 Yeah. Here we are in Akra, Ghana. I'm Tomasz Wolenski. I'm with Arif Elements. I'm a product and marketing manager there. And yes, since I happen to be here in Ghana because of my lovely wife visiting her family, yep, we thought why not to tell them, tell them to share something about our products because I hear you guys have a lot of noise here. So that's great. And I would like to introduce actually Mr. Hermann Konradie, who's on the phone. He's our business development manager based in South Africa. And maybe Hermann, do you want to introduce yourself and say a little bit to you and how you work? Yeah, sure. Thanks for the opportunity, Tomasz. Yeah. So I'm responsible for looking after Africa, making sure everybody understands the product and also generating business on the African continent. So yeah, my door's always open. I'm available most of the time on email and on my mobile. Tomasz will also be able to share my details with you guys. We can do that after the meeting as well. So whenever you have any questions or anything like that, feel free to contact me at any time. I'm available to answer questions and assist you guys. That is what I'm here for. So yeah, I think that's it from my side. Thanks, Tomasz. Sure. All right. Thank you. I'll share something about high performance wireless metrics. But yeah, so let's go to the topic. So to begin with at our elements, we're really our core job and mission is to help risks drive. Because obviously there are several challenges that our technology is solving. And one of them is noise rejection. Of course, Charles already shared with me that there is a lot of noise from the providers or they're competing with. So that's something which is actually global. It's everywhere. It's in Europe. It's in US. And the noise is just out there. And our performance in a technology, what it does perfectly and what it's built for is to really suppress the noise. So you actually don't have to deal with in the first place. And our zero loss to eSport ecosystem is actually connector. It lets you basically connect the radio with minimum loss because we don't use the pigtails. We don't use the coaxial cables, but we do use a wavegun, which is another type of cable, if you will. It's just a hollow metal tube. And because of that, the physics of that transmission line is different than the coaxial cable. And just to cut it short, it has like 10 times smaller loss than the coaxial cable. And the twist for mechanism, actually, we'll look into that later how it works. Anyway, as I was saying, our technology really enables the wisps to basically grow, because if the hardware works without any problem, you're using the maximum potential or near the maximum potential of the hardware you're using, and it works reliably, then you have the time and space to actually grow in the term. You can focus on how to connect more people, how to develop your business further, which is basically an ideal situation. That's what, of course, is very desirable. And oftentimes, of course, the fiber is the optimum. In terms of speed, latency, nothing beats fiber optic. No question there, but there is a huge but, right? Anyway, so the wireless can still deliver near fiber experience to users, because obviously, the packages you're selling are not the one you get, right? Nobody needs them. So, and if the right hardware is used, then actually wireless can perform as reliably as fiber. Here is a little comparison of the trade-offs there between the different technologies. So, obviously, in terms of the speed, the fiber is unbeatable, right? No question there, but when we compare the 5GHz wireless with the rest of the technologies, which we were mentioning in the slide, it's actually quite similar, right? I mean, of course, DSL is already like an old-school thing. Nobody cares about that. I mean, okay, of course, people still use it wherever necessary. But in terms of the coaxial, the copper cable, it's comparable to wireless in terms of what you can get out of the hardware. But there is so much more to compare the technologies than just looking at the maximum speed they can deliver, or the maximum aggregate throughput they can work with. So, obviously, the most obvious one is the speed of deployment, right? The wireless is unbeatable there, right? You just have a secure place to mount the antenna with the radio, yeah? Make sure the link is alive, and you're installed. People within, of course, provided you have the coverage in the area, you can install the internet to people for, I don't know, one hour, two hours, you tell me, right? Very fast, right? Yeah, exactly. Yeah, the traffic, in that cry, I've noticed it's a big one. Yeah, it's a big one. And anyway, yeah, just sorry, I didn't mention that if you have questions any time you were in the presentation, then just stop me and we'll deal with it as we go because obviously, you know, I'm here mainly to answer those questions, of course, besides tell you something about ourselves. So, anyway, this slide, the takeaway is that, basically, wireless can easily compete with fiber because the trade-offs are huge, and it absolutely makes sense to still use the fiber and the wireless. They're not, they shouldn't, in our view, they should not be looked at sort of as competing but complementing each other, right? Because that's pretty much what they really do in the end. And so, these are the, so I hear you use mainly ubiquiting here, right? So, you're probably familiar with that kind of image, or not this one, the bottom one, right? Which shows how bad it can be with the noise, yeah? Like, you get a lot of noise. Yeah, the noise is really the game killer, right? I mean, of course, at the beginning, you don't mind so much, but as the time goes on, other wisps start to pop up or other devices, right? It's unlicensed spectrum. Hey, everybody can