 Good morning. As let me introduce, I am Dr. Simha Jallam, working as an assistant professor at NIR DPR, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayatiras, Government of India, and everything to this institute only. So, we'll be dealing today. There are two units. The first unit will be on understanding of the maps. Friends, the map, particularly you might have seen the many maps, right? The map is very, very important for various purposes. Even to know our own places, and then planning purpose, monitoring purpose, even the evaluation of different research projects, nowadays map being used, right? So, I used to give an example as an informatic guy that the map is like a mirror. The map will be used for a mirror, particularly for planning of any project. Mirror, what purpose we use? At home, we used to use the mirror, isn't it? To know how we repair, what is the gap, what is the overlap, no? Isn't it to see the absolute location in case of when you put some bindi and all, no? So, similar way, this map also will help us for planning. Where it should be, what? Exactly. And also, how it's appear. It appears in the sense we see in mirror, our own face, in case of the planning purpose, we see our geographical features, how it look like in our own project area. It may be on grand panchayat, it may be block, it may be district, it may be whole state. So, we can see what is there, what is not there, where is there. And also, when we go some asset creation or implementation of various research projects, we will be knowing through the map that where should be what? By because this map will indicate exactly the site suitability analysis. We have the GIS software where the maps will be created. Through that software, where should be what? Based on your land use land cover, through the map, based on your sloping pattern, based on the physiograph of your geographical area, based on the soil type, these are all will be indicated with the different maps. So, through this map, where should be what exactly in a scientific manner we can plan. So, maps are very, very useful, but in our syllabus, we have different content about the maps, types of maps, what is the map, how it go. Just quickly, I will try to cover what we have in our syllabus too. They will be the same. This is the introduction of map. If you see the definition of the map, it's the representation of the Earth's surface or any part of it with a definite scale. Map is a representation of the Earth's surface or any part of it with a definite scale. Scale, map scale you might have seen or heard, every map have a scale. One is to 10,000 scale, one is to 50,000 scale, one is to 1,000,000 in the map. What does it mean if you see the map? Basically, it will be represented like this. Maybe title. In the bottom of the map, basically scale used to retain. What does it mean? Scale means, when you see the map scale, the one unit on the map equals to 10,000 units on the ground. The ratio between map distance to the ground distance. Basically, to understand the maps, the scale is very, very important. Maybe one centimeter, if you retain centimeter units, you have to read one centimeter on the map equals to 10,000 centimeters. Basically, 50,000, 1,000, 2,000 like that. But here, the large scale mapping when you talk, it's one is to 5,000, 10,000 like that when you plan map for a small area. Small area clearly, large scale used. Large scale in the sense, less value. It's a 50,000, 5,000, 1,000, 2,000 to the large scale. If it is one is to 50,000, one like a small scale. This is the map scale which we used to see. It means, because 100 kilometers road I have on the ground, I cannot exactly 100 kilometers draw on the map. So, I need to use some ratio to reduce the same that we use as a scale. This is the scale. In fact, to reduce your original parameters into the mapable parameters, physical distance and all can be understand with the map. Here, you will have title, it's pictorial. It means, using some cartographic symbols, pictures, map will be represented of all our earth features. Maybe road, maybe building, maybe outer body, maybe any land used, land covered, forest, everything which we can see with our human eye on the surface of the earth will be demarcated in a pictorial form with reference to the scale. And then it is a representation, usually a flat surface of a whole or part of an area. Map, when you see, is a flat surface. But your geographical features are not flat. It's undulances. We have the hill, we have the valley, we have the different earth features we have. But when you see the map, it's a flat surface because it got projection. We will discuss in the next unit, what is the projection, map projection. And then maps can display political boundaries, population, physical features, natural resources, roads, climates. Climate will be demarcated. Climate cannot see, but climate can be demarcated through the map. And it will communicate us what kind of climate is available in particular region or geographical area. Then elevation, topography, exact z value can see the map. And also economic activities, where what economic activities happening, you through the map, you can able to understand and read. And this map will give you like a large area can be seen. If you take example, for example, your own grand panchayathar village, if you have somebody, how many number of water bodies there, you cannot answer. Those who are staying, even the village, they don't know. What is the area? Or if somebody asks, what was there five years back, ten years back, what is the same now? Is there any difference? Nobody can answer, but the map will answer. Map will answer. So this, as we know, art is not static. So art is not static, it's dynamic. The things keep on changes on the earth. If you see two months back, the full of water in the water body, now it become dry. Three months back, it was agricultural land. Now it become phylo land. Five years back, the number of agricultural land is 100 hectares. Now it become 70 hectares land. So likewise everything, many things, geographical things keep on changes. Earth is not static, it's a dynamic. So once it's a dynamic, you have to see what's happening