which are now changing. So we found, I wouldn't say any surprising results but certainly they do highlight the whole cause of paying attention to the just transition. Our story is very much a regional economic story within South Africa. Most of the coal mines and coal-fired power stations are heavily concentrated within one of the provinces in South Africa and Malanga and closed by regions. And then it's obviously they're no surprise that these regions are almost heavily impacted by the transition. Of course, it's an impact by design. We do need to reduce coal for various reasons. Obviously we understand that it's now embedded in science, the health impacts, the climate change, etc. So it's damage we are imposing on an industry and by implication a region in South Africa by design. But we have to take care of the workers within the spirit of the overall leave no one behind principle. So what we found and the challenges we see emanating from the economic modeling work we've done is really that a large share of the workers involved in the coal mining activities in this region are lower paid, lower skilled type of workers. And labor mobility is extremely limited for this type of worker. Now, often when this type of work is modeled, an economic model will conveniently show over time that these workers can just move to other regions which stand to benefit, etc, etc. But we know in reality that that's not the case. And if we model it accordingly and put these various real world limitations that we can put it like that in the model. You know, the damages to these specific labor and occupation groups is really exacerbated. And that's then where the challenge lies for South Africa is how can we, in a sense, protect and assist these workers through this transition, right? Because again, it's easy for an economic model to show, okay, in the in the medium term, even things play out well. But, you know, workers can't go a week without money and food, etc, etc. And so we can't even for the shortest time when they allow people to be left behind. And that's the challenge I think our work highlights. Unfortunately, one of the, you know, I think one of the nice things about our study, I would say that the main event if I can call it that is only happening in two days. We're having a big round table discussion with many policy makers and role players in this transition space who, you know, the point of this round table is to talk about a lot of the underground issues and limitations happening in this transition. Because again, it's easy to set up policy documents and run economic models and things doesn't look too bad then. But there's a lot of real world constraints and limitations that we want to know more of and make sure to include in our study. But in short, just to summarize, it's this energy transition happening in South Africa has some significant challenges at a regional level within South Africa, given the concentration of the coal mining sector we are trying to move away from. And given the poor labour mobility of these workers, that's really where the leave no one behind principle is really, you know, that's where the challenges lie for South Africa and the design of policy and the right investment in human and physical capital going forward. I'll leave it then we'll be happy to take questions on this. Thanks. Thank you very much. I'm going to pick up on this last question that you've just raised know how how can we bring the conclusions of this research and some of the recommendations that you've made to policy makers for for implementation and I'm going to open the floor for the three of you. What is the potential that you see of using the results of this research and and of these recommendations and implementing them into into concrete policies. But then also what are some of the challenges and some of the nuances as you've mentioned right now. What are some of the nuances that can make this implementation difficult. I don't know if any one of you wants to take the floor. I look I'll be happy to quickly continue on. You know, I think it in South Africa there's always been a big. Very nicely written policy documents and ideas. But taking that through to the implementation stage. That seems to at least where we have struggled and how many other developing countries similarly struggled to to go from a planning phase into the implementation phase and of course there's various reasons for it from technical reasons all the way through to horrible corruption stories that limit our ability to be effective with our scarce resources. So we've never had a shortage of ideas and beautifully written policy documents that the challenge really for specifically South Africa lines in implementing this good policy and and also if I may add is it's you know the real world challenge often with the leave no behind principle is that if you in a currently it's called a baseline scenario of very low growth. Combined with a really high unemployment as is the case in South Africa we have shockingly high unemployment and if we just focusing in on the region of question here with all the coal mines on Malanga province. They've got to expand an unemployment rate to 48% right so now the problem with any kind of transition is that usually they are unavoidable short run adjustment costs to deal with right even though in the medium to longer run. It's typically a good news story. Often they are some short term challenges in the adjustment process and if you already in a scenario very low growth and I unemployment it makes incredibly difficult to absorb any kind of adjustment cost and that's part of the reason why. Implementation has been so kind of slow is is because that implementation requires a bit of space for the adjustment to happen and if you're already in the slow growth on employment environment makes it very difficult for policy makers to go ahead and implement some of the changes that we now are very necessary from an environmental and health perspective in terms of greening the economy but the jobs that might be lost even a few in the very short run seems to be a bit of a stumbling block. Thank you. I lead you want to go next, I'll be happy to follow. Thank you. Yes. Well, I would like to abandon what Martha Beckley said in her speech at the beginning. I think that we don't know who is left behind and what are the specific mechanisms in which they are left behind. So homelessness is something