do whatever they want, right? And they do, obviously. So, you end up seeing spectrographs like this one. So, the spectrum is just cluttered, and that's obviously a problem because especially for the wireless where it's the most valuable resource you have, right? So, what's the cause of these problems with noise, right? It's basically the fact that anyone can deploy any device they want, and which they do. There are sounds of them, way too many, but obviously, that's the name of the game. And the second big problem is that these devices are actually, well, first of all, you all guys use the very similar hardware, right? Because you have two choice from a pool of hardware, so you use what you can, right? And unfortunately, the Wisp industry has developed or gone into in a path of adopting the hardware from mainly the cellular industry, meaning that the classical sector antennas, which are the main problem here, the cause of the problem with noise. And unfortunately, these antennas, they're not optimized to be used in an unlicensed spectrum, right? They might work well in the cellular spectrum, which are licensed, they pay for it, they have monopoly or two, three companies, but in the unlicensed bands, they are really not a good servant. In some limited cases, yes, but in an area like this, in the urban and suburban areas, it's not so good. And so the light is hard for Wisp, I'm not sure what we're going to do. But here in Ghana, you also have another challenge. So I recently actually tried to make Fufu myself. And I can tell you it's quite a good workout. And it took me quite a good time. So besides dealing with noise, you also, if you want to eat Fufu, then it takes a lot of time and then you might not have time to do other stuff, but just kidding, just kidding. The shield around the dish or all kinds of like aftermarket kits basically mitigate the noise. But the reality of those kits is that they're really not doing much. And they're more like a placebo than anything else. And they really don't do what they're supposed to do. And the reason being the cibles of the antennas. So here on the right image, you see like when you're looking from the top of the antenna, how it radiates. So that's the typical patch array antenna. And you can see, of course, we wanted to radiate forward, so this direction, which it does show there is the main load, but then the energy goes everywhere, right? It's weaker, of course, but it still radiates like a light bulb. It goes, light goes everywhere. Whereas on the left side, what you can see is how the horn radiates. So the energy goes only in the direction of the main load. And here behind it, that is just and that's basically what we want. But so there are three components to wireless networks performing as good as the fiber networks. So we'll go through these three. So first of all, the high beam efficiency. So beam efficiency is a characteristic of an antenna. And it basically quantifies cibles. So if I just say an antenna has a lot of side lobes, antenna has zero side lobes, it's very vague. Yeah, it's like, yeah, anybody can say that, but how do you prove, right? So beam efficiency is like a physical quantity or physical variable that quantifies the side lobes, meaning that it gives us a number expressing the amount of side lobes an antenna has. So beam efficiency is the ratio of the energy an antenna radiates that's in contained in the main load to the total energy it radiates. And so in other words, it tells us how many side lobes an antenna has. So at best, beam efficiency can be 100% meaning that the ideal case in which the antenna has literally zero side lobes. 100% means the best possible case. The closer the beam efficiency is to zero percent, the more side lobes an antenna has. So just to give you a practical example here, you see the radiation pattern of generic dish antenna. So if it's beam efficiency is 40%, which means that only 40% of the energy this antenna radiates goes into the main load, meaning where we want it to be, right? That's okay. That's what the whistles are coming with when they're designing the networks. Like I know my main beam, I know how wide it is, and you want 100% of the energy go there, right? But in this case, there's only 40% going there. The remaining 60%, the remaining 60% is in the side lobes there, right? Because it's beam efficiency is 40%, meaning that the rest of the energy goes anywhere else, meaning side lobes. Because anything outside the main load is a side load, right? And the good, the great thing about the beam efficiency is that it actually, it gives you a complete information about the side lobes an antenna has simply because it takes into account the whole 3D radiation pattern, the whole 3D data. So there is no better, there is no better variable to express the amount of side lobes an antenna has. It is defined frequency, which, fine, it's a definition, no problem there, right? Of course, and also actually also like single polarization. And there's nothing wrong with that, but whistles, you guys use the spectrum that's quite wide, right? I mean, it's around one gigahertz with like the bandwidth that you have at your hands, at least in the 5 gig spectrum. So, you know, it totally made sense to actually average the beam efficiency over the whole bandwidth, right? Like 10, whatever amount of points and just to give it a dense enough sampling and average the beam efficiency over the whole bandwidth. And actually also both polarizations. So that way, the textbook definition, it turns into like a very robust parameter. And because it really gives you that wide spectral information about the beam efficiency of an antenna. So that's our sort of addition, like our elements addition to the beam efficiency definition, because it just makes sense. And what beam efficiency lets you do is actually to compare