 Hi friends we are going to see Nambar Murthy original Indian maritime so in that first news article is Paradigym of Hostile Security and before going to this topic the importance of maritime need to be understood so as India is moving towards the global order especially from economic sense maritime becomes more important domain for India as we know that India's independence law which is surrounded by oceans and seas so that comes importance of maritime and its security and its aspects of economy to the country and from economic point of view as India aspect to become vitally in economy so providing economic opportunities not only happens in land even ocean also play a major role in it so that comes importance of maritime so in this you know we'll see three important articles which is more relevant for our example creations that first one is Paradigym of coastal security that's the first article paragraph one paragraph two and paragraph three so in paragraph one they speak about certain important datas of maritime that is given here that is oceans these datas we can use it in your answer writing that is oceans formed 72 percentage of earth surface so when now you write datas in your answers advisable is writing in percentage terms so they'll be easy for the examiner to understand your viewpoint rather than giving in factual datas for example like 360 million square kilometers so which is not required which is not advisable also so 72 percentage of earth surface and around 10 percentage of whole population live in coastal areas coastal area population is around 10 percentage and they have given the that is 10 meters above sea level so 10 meters above sea level they are residing very close to the shores and around 40 percentage of world population world population within 100 kilometers 40 percentage of world population to understand this point you go and check major cities across the world we can see that most of the cities are coastal cities major cities across the world take example of Japan or take example of China or take example of certain small countries like Singapore, Hong Kong or if you take in India we can see that most of the major out of four metro cities three are in coastal areas and similarly we can also see that in South America North America so most of the cities and coastal areas and within 100 kilometers from the shore 40 percentage of global population is being set that's another important data and from Indian context from Indian context the datas are given that is there are three metros as coastal city which has its own merit and also challenges metros and Indian population that is coastal population in India is around 14 percentage so 14 percentage is a coastal population and trade regarding trade datas so volume wise 95 percentage volume wise 95 percentage and value wise 68 percentage so this clearly indicates that in India assume that we are exporting 10 components or 100 components 95 components reaches out from India to the rest of the world through oceans and value is 68 percentage if you are India's exporting 100 rupees of worth of products 68 rupees goes up through ocean so this clearly shows the importance of maritime to India so these datas you can use for translating that's known in paragraph one so paragraph two so they have given some numbers again coastline for India is around 7516 kilometers which includes west coast east coast islands islands is also part of it island territories and this has a global importance in trading world trade and more significant especially for international shipping lanes international shipping lanes so if you take this international shipping lanes if you take this 7500 kilometers as I said there are certain islands is also part of it so they are located statistically in such a way that global international shipments are passing through that a good example if we take Andaman Iquba islands Andaman Iquba islands is very close to Malaga state which is the most important state in the world for global trade it's a state which is between Malaysia and Indonesia so where entire global trade happens to that state and Andaman Iquba is very close to it so this clearly shows the importance of Indian coastline so that is done in paragraph two and paragraph three and what are the importance of Indian coastline this is from global trade perspective and also we have the most important vital installations it is important for our Indian security perspective and also economic perspective like defense atomic energy similarly petroleum space for example if you take atomic energy if you go and locate all the power plants in India it's very close to coastal areas and similarly all refineries are right now located in ports and similarly space luxury very good all located in very close to coastal areas so that comes importance of maritime and also they have given data in India we have 12 major ports major ports and 239 non major ports so this data you can use it for your answer writing and time because a table or column and whenever you want you can substantiate the distance this is the one in this page next paragraph one paragraph one paragraph two and six so this article is regarding coastal security correct and they say that already we saw that Indian coastline is very important for international shipping and all and they have said that right now we have around 1 lakh ships so 1 lakh ships transit close to our shores as global trade is happening in Indian Ocean and 1 lakh ships passes every year through our very close to coastal areas and so that comes the need for blue economy so Indian government is focusing on blue economy blue economy is nothing but effectively using maritime resources or our economic development so blue economy and apart from this which focus on port led development port led development coastal shipping so these are the terms associated with maritime coastal shipping and also protocols trade protocols trade protocols cruise tourism so even there is a potential for tourism in coastal areas tourism and we have this Sahar Mala project but from this you also have this Sahar Mala project so