on the earth. Through the map, you can able to understand what's happening on the geographical area within your periphery. And map has distance, direction, shape and area. Map will have the distance, direction, in which direction it is having not. It's basically we indicate as a node. And then the shape and area, everything is there in the map. The job of a map to describe spatial relationships of specific features that the map aims to represent. Spatial relationships. So what is there here? It is a road is there, right? Near by road, water, all other objects, we have geographical features. And also along with the road, where we have the culvert, where we have the bridge, that we can see. And also this road is connecting between what kind of settlements, village A, village B. Another road is going, village C. These spatial relations also you will be seeing in the map. Map will show you what is there, what is not there, where is there. And it's spatial relationships, one to one. If you have the irrigation canal, what for that irrigation canal? How much aggregate land is covering? That you can see through the map. Maps are produced by cartographers. Cartography refers to both the study of maps and the process of map making. It's the science of map making. If you say cartography means the science of map making. Basically map which is made, cartographic symbols are used and maps are prepared. And then maps were produced using land survey, triangulation, observations. And as technology advanced maps were made using aerial photography and remote sensing. These two are now as a source to create a map. Maps used to create from the satellite image, from the topographical map, that is survey of Indian toposheet, then aerial photographs. And also we have cadastral map, which is there at the land parcel mapping. For each and every revenue village having one-one map. To know the land ownership, the parcel of land belongs to whom in the village will be known through the cadastral map. So those maps are also available. So these are all maps can be used as a source to create another map. So these are all different sources. Even satellite image is the main source to create different various maps to understand our geography. So cartography is the main science of making maps. And now we have modern cartography that is GIS software, which enables to create your own maps, different thematic maps, political maps. Different maps can be generated in a scientific and digital manner using the GIS software. We will be discussing what exactly that in coming slides. Then properties of the maps, there are four basic properties of a map that are destroyed to some degree depending on the map projection. Then conformality or automism, which indicates the shape of the map. And another one is equivalence, which indicates the area of the map. Then the true direction, true distance. If you see about these four which are the components of the map are very, very important. Shape, direction, and then we have the distance of the map. So these four are very, very important when you create a map of your own geographical area. I think you have this presentation. So what kind of maps available? If you see according to the intergovernmental committee on surveying and mapping, there are five different types of maps available, which is there in your study material. You have to, if somebody question may come like, please mention the types of maps. You have to give these five types only. So who is what, as per what reference, if somebody asks reference or as per which organization you say this five types map, you have to mention that ICSM. That is intergovernmental committee on surveying and mapping. According to them, there are five types of maps. The first and foremost map is cadastral map. A cadastral map is a detailed representation of a property within a specific area. The plans map out individual properties providing details. Basically this cadastral map for one revenue release, it will be done. It's not for Grampanchai. It's not for block or state or anything. The cadastral map when you talk, the first one is only one revenue release. Where you can see the different, what do you call the cells, no? Small, small, the boxes which you are seeing in a layman long ways. The each and every box indicating the parcel of land. Where this map will indicate that the parcel of land belongs to whom? Is it government land or is it private land? If it is private land again, on which name, who is the owner of that parcel of the land? It may be agricultural land, it may be wasteland, it may be anything in the revenue release. The land each and everything being mapped. You can see this is the boundary of the revenue release. This is the cadastral map. And here if you see the legend or map index. Every map having the bottom of the map basically they read. Map index or legend means to read the particular map, you should understand this index. What color indicating what, what pattern indicating sometimes continuous line, sometimes dotted line, sometimes continuous and dotted line. What is indicating what in the map you have to understand. If one blue color is water body, wherever you see the blue color you have to see, you have to read as a water body. It's kind of alphabets to read particular long ways. If you want to read English, then you should know A, B, C, D till Z. Similar way to read the map you should know the index first. Map index you cannot read, you become blind here. Without seeing this index you don't know anything what is red, what is blue. So map index is very, very important. Map index or legend. After seeing this you can read the map. So this is the cadastral map. Basically cadastral maps having a large scale. The 1 is to 5000, 1 is to 6000 scale made. These maps are available with the revenue department. In our case state of Assam, we have a circle office. The circle office people having this cadastral map. If you wish to have your own project when you make it, you can take it from them. You may think that what is the use of this cadastral for research purpose. Yes, it's so much. For example, due to the floods so much agricultural land vanished. Flooded. Inundated. So