 Before we start, just let me show you some important landmarks. My index finger here is on the condyle of the femur. This is the apex of the patella and this is the anterolateral tubercle of jerdy. So we have three points of a triangle and if we insert a needle right through the center of the triangle, we can enter the knee joint. And this is the site which we use for knee joint aspiration in case of knee joint effusion as well as intraarticular injection of steroids and anesthetic agent. There are many other sites. Classified, we can use suprapetiller, infrapetiller, lateral, medial. So the one which we have described just now was infrapetiller, lateral. Having mentioned that, now let's show some structures. We have made a transverse incision across the quadriceps tendon. I'm going to reflect the distal portion up. In the distal portion, we can see this center portion here. This is the quadriceps tendon. And outside, we can see this was the quadriceps tendon. And on either side, we can see these two aponeurotic sheets. These are patella retinoculum, the lateral and the medial patella retinoculum respectively. Let's take a look at the proximal portion. Again, I have reflected it up and we can see the quadriceps tendon in the middle. We can see the lateral patella retinoculum and the medial patella retinoculum. These retinoculum, lateral and the medial, they come respectively from the mastus lateralis and the mastus medialis. And if you trace the fibers very carefully, we can see that the lateral patella retinoculum, the fibers are going like this and they get attached to the side of the patella and to the tibial condyne, which is located here. Likewise, the medial patella retinoculum fibers, they come like this. They get attached to the sides of the patella and to the medial tibial condyne. These patella retinoculum, they reinforce the anterior capsule of the knee joint. So just to bring up to speed, this is the rectus femoris. Under that, this is the mastus intermedius and this is the tendon of the mastus intermedius. This is the mastus lateralis. You can see the fibers of the mastus lateralis coming here. And this is the mastus medialis and we can see the fibers of the mastus medialis coming here. Now let's take a look at another structure under. This is the anterior surface of the femur. We can see this fatty looking structure here and the upper portion of the same fatty looking structure here. This is the cut portion of the suprapatellar bursa. The suprapatellar bursa is the largest bursa of the knee and it communicates with the knee joint. And if we notice carefully, we will see some muscle fibers attached to the suprapatellar bursa on the top. And we can see one set of muscle fibers here and we can see another set of muscle fibers here. These two sets of muscle fibers, they are referred to as the articularis genu. The articularis genu, they are actually the deepest fibers of the mastus intermedius. But they also take a little bit of attachment from the anterior surface of the femur. And this articularis genu muscle, then they get inserted onto the suprapatellar bursa. The function of this articularis genu is when the knee extends and flexes, the suprapatellar bursa is likely to get trapped between the patella and the femur. So therefore, it moves the suprapatellar bursa out of the way to prevent it from getting trapped. That's the next structure that we can see here. Now let's come further down. We have cut the ligamentum patellae here. The ligamentum patellae is the stout ligament, which is actually the continuation of the body septic tendon. And it continues from the apex of the patella to the tubular tuberosity. So this is the apex of the patella, this is the tubular tuberosity and we have cut it here. And again, we are reflecting the distal portion and the proximal portion. And in so doing, we see another fatty structure here. This is the intrapatellar fat. If we take to the intrapatellar fat, we can see this is the deep intrapatellar bursa. So that brings me to what are the bursa around the knee joint. One suprapatellar bursa I have already described. If there is a penetrating injury in this region or if there is a knee joint diffusion, the suprapatellar bursa swells up. Suprapatellar bursa communicates with the knee joint. This is the most important, the largest bursa. And this can be clearly visualized in an arthrogram of the knee. This is a video lateral view of the knee joint to show arthrogram and the suprapatellar bursa. Then there is a pre-patellar bursa, which is located under the skin of the patella. And that is the one which gets inflamed in housemaid's knee. Then we have superficial intrapatellar bursa in front of the tibial tuberosity, which can get inflamed in clergyman's knee. And then we have the deep intrapatellar bursa, which I described just now. The point to be remembered is the deep intrapatellar bursa does not communicate with the knee joint. Now let me show you one more structure. We have lifted up this thin aponeurotic sheet. We can see it is coming from above the patella. It is going over the patella and it is continuing below the patella. And this is the other end of the sheet. This is the thin aponeurotic sheet, which establishes the continuity between the quadriceps tendon across the patella to the ligament and patellae. So therefore the patella is considered as a sesamoid bone within the composite continuum of the quadriceps tendon and the ligament and patellae. And therefore the patella is supposed to increase the mechanical advantage and change the direction of pull of the quadriceps tendon and help it to make the knee extension much more powerful. That is the reason why the quadriceps tendon is a powerful extensor of the knee. It is three times as powerful as its antagonist that is the flexor of the knee, namely the hamstring muscles. Now let us mention another structure. If you take a look at this structure here, this is the iliotibial tract. It is the tough lateral portion of the fascialata. And we can see the interior of the iliotibial tract here. Incidentally the iliotibial tract is the aponeurotic expansion of two muscles. This is the tensor fascialata and this is the gluteus maximus. And between the iliotibial tract and the vestus lateralis, in this region there was a bursa which is referred to as the gluteal femoral bursa. The iliotibial tract continues down and we can trace the fibres very carefully. We can see the fibres are running down here and we can see the fibres coming all the way here. And these fibres then get inserted onto this brony prominence which I mentioned in the beginning of this dissection. This is the antrolateral tubercula journey. So this is one structure which is the lateral side. Now we shall look at some structures from the medial side. Now the camera person is focusing it from the medial side. Just to bring up to speed, this is the supine cadaver, this is the left knee. I am standing on the left side and the camera person is on the right side. And we are looking at the medial side of the left knee. If you look closely, we can see this muscle here. This is the sartorius muscle. The sartorius muscle, it goes behind the medial side of the knee and the tendon curves like this and it gets attached to the upper medial surface of the tibia. It was attained third year by means of a facial sling which we have removed. So therefore it has become mobile. So I am going to reflect this up and I am going to show you this nerve here. This is the subvenous nerve which was running inside the nuttor canal and then it pierced through the fascia and it went under the sartorius muscle. And we can see the other end of the syphilis nerve here. The next structure which I would like to draw your attention to is this one here. This is the gracilis muscle. And we can see the gracilis tendon also goes behind the medial side of the knee and it gets inserted onto the upper medial aspect of the tibia. So that brings me to the concept of what is known as pesancerinus which literally means the goose foot insertion. It is the composite insertion of three muscles. One each from the anterior medial and posterior compartment. If you were to take a look on the opposite side you can see this is the tendon of the sartorius. This is the tendon of the gracilis and this is the tendon of the semitendinosus. Sartorius gracilis semitendinosus. So this insertion, this is called the pesancerinus or the goose foot insertion. Under the pesancerinus there is a person called the ancerine person located between the insertion of the pesancerinus and the medial side of the tibia to prevent friction. So that brings me to the concept of laterality of these two. On this side we have the iliotibial tract and on the medial side we have the pesancerinus. They balance each other out. The next point which I wanted to mention was that the iliotibial tract as I said earlier gives attachment to the tensor tissue ladder and the gluteus maximus both of which take origin from the pelvic bone. Likewise the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus all these three muscles also take attachment from the pelvic bone and they all cross not only the hip joint but they also cross the knee joint. So therefore these two sets of muscles one on the lateral side and one on the medial side they help to coordinate the movement of the hip joint and the knee joint and stabilize the hip and the pelvis at the same time counter balancing each other one from the lateral side and one from the medial side. So these are some functional aspects about the iliotibial tract versus the pesancerinus. So these are some of the structures which I wanted to show you on the superficial dissection of the knee.