which is not very well understood. And I think that generating the data, trustable data is very important. And I think that the pandemic showed that very clearly in Mexico City. As many other cities the local government response to the emergency was to increase the capacity of public shelters to the homeless and to turn stadiums into temporal shelters for the homeless. But the insufficient or even wrong data about the total amount of persons facing homelessness in Mexico City led to an underestimation of the resources needed. So as early as the 14th of May of 22 and it's like one month later after the pandemic crisis was declared. The local government announced that shelters for the homeless work closed, and after having reached their maximum capacity of 2325 places. Incredible is that that same year, the national census counted only 1226 persons being homeless in Mexico City. So we can see that obviously no efficient policy can be made when the data is not correct. No, so I think that the project that we are taking are conducting is important in that sense. We are conducting very qualitative data, face to face data, taking in account what people say that is their problem and also what their suggestions are of the mechanisms to overcome them. I think that with vulnerable populations, there is a prevalence of statistics and big numbers and qualitative research is the one that is needed for these populations to be properly addressed. Thank you very much, Sophie, do you want to go next. Yeah. So, let me try and summarize what our own learning has been from this exercise and one of the things which are very heartwarming. One is that globally, people are beginning to discover the middle childhood. You know, for a long time in global health school age children just did not exist outside of the education system. We thought that their health problems were minimal. It took a pandemic to tell people how important it was to address mental health issues, other physical health issues, nutrition issues in these children. And that only got highlighted because many of them were locked up at home with families so I'm very pleased to say that both at the level of the World Health Organizations and potentially hopefully in collaboration with UNESCO. There will be a lot more focus on developing what I call resilient, equitable school health and nutrition platforms. Now what that means and how that will be operationalized is something that we need to see. This was asked in the chat by somebody I would like very much to see those school health and nutrition programs be much more green, stable focused on also living and working in the context of climate change, and bringing that recognition and knowledge into that platform that's very important. The point that I'd like to raise is that we're all beginning to discover the limits of our existing data collection system, the district information system whether they relate to health and or education, and that how poor they are in terms of targeting and reaching the unreached. So we do not collect sufficiently disaggregated or geographically tagged data that allows us to leave nobody behind. So we don't have sufficient information in many districts on who are the marginal who are the children who are not coming to school, do they belong to a particular ethnic group, a particular cast are the children living in the catchy. Let's say riverine areas as we are beginning to discover as a consequence of the floods in Pakistan, who are these marginalized people and in order to reach them. Do you do you need to take services to them or do you need to bring them closer to services so geographic targeting is something that I hope programs will realize both for health and education. And I think this will be a phenomenal way forward, and it can be done with a lot less expenditure, in my opinion, then we have had to traditional systems. One point that I would like to make is that it's very clear that the eye does not see what the mind does not know that recognizing some of these issues in the context of building resilient schools, and importantly resilient schools and health and systems will require resources. Now, how do you. It becomes mind boggling as I was discussing with Jeff sacks earlier this morning for a country like Pakistan, which has struggled to negotiate a $1.5 billion loan with the word with the IMF over the last one year almost just to lose $3040 billion of infrastructure, including two and a half thousand schools in the current floods. Everything else fails in its way. So we also need some kind of a resilient system that's impervious to disasters. Now that will require national planning, disaster planning, rebuilding schools, which are to some extent resilient to not only floods and other aspects of climate change to earthquakes in the north. Rebuilding better, fairer, and also in a manner that we can have a greater sense of knowledge as to who are the people that we are trying to reach and how we will be major success in a couple of years is something that we need to do as a global community. So I hope that answers some of the questions, Maria if there's anything else I'll be happy to tackle it. Absolutely, and I think you've brought up another question that has been asked in the chat and that Martha mentioned in her speech, the importance of knowing who are the ones that are being left behind so we need data that is disaggregated that is granular. But there are a lot of challenges, including capacity to access and and to analyze and and and process data. What would you say what are some of your recommendations on how to better understand how to increase in your own words, the knowledge of who are the ones being left behind I'm asking the three panelists, and just as a follow up question. How much do you think some of the recent innovations and on using citizens data and self reporting and mobile technologies and so could help address this question of the knowledge of what is being left behind. Maybe I can, I can go first this time. So I think there is tremendous scope here. And, and I'll tell you, you know, so my friend is set Berkeley at Gaby set famously, we know that every fifth child in the world isn't immunized. We don't think that the fifth child is standing right next to the fourth child. So finding and recognizing who these children are who are being left behind is a very important part of health and immunization systems we know