in that case you want to estimate the loss quickly. You have the satellite image. And then if you overlaid the cadastral image on the satellite data, quickly you can identify whose land, who has lost, how much he or she has lost the land because of the particular floods. When you got the ownership of the land, quickly you can assess. Otherwise what will happen? Normally people used to climb every one. If I am having two hectares of land, still I climb. No, no. 4 beggars, 10 beggars land. My water has drowned. Because the officer also cannot, within a short time he cannot take chain survey and measure the parcel of land. How much is it? But if you have the satellite image and the software and this cadastral, scientific manner in a quick, in the last time, with the less manpower, less money, quickly you can able to assess in a scientific manner accurately who really has lost due to the floods, how much he has lost the particular land, agriculture, cropping land etc. You can estimate. For this, this ownership map is very, very important. That is cadastral map. Cadastral map. The second one is topographic map. Second map is topographic map, which indicates different physical landscapes on the earth surface. These maps are different on the other hand because they use contour lines rather than the color. Topographic maps, when you see in the topo shade, they will not use much color. They may use two, three colors also here in topography. But basically to indicate your topography, they use to know the jet value elevation. They use a contours. These are the lines which you are seeing. I say what do you call? I am not getting. Solid, no? Which make it round, round, no? So this, you can see here, these are the contours. Contour means it is an imaginary line with same elevation. Wherever it is same elevation, you join the same elevation. That is how it will be. Sometimes it will go like this. So means wherever the line is going, it is the same elevation, it got the value too. Suppose it is 400 elevation, if it is 20 meter interval of the contour, it may be 380 coming down, 360, 340. 20 meter contour interval. Where once you have the 150,000 scale, proposes basically it got 20 meters interval of the contour line. One line to say, the other line will be 20 meters interval. 20 meters interval. So here these are the contours which will give the jet value of your own area. Elevation, in your geographical area, in which place, how much elevation you have will be known with the contour map. These are the contours you see. Even in GIS, properly you can extract the contour value you have written. But each and every contour will not have the value. But every 100 meters, you will have the contour value on the contour. It will be represented in the toposheet. 300, 400, 500, 600. Only the hundreds when you come know, that you can see here. Those values indicating the 101, in between 4 to 5 contours you can see. And the next will be, the third one will be thematic map. Thematic maps are data maps of a unique topic or for a specific purpose. It's different from the thematic maps are dot map, isoplete, chronoplete, or churrochromatic. Different maps say the same area you see the boundary. But team-wise, the one map indicating all the available roads that we call road map. Team-wise, the another map will have agricultural land. Only you can see in the map agriculture land. Boundaries remain same. The second one will be water bodies. What are all water bodies you have within the same area? Maybe it's block, this sector, GP, doesn't matter. You see here the same boundary. Different team you are seeing. This we call thematic map. The specific team will indicate only. Now you cannot see everything like satellite image or topographical maps. Toposheet if you see, you will see roads, you will see water body, you will also see what you call forest land, you can see agricultural land, everything you can see. The thematic map you cannot see like that. The specific team you can see. Any doubt? If you have any doubt, in between us you can ask me. Epsilon is no problem. So these are the called thematic map. This is the third one. And we have two more types. The first one is cadastral map. Second one is topographic map, which indicates in fact z elevation. Third one is thematic map. Team-wise maps will be located using different colors or pattern. You can see here in the picture. And the fourth one will be political map. These political maps are made to show administrative boundaries of nations, states, country, city, town. It may be grand panchayate boundary, it may be revenue less boundary, there are many. With the administrative boundaries. With the administrative boundaries. Sometimes even assembly constancy, parliamentary constancy boundary also you can see. So these boundaries called political map. City boundary, periphery will be demarcated in the map. The next one is navigational chart map. It's a map that shows the layout of the shoreline and what is the sea floor. So these maps will indicate directly with the layout of having different, for example in the ocean also you will have the boundary, isn't it? So up to where one can move, up to India where it is in the ocean itself. These maps you can see navigational chart map, right? After our own, what is that, in the geographical area you can see. And after that you have the general reference map. It's like a regular map which towns, cities, name, you can see like our Google maps, etc. Major transportation routes and included together with the initial features like lake, river, etc. Commenting everything you can see like Google Earth, Google Maps, etc. called general reference map, right? To move to traveling from one place to other place you can see this general reference map where from one point to another point you can travel. And also from origin to destination and to find out different locations, right? Which unknown locations can be demarcated with this. These maps are called general reference map, a reference purpose to find out unknown places these maps can be used. Then we have road map, you see general reference maps if you see under general reference maps you have the road map all existing road network