antennas in an extremely simple way. So here's an example. So on the left, there is the radiation pattern and the beam efficiency of our ultra horn. And on the right, is that generic dish that would be efficiency 40%. So obviously 99% is more than 40%, right? Meaning that the ultra horn is way better antenna in terms of suppressing the noise than that dish is, right? Extremely simple. Just two numbers, the higher number wins. Which is really great. Talk to anyone about the noise and noise of this antenna. Is it good for that? Is it not good for suppressing noise? It's very simple. It's just like tell what's the beam efficiency and you've got it. It's great tool. And here you see examples of beam efficiencies of different sector. So anyways, the industry mostly the sectors and the horns that are used. So, yeah, you see that the beam efficiency of the patchery sectors is around 69%. Yeah, I mean, of course, it still varies between manufacturers because of course, you know, different designs, different manufacturing quality and on and on. Right? So, but either way, the beam efficiency of the patchery sectors is somewhere around those 60%. Meaning that at least 40% of the energy they radiate and receive is actually going into silos or, you know, into receiving into the noise and the signals. But you can also see other horns. They're not only ours. We want it to be fair. Let's have a look at the other horns that are out there. And they're actually also in the lower scale of the beam efficiency. But we wonder if I could wait. Aren't the horns the stuff that suppresses the noise? Well, yes. But they have to be well designed, you know, as anything, right? I mean, you can't have a good base for something. So horn is definitely an antenna that has a good base to provide that noise suppression. But still, it has to be well designed and much better. Right? And that's what we that's what we basically do with our products, tried our best to do, right? To really emphasize during the design, during the manufacturing process, during the whole customer for the lifecycle of our products that these antennas really do suppress the noise as well as we said, right? And these, the beam efficiencies around from 93 up to 99% clearly show that these antennas do suppress the noise very well. And here are examples of the beam efficiencies for point-to-point antennas. And so, again, the patch erase, you may even know this one. So that one, you know, the beam efficiency speaks for itself. It's quite low. And the addition antennas are similar, right? Unfortunately, the physics of the addition antennas dictate that the beam efficiency is what it is. But one thing with the dishes is that the higher the gain of the dish, the better the beam efficiency gets. And that's kind of one rule of thumb with the dishes. But of course, provided still that it has to be well designed and manufactured. But, you know, I just want to bring your attention actually to just the old trauma, which is our 24, 24 dpi or the MTC is 99%. So it's only 1% short of perfection, which is 100%. What that number basically says, it's as good as it gets with the beam efficiency or noise suppression. In our opinion, it's really the best antenna on the market in terms of noise suppression. So with this knowledge, you can really go from what you see on the left side, like deploying the patch erase sectors, which interfere with each other, interfere with everything else around it. And as a result of that, the network throughput is really like basically on the mercy of the surrounding conditions, right? But you can do your best, but you can't control the environment around you. So you're really just seeing like fluctuating performance and there's nothing you can do about it. Unless you switch to antenna that have very high beam efficiency or noise suppression. In that case, each of those sectors, because they don't receive or transmit the noise, they can perform at what basically the radio allows you to do. Right? So meaning that, of course, the network really can perform at its close to its very best and with antennas with high beam efficiency. So really what the high beam efficiency is, means that really immunizes your network from the point. That's basically the gist of this first part. Okay. So second important parameter of an antenna in terms of optimal functioning and the waste metrics is the stability of its performance. And here you see the graph of how the gain of this patch array antenna changes with frequency. And so the green line shows you what the gain would be ideally. Meaning it would be flat over the whole spectrum. Meaning that whenever you change the channel, you see absolutely no difference in the signal strength. But unfortunately, the physics of the factory sectors as a type of an antenna doesn't allow us to do them or at least not at a reasonable cost, right? That waste are willing to pay to kind of make the ends meet. So a typical example of that is here and you see the gain there for horizontal and vertical polarization changing a lot over the whole spectrum that isn't an antenna is useful. Right? And it basically means that switching the channel causes your signal to go up and down. So despite that on the spectral graph, you might see, oh, this is a clear cleaner bit of the spectrum. You want to use it, you switch the channel, but signal planets. And then you're like, oh, okay, I guess I can't believe it. And that's annoying, of course, because obviously you can't rely on that, for your to deliver the service you're selling. And not only that, it's not only the maximum gain, but also the whole radiation pattern stability that should be high. And unfortunately, with the factory sectors, this is what it is. The animation clearly shows how it changes. You see that the silo is like bubbling. It's quite wild. And also the main