these are regarding maritime aspects of India for the potential and why we need to focus on that's going in paragraph one so paragraph two what are the stakeholders? Paragraph 2 speaks about stakeholders in ocean governance what stakeholders means the major play is regarding maritime in India so which includes very common sense answers for example it includes coast guard Indian Navy coastal security customs fisheries coastal coast port authorities intelligence agencies they are the major stakeholders whatever happens in oceans it has a direct impact on this particular institutions so they are called as stakeholders in ocean governance any decisions by government regarding maritime they play a major role in it so that's going in paragraph two and paragraph three in this coast guard play a very effective role in coastal security or coastal security is based on coast guards commander coastal command so Indian coast guard is designated as commander coastal command so right now for our coastal security coast guard plays an active role and they are coordinating with all central and state agencies so this clearly shows the importance of coast guard here that's going in paragraph three and so we have the standard operating procedures so they have this SOPs for all these things standard operating procedures that's going in paragraph three in paragraph four and we have this Sahar Kavach by annual exercise for coastal security these are the answers these are the points we can use it for their answer writing by annual exercise for coastal security again coast guard play a major role in this so two years once we have this particular exercise conducted in India for coastal security that's the one in paragraph four but also we have this coastal police stations 200 coastal police stations and this development 200 coastal police stations is run by state governments coastal police stations and and also surveillance in shallow waters and coastal mapping is done so all these are being the coastal mapping so this all clearly indicates that how our Indian government do greater focus on coastal security and in paragraph five it speaks about this coastal surveillance network coastal surveillance network coastal surveillance network and that is use of technology here the name says is coastal surveillance so they're going to monitor our coastal areas and they have given 25 nautical miles until 25 nautical mines Indian establishments are monitoring that and we have 38 radar stations and all these are being done mobile surveillance systems over being done so in your answer writing you can use this term called coastal surveillance network use of modern technology until 25 nautical miles to check what is happening within the Indian seas that is there in paragraph five and paragraph six we have institutional mechanism called national committee so national committee on strengthening strengthening of maritime and coastal security ncsms national committee on strengthening maritime and coastal security coastal security so right now so they are the apex level monitoring body highest level monitoring body highest level monitoring body and review the implementations of coastal security so this is an institutional mechanism in India so this is given in this basis so we can see that institutions are being created and we can also see that annual exercise by annual exercise are being done so that coastal security is ensured in India next we have paragraph one paragraph two in paragraph three so in paragraph one so as we already know that seven thousand five hundred and five one six kilometers of coastal area again they have given some data as for it that is one third of our land borders so India have borders as you know that India is a subcontinent and it says so many other countries are there so we have a lot of border with other countries and one third of that is a land border and reminding we are reminding this which is equivalent to that land border that's the area this 7516 kilometers and we have this exclusive economic zone so exclusive economic zone in waters that is around 2 million square kilometer so exclusive economic zone the name itself says that this is the area where India can exploit the ocean for its resources that's called exclusive economic zone that is 2 million square kilometer and which is equivalent to 61 percentage of equivalent to 61 percentage of our land mass 61 percentage of our land mass and coast guard play the active role in protecting this exclusive economic zone that is why given in paragraph one and paragraph two and finally last one paragraph three and we have this 2611 coastal security issues happen and right now we have this institutional mechanism what we already saw it's all comes under multi-stakeholder multi-stakeholder approach in coastal security so this we already saw that the previous page we saw this particular institution as affects monitoring body of coastal security and so Ministry of Home Affairs also play a major role in it and through border border management divisions Ministry of Home Affairs through border management division so they ensure the coastal security of our country and the primary aspect of this paragraph three is multi-stakeholder which so this is the first article second article is regarding portlet development portlet development so paragraph one and paragraph two same paragraph one it speaks about this Saharmala project Saharmala project it's nothing but portlet development so we know that we are in globalist era where all countries are interacting with each other even they say a term called global village so there comes the interaction through trade also where coastal play areas becomes more important that is portlet development and Indian government is being important through the Saharmala project and what are the biggest importance of this is when you go for portlet development under this project they are going to focus on quick efficient and cost effective cost effective trade quick efficient cost effective trade so and also they focus on inter models solutions inter model inter models and also India can also act as