can be seen. And also you can see physical map, right? Yeah, road, basically the road map where we use when you travel one place to other place basically this will be used. And also physical map displays the natural landscape and also the definition of the physical map is the geographical features of a location. All geographical features can be identified in the physical map. After that you have the climate map to know the climate conditions it may be reason wise it may be different but that will be indicated. The same pressure or temperature rainfall wherever it is occurring through these linear features through these different colors it will be indicated. What does it mean? If the same temperature is indicating we use isotherms then we have isobars for rainfall. Those will be indicated in the map will form to know where temperature is more, where it is moderate, where it is less everything can be seen in the mapable form. So significance of map, the importance of the map is maps communicate and foster understanding that because map is a pictorial form where a layman can understand what he is having what he is having in their own respective geographical area. It's a pictorial form, pictures. If you see now in the villages in many things to what you publish to communicate something earlier we used to write a text board alcohol is strictly prohibited, alcohol is injurious to health even smoking is injurious to health. But now what we are doing in the name of text we are using some graphical representation pictorial form some pictures being used. Why? Why pictures being used? One is easy to understand another one is illiterate the layman can understand quickly and it will give more impact than the text even the illiterate also if I read it will not give much impact on the cigarette box tobacco box if I keep some photo know where cancer is occurring very dangerous photo at least I afraid oh it's very dangerous to health such a manner the pictorial form map will communicate very foster understanding or layman can understanding I can say another word what is there what is not there in our geographical area and then GIS maps provide windows into useful information many kinds of descriptive information can be stored with the map map provide a powerful way to tell any kinds of stories maps can display dynamic information that changes over time map help us to perform analysis maps can be used to compile data what does it mean this significance is the one first one indicating layman can understanding second one is it will give you a lot of things what's there what is not there the third point is indicating changes time how it was five years back how it is how ten years back you can see in three maps quickly you can understand by how our geographical features are changing for example fifteen years back in my grand panchayat lots of water bodies there may be 75 now only 25 I have so what I need to do I have to concentrate more and more irrigation and water bodies water bodies because I am losing those agriculture impact to my agriculture sector as we know our country India is a rural country we have around 70% people lives in the rural area their main occupation is agriculture the agriculture depends on natural resource management where natural resource management is very very important in this regard you should know natural resource how it is changing whether it is detroying destroying or it is regenerating if you see we are disturbing lots of natural resources even in Gauti city you see if you take the satellite image of ten fifteen years back you see how much land was vacant even where you are now it was small kind of wetland you know now you can see the congress angle the birds used to come it used to migrate like it was many places if you see the number of water bodies you see the surrounded by the Gauti city it was hills green hills if you did ten fifteen years back just fifteen years back now from the valley to ridge the hilltop all the settlements are being increased the illegal occupants say another word because we are disturbing the nature all hills if you see surrounded by the Gauti being occupied till the ridge level, hilltop by earlier days only the valley or some portion of the foothills people used to make construction of the house so what's happening how we know that, how we assess that why Gauti now in the month of November you are all wearing half shirt or putting AC without fan we are not slipping till the entering into the December was it condition ten fifteen years back? never I was here last twelve years I am saying so these are all we are disturbing nature natural disturbance but how we read that how much quantification we are disturbing how much quantification nature is disturbing us can be measured through these maps because ten fifteen years back how it was you can see only with the help of map that is satellite image no other option we will know you cannot see but satellite data can be seen archive data is available with this you can understand how do I population is eighty percent, seventy percent and our fellow lands are increasing every year agricultural lands are coming down so just imagine to the next generation what will impact if every ten years cropping area is coming down then what will happen it will lots of impact will come on food grains will not get any food grains in future to prevent that particular crisis you have to plan accurately a scientific manner for that maps are very very useful friends these maps are GIS not only for any particular science or technology it's for a common man as a GIS man I am telling it should be used for a common man in any subject GIS can be used why because this is only subject where it speaks with the geography and all the department subjects we are all describing for the geographical features without geography none of the science none of the social science are working or studying isn't it anywhere you work social work yes ultimately you have to understand the geography healthy you have to understand the geographical features education you have to understand the geographical features any developmental sector it may be drinking water roads department agriculture