that from polio, just finding children who are unimmunized or not immunized has been a big task. Similarly, finding children who are unenrolled in school who disproportionately drop out who are in fact not even benefiting from the existing systems is extremely important. I believe that rather than base things on the traditional way of data collection through household visits or periodic surveys every four or five years, which nobody can afford, and do not actually find their way into health and information rapidly, we need to increasingly move to technology that is within our grasp during the floods of Pakistan in the last sport five months, one of the most useful ways of recognizing which are the pockets and people and areas which have been maximally affected by geospatial technologies, remote sensing, also use of satellite imaging. And I think some of these technologies as they come on board, allow you to get a better sense of where to place these facilities in the future also. So, Sumari, I completely agree, using some of the handheld cell phone based technologies, using technologies that allow you to localize things, including the geotag your information, and also creating that linkage between information systems. We currently have a problem because the health system does not speak to the education system which do not speak to the social protection system. So we have these parallel information systems that exist across sectors, but they don't talk to each other. They sometimes use completely insensitive technologies also. So creating a platform whereby you can have a smooth translation of information across sectors, I think will be a huge step forward. We have granular information in Pakistan from the income support program. We have less poverty related household data, but it is not available to the health system folks and vice versa. Thank you. Thank you very much. Hi Rich and Ali, do you want to make a very brief. I would really say that as my project shows, I think that students and professors and linking scholars and academics to solving problems is one of the very probable options to knowing who is being led behind them. So I think that the written research is done. So it's just as Dr. Sofia said just to join different areas of knowledge that is being produced in different parts. In the South African case with the energy transition. We have a pretty good idea of who is being left behind both from an economic modeling point of view and just on the ground and various other institutions and researchers have also looked into this. So the challenges is more to do with proper implementation of various plans and finding the fiscal space to implement that and then also, you know, the political world to to go forward with these various interventions. And it's also a case of making sure how to deal with those identified as as potentially affected, not necessarily left behind, but we know that they will be affected by the transition and freeing up the funds for various retraining and reskilling and potential labor mobility challenges in my face. So that's that's definitely the challenges in the South African transition case. There's one other question that I think is very relevant to to this discussion in the chat which is, what's the role of indigenous knowledge, both in identifying who is being left behind but then also in thinking about strategies to to address these difficulties and to ensure that they're not being left behind and I would also like to invite Marta to to answer this question if she if she wants to. We have five minutes left so if anyone has any thoughts if you could summarize it in just one minute or two that would be great. I've read it before Maria, like this fixation on official data that is collected by only statistics bureau is the most reliable one, you know, there are people who are living in crisis you've just spoken about indigenous people who understand better their situation, they know the factors that are keeping them in crisis, or in poverty, how are we involving them as as you mentioned earlier, there are so many ways of collecting data these days, citizens are actively involved so working together civil societies development organizations and statistics offices, how do they come together to work to identify standard methods and involving people in the whole data value chain. What are you going to, I've just given an example of for instance when you are, when the Kenya government was collecting data on disability, they started counting only from five years and above, for a reason. And of course they were able to explain that, but are we involving disability organizations or organizations of persons with disabilities are enumerators well trained, are people synthesized for instance to supply that information. What are we involving organizations persons with disabilities in the collection of data in the design of the data collection in the analysis in the use in the dissemination so the whole value chain we need to integrate people whom we are working for. Thank you. Thank you very much Marta. And I don't know if anyone else wants to make a brief remark on this point. Otherwise we'll start closing the session because we only have two minutes left. Let me just tell all of the participants that have joined us today that we are not the process of these research grants is not done so we've heard from these three phenomenal speakers about these super interesting projects that are ongoing. We will make an official launch of the of the results of these papers that will be made available at SSN website so we encourage you to stay tuned for for these results that will be coming shortly. And we will organize as I say, an event to discuss the final results. Until then thank you so much for joining us today. As you know ICSD continues throughout the day today so there are many other exciting sessions happening later. Check our agenda and our schedule and make sure to sign up for for them. Thank you very much for for your participation. Thank you Marta for joining us today and for your insights as well as last year's project. Thank you Ali and Heinrich. Thank you for sharing this snippet of of your work we look forward to the final resort the results and once again, thank you very much. GI said and and BM said for their support to this work and to as the essence work throughout these years. Thank you. See you all soon and have a very good day. Good day.