a destination for further trade so when the trade need to happen for long distance India is very strategically located in Indian oceans so ships of other country can come to India and from there they can also take to the other countries so that is also another important objective of it and also they are also focusing on connectivity with under this project they are focusing on connectivity with main economic centers main economic centers there is a through beams of rail inland waters coastal and road services this we can apply your logical sense and under the Saharmala project they also connect with this industrial areas of India and we know that industrial areas are mainly located in Indian lands or interior parts of India the private business when you want to develop an industry most of the time manufacturing sectors they try to put the industries very close to the raw material basis it's nothing but a mineral basis they put the industries there so that cost of the products will be very less as you are minimizing the transportation you can think the example of mining industries and steel manufacturing plants are very close because when you mine you take it very close to the industry you manufacture you make it as a product then you can fix the prices premium prices where they're ready to appear the prices but if you think of putting a steel plant outside of that area where you transport the raw materials only 30 percentage becomes a product it's another 70 space so most of the time industry location is always very close to the resource space so under the Saharmala project what government is saying that has put late development they are going to connect all this interland through rail networks or inland waterways and road services that's all part of this project and paragraph 2 there are three major pillars three pillars of development under this project three pillars of development one is portlet development as well as portlet development portlet development and especially through this better coordination and interagency and collaboration all these things comes into the next one is regarding enhancing infrastructures enhance port infrastructures because we want to handle large amount of trade port infrastructure should be very strong so that the waiting time in the ports are reduced which is also important factor in global trade but also efficient evacuation to and from hindal land so in the land is what I said connecting with industries which is mostly located very close to the raw material basis and this Saharmala project has only important pillar that is efficient evacuation to and from from from hindal lands so these are the three major pillars which is given in paragraph and paragraph 3 paragraph 4, 5 and 6 so paragraph 3 they are primarily focused on to enhance enhance capacity of major or non-major ports major or non-major ports in India and we already saw that in India we have 12 major ports and as per this project they want to enhance the capacity that is doing paragraph 3 and and also and also inland waterways and all those things they have given and to enhance the extreme trade correct to develop inland waterways and also to develop manifest to connect manufacturing sectors correct so logistic hubs to develop logistic hubs to connect with manufacturing centers it is all given in paragraph thing as paragraph 4 so along this Saharmala project they are also focusing on skilled development coastal tourism R&D involved skilled development coastal tourism coastal tourism and R&D activities once you say that you want to develop the nation through ports automatically the lot of other allied aspects need to be printed for example skilled development of local population is required because trading consists of flow of goods and where there comes the importance of logistic industries so that you develop skills for all these things and also you need to have you can there's a great potential for coastal tourism because as ports are filled with ships from across world and as a potential for tourism is also there and also R&D activities so that you can make the trade very efficient that is all part of this Saharmala project and also we have this technology enabled skilled development for this skilled development they have set the center of excellence in maritime and shipbuilding center of excellence for maritime and shipbuilding and shipbuilding and this primarily focused on skilled manpower to develop skilled manpower for maritime so that is being done under this particular Saharmala project whereas in paragraph 5 and they focus on capacity building so capacity building capacity building similarly infrastructure development infrastructure development and social development so that comes the rule of both union and state governments union and state governments union and state governments as paragraphs 6 focus on developing tourism so under the Saharmala project ministry of tourism is also involved in it and they primarily focused on coastal circuits especially this related tourism potential that is swadesh darshan scheme so to develop this coastal security yeah coastal tourism sorry and also cruise tourism they focus even on cruise tourism cruise tourism and also lighthouses which has potential for tourism and heritage museums heritage museums heritage museums and underwater galleries underwater galleries these are the potential of tourism especially under the Saharmala project and skilled development program is given in 21 districts right now skilled development is given in 21 coastal districts coastal districts under this ministry of ministry of rural development ministry of rural development and they have a scheme called the green dayal badia the badia the original where they focus on providing skilled development in 21 coastal coastal districts and these points you can use it especially regarding coastal related questions especially projects like Saharmala you can relate all this information and also there's a diagram given in the top which can be used as a simple diagram to store the importance of Saharmala that is reducing the cost of transportation