department water resource department any department they must understand the geography to read to understand the geography your GIS and maps are only feasible and scientific tool to assess what's happening on the earth that way it will be very useful for planning monitoring of any kind not only nature or natural phenomena you can also assess your physical features or infrastructure man-made resources can be assessed monitor through the map only these are the different map projection systems which are very important to understand map projection can be defined a technique to transform and present three dimensional surface on a flat or plain surface there are two step process procedure we have in map projection in GIS system the one is the earth is reduced to a generating globe where whichever study you take where it is on the earth where it is on the globe will be studied in the GCS we called geographical coordinate system first projection the second projection will be the generating globe is drawn a flat surface globe is three dimensional view when you commit from three dimensional surface to two dimensional surface it called projection PCS both a projected coordinate system the one is GCS geographic coordinate system when these geographical features were there on the globe and second one is those three dimensional surface because map is two dimensional one flat to convert as a flat map to over three dimensional view we called we use PCS projected coordinate system so there are two map projections systems are available in the GIS and maps and different types of map projections also there but basically these two are important we have based on the developable surface, general map projection continental conical map projection based on the shape, based on the area based on the cylindrical map projection but purpose is same I am not going to describe each and everything and based on area, shape, direction and scale different map projections we have what you are concentrating on the map you are concentrating on the area or you want to concentrate on the shape you want to go to direction or scale based on that there are four kinds of map projections available what is this study material also there I have given simplified in fact in the ppt which is shared I think madam with you all you can go through it, right that will help you some commonly used map projections in GIS Marketer one is very I mean popular one and the second one is UTM Universal Transverse Marketer this projection is now across the globe being used unique map projection will be there projection two types there the first one is there are two types of map projections the one is geographic coordinate system projection is called GCS another one is projected coordinate system the first projection indicates that where is the geographical features located on the globe on the earth that will set second one is globe is not two dimensional but your maps are two dimensional to convert that three dimensional globe into two dimensional we use PCS projected coordinate system these are all projections being used for that because you want to get a measurement but how you get measurement there is a hilly area right so it should be using some mathematical calculations GIS software convert that 3D to 2D as a map where you can get the proper measurements on the map right just I am clip all this just skip but you basically first three are very important projections where we use in different research purposes marketer universal transverse marketer UTM is a unique projection now used by many people to convert from 3D to 2D then polyconic projection also very important right Lumbered conformal and all these are different projections you can see in the Google Earth and different other features but when you generate your maps basically we use now UTM one yeah these are the map projections for hemisphere friends this is given already in reading material just I am skip all this yeah these projection is important what is UTM? universal transverse marketer also known as UTM is a very popular and one of the most widely projection system in GIS software right what they are done is in the UTM whole globe being given UTM zone when you project from 3D to 2D you select your own projection system of your geographic area basically India is indicating not hemisphere so 43 knots, 42 knots, 44 knots like that our area comes under 46 knots 99% of north is region 46 knots, UTM zone 46 knots when you do some GIS practical things you have to convert this 3D to 2D then use this map projection UTM only so how the zones being continuously given but your longitude values are differed from here 180 from greenwich is 180 longitudes west in between there is a greenwich curve but your UTM zones are continued so for that longitude value is very very important to get this UTM zone there is a small formula average longitude value by divided by 2 plus 30 then you will get your UTM zone right when you map your UTM zone how much you know average longitude value divided by 2 why this 2 is you have 0 in between right so that you need to sorry the longitude value has to be divided because minimum maximum you do and then you have plus 30 I am sorry the average longitude value divided by 6 because 6 degree longitude value equal to one UTM zone 6 degree longitude value equal to one UTM zone that's why you have to divide your longitude value by 6 plus 30 why this 30 is we are in eastern part our country is in eastern part but this 30 zones has to be added UTM was not breaking over there it was continued 30, 31, 32, 33 like this so this 30 has to be added then you will get your own UTM zone probably in Nante and Arthis region whichever you do for mapping or conversion of projection map projection that will come 45.1, 45.3, 45.4 like that so it means it's a 45th, 46th zone yeah it was written even you can see UTM 46 North zone represents Assam in grid in GIS grid system in the lost paragraph can be seen this is the ITRF international territorial reference frame it's a standard and ideal coordinate reference system in GIS but we are not using this but we use only UTM please remember that for converting 3 dimensional to 2 dimensional surface