and also optimizing time and cost in XM or container movements XM is export import container movements lowering largest cost by putting this is very close to the coast and improving export competitiveness when you do all these things export companies also increases because your product cost goes down and in global level you have a greater demand for your products these are the main objective of Saharmala also that's given in the next article is Indian coastal Indian coastal community and climate change paragraph one paragraph two same paragraph one speaks about coastal regions and they say that around 250 million Indians live within 50 kilometer of the coast so out of this 1.4 billion population 250 million Indians very close to 50 kilometers and they have given 1,300 offshore islands example and the Manicobar or we can relate with all the islands spread across our A, B, N, C and Veya and so and also we have this 514 islands in main main land coast and island territories is also there around 8 say 8 68 island areas so this much categorization is not required for our answer writing this basic understanding is enough whereas in paragraph two so there are a lot of challenges for coastal communities so challenges for coastal communities that is going to be discussed in this article so challenges of coastal communities and especially by means of natural calamities like floods, tsunamis, there's all part of the issues faced by coastal communities apart from this they have this problem of salt incursions all these are part of it so that's they have given it so coastal communities have some unique set of problems because they are very close to ocean areas so that's given in that areas and also importance of coastal communities are they are responsible for fishing fishing salt production salt production aqua culture aqua culture animal husbandry so these are some economic importance of them so in paragraph one as we know that coastal areas important for India and they have this unique set of problems we have this coastal zone management guidelines coastal zone management guidelines management guidelines which is given based on MS swamina then report 2005 swamina then report 2005 so based on this report right now in India we have this coastal zone management guidelines and especially to face the problems of coastal communities and and the ministry of environment and forest and climate change ministry of environment forest and climate change have came out come out with this concept called hazard line in coastal areas hazard line and they identify the areas where we have the possibility of natural calamities then identify this hazard lines and also we have this coastal regulation zone notification again part of ministry of environment and forest coastal regulation coastal regulation zone notification notification and all related to this aspect us to resolve the problems of coastal communities so already we have a certain mechanisms in India that is given in paragraph one and we'll identify certain issues and problems for coastal communities in that paragraph two it's regarding this sea level rise sea level rise sea level rise so so globally they have gone say some datas sea level it's global globally global data sea level rises i'll just put slr sea level rise slr is around 4.5 mm per year so globally seas across the world increases by 4.5 mm per year and it is said that 10 percentage 10 percentage of coastal population 10 percentage of coastal population live in low-lying areas so they are the first one to get the impact of sea level rise that's the data clearly indicates and this results in what impact of sea level rise is retreat so population need to retreat and submersion so land can be submerged erosion can happen so erosion can happen and extreme marine events extreme marine events so there's an impact of sea level rise that is given in paragraph two as paragraph three results in so the impact of all this thing is especially squeezing of squeezing of settlements as people need to leave their place of residence because of sea level rises increase as to squeezing of settlements so reduction of common property reduction of common property so common property and also construction of destruction of infrastructures like roads and all these things so this is all the problem of sea level rises and so right now we have this ministry of environment and forest climate change to protect the life of livelihoods of coastal communities they have this survey of India conducted by this national center national center for sustainable coastal management sustainable coastal management they are preparing this hazard line map and this is taken as a major criteria for all the activities in coastal areas so that is given there and and this part of this disaster management plan this hazard line hazard line is part of this disaster management plan especially in coastal areas disaster management plan coastal areas and this helps for this helps for mitigation measures mitigations and also adaptive measures adaptive measures the next thing is increased sea surface temperature next problem is like sea level rise next problem is given in paragraph six that is increased sea sea surface temperatures increased sea surface temperature increased sea surface temperature as the primary reason for this thing is greenhouse gas trap because our planet has this greenhouse gases this acts as a trap and as this because of this increase in water temperature increase in water temperature especially in the surface that's called sea surface temperature and and primarily that has impact us impact us fish migration because fish fishes are very sensitive temperatures based on that they have the migration patterns you know this migrations and fish breeding fish breeding and habitat loss habitat loss this is all because of increasing sea surface temperature and also this results in oceans acidification current patterns all have impact on ocean acidification the cycle once sea surface sea temperature changes lot of other aspects in the ocean ecosystem changes that's given in paragraph six and seven paragraph six and seven paragraph one paragraph three four in paragraph one is also found out when now the sea surface level temperature increases and tropical disturbances tropical disturbances is primarily focused on temperature that is cyclones example cyclones will happen in 26 percent a 26 degree Celsius and whenever there's increase in temperature of ocean water especially surface water the intensity and frequency increases results in intensity increase intensity and frequency of cyclones this is the problem of surface level temperature increase in sea waters that is given the next thing is shoreline change so paragraph next problem is shoreline change so shoreline changes it's primarily focused on changes happening in soft rocks and beaches soft rock and beaches and so when the erosion and this primer reason for this thing is erosion erosion and when what is there are different scale of erosions that is high erosion higher erosion means whenever five meters per year and there's a loss of five meters per year that's called high erosion whereas medium erosion medium erosion when is there is a loss of two meters per year two meters per year and low erosion there's a loss of 5.5 meters per year and stable coast is below that so that is all the prior aspect of it and how to solve this problem is by construction of seawalls construction of seawalls and this we can see in most of the coastal areas during correct break waters having break waters so this we can see a lot of coastal areas and also in certain movies and all especially when you say for hallowed movies and all we can see the coastal areas will be very different when compared to the natural coast they have all these preventive mechanisms and and what the biggest impact is economic impact because of this because of shorelines changes economic impact it's a general term property loss of property loss of tourism potential so these are all given in paragraph one so in paragraph one it's regarding salt water intrusion is another climate change issue in coastal areas and this we can see lot as a problem in households correct household problem because of drinking water becoming more salty drinking water becoming more salty because of salt water intrusion and primary reason is why this happens is this is going in paragraph two that is inappropriate usage of land landscape in appropriate land usage in coastal areas coastal areas next thing is poor management water management over water management there's regarding government systems over water management water management and impact is on livestock impact impact is on livestock and impact is on livestock and productivity productivity especially in agriculture in agriculture so there's going in paragraph one and two and paragraph three speaks about another climate change issues in coastal areas brought brought and especially this has an impact on coastal villages impact on coastal villages from which he has a more economic and social negative impacts and our paragraph four speaks about reduction in capture of fishery capture of fishery and the primary reason people always believe is there is a reducing stock of fish in oceans but the reality is not only that it is reducing fish stock and apart from this the primary reason for this thing is climate change and there's a case today given in this particular paragraph and they found out that in Malappuram district so Malappuram Malappuram district of Kerala the catch of sardines sardines and mackerel type fishers were primarily reduced because of they are moving to deep waters because of lot of other changes in ocean ecosystems so they are moving to deep waters initially they are very close to coast they are moving to deep waters because of climate change issues right now the capture of that sardines and mackerel are very low in Kerala especially Malappuram district for the primary reason is not only reducing the stock of fishes and all our primary reason is the pattern of fish habitat has changed and they have moved to deep waters so that's the data given here this case studies can be used in your answer writing so to tackle this paragraph 1 to tackle these issues and the paragraph 1 says we need to focus on livelihood we need to focus on livelihood livelihood vulnerability index vulnerability index to identify location specific location specific problems and what this paragraph says is to all the problems what we discussed above we need to have this livelihood vulnerable index to identify location specific issues and based on that we can take some corrective actions corrective actions can be based on this so this is paragraph 1 and whereas paragraph 2 says that especially we need to focus on awareness creation capacity building awareness capacity building and also mackerel for coastal communities all the problems were discussed above and another aspect is regarding this fisheries what our recommendations are given us they focus on near shore near shore cage culture so you can develop certain fisheries based on this near coast near shore cage culture aqua culture aqua culture and mariculture activities mariculture activities so that this can be done through ppp public private partnership so this can be encouraged in coastal communities so that that will be a livelihood opportunity for them so that is given in paragraph 3 and also we need to focus on construction courts of building construction courts construction court for buildings in coastal areas and especially it is primarily focused on minimizing the impact of climate change and also cyclone resistance and all those things can be there and next one is it also speaks about research and development research and development for climate change issues in coastal areas climate change in climate change issues in coastal areas and apart from this paragraph 4 also speaks about hazard lines which we already discussed hazard lines and also we have this hazard profile maps hazard profile maps hazard profile maps and proper mitigation issues mitigation issues and this page speaks about how to resolve the problem of climate change in coastal communities thank you