beam changes with frequency quite a bit. Meaning that not only the coverage you're relying on, but also the noise conditions will change with that frequency. And that's basically what it says, how the radiation pattern changes. It's just problematic. On the other hand, here you see how the maximum gain of the horn is. So again, the same green line, which tells us what it would be ideally, but I don't know about you, but I'd say that it's pretty damn close to that ideal case. So that's one of the great advantages of horns, that their gain is really virtually ideal. And the same regards the frequency stability of the radiation pattern. So again, the same style of animation. You can see the frequency changing in the slide and also how it reflects on the actual radiation pattern. And these are, just to make it clear, these are not just some animation we made up. This is actually output from the 3D simulation software. So this is actually how it is. And the corresponding coverage this antenna provides is also because of that stability is also very stable. So regardless what channel you use, you can really rely on the coverage you're getting and provide. So third component is the match or the balance between the polarizations. It's similar to the previous point, but again, it's another layer. So the same graph as before, but now we're highlighting the difference between the horizontal and vertical polarizations. So I mean, we can see that, okay, the red line is for the vertical polarization and the black line for the horizontal. And the difference is quite substantial. So again, imagine, okay, you need to switch or you want to switch between the polarizations. You have to use different channel. But again, you see a drop or change in the signal. Again, it's just not reliable and meaning that it's difficult to work with. Whereas with the horns, you actually only see one line there. And that's because the horizontal and vertical polarization lines are completely overlapping. Another great advantage of the horns, there is really no difference when you switch between the polarization. The performance is really stable. And the same goes for our asymmetrical horns, which you can see, which you can see here too. Again, two horizontal and vertical, and they're both overlapping. It's funny, it's like, I think they don't come in. And the same goes for ultra work. The same thing. I mean, that's really just to say that all the horns we are offering are actually really having that great, great performance in terms of switching between the polarizations. Nothing changes. And you might be actually wondering, okay, this is all interesting, but how do I use this in the practice? Like, how do I use this in my daily life? And again, just to reiterate the message, at the core, at the very core of the problem with the noise, the risks our experience in the unlicensed bands is the antennas with the signals that are just too big. So this is how it looks like, the radiation pattern of a typical x-ray antenna. And you can see that, okay, these are the these are the signals we actually want to avoid if we can. And because, obviously, you know, in a typical covered scenario, these signals create the coverage you just don't want, right? It's not necessary. And it's actually harmful, right? Because the antennas collect the antenna collects the signal from the sources that are just not part of your network, meaning that create noise to the radio and then all the problems that are coming with it, the low network throughput, the latency issues, and so right. I mean, that's the that's the trouble. We now understand that very clearly that the signals are the issue. As you keep adding more and more sectors, you see, like, increasingly degrading performance. And that's just again, because of those signals, because these antennas interact with each other. And that's unfortunately the reality of these networks when using the patchwork antenna. And similar things with the with the dish antennas. Of course, they're a lot more directive, but again, the signals are there and causing all the same problems that we was talking about. And, right, similar thing here, where it's a client device, where it's a backhaul link, it doesn't really matter. The result is always the same problem with the noise, right. So using antenna that does not as simple as that, but maybe not as simple. Not only that, not only the antenna suppress the noise, but also antennas, we should be using that adequate antenna for the job, meaning that the bandwidth and the gain of the antenna should be adjusted to the scenario, the covered scenario of your your vehicle. And that's what the horns enable you to do. So, of course, you might be skeptical at the beginning. Of course, we that's natural, we all we all are, if we're, if we're, you know, meeting something we haven't met before. But, you know, even if you replace just a single sector with a horn antenna, or a bunch of horns, depending on, of course, how many customers you have in that sector and all that, then you'll actually see the improvement not only in the sectors that now are connected to the horns and horn antennas, but also the original patch array sectors will improve. Because you took one of those sectors, original sectors down, meaning that there is less noise being produced. So even those patch array sectors that remain will see an improvement. But the biggest gains, the biggest improvements are are visible when you actually only use horn antennas. In that case, you really remove all the sources of noise. And which which will cause that the network throughput will actually become very stable and very reliable and close to what what the radio can take. But, of course, there is still coming. There is still the limit of the of the radio hardware, right? So obviously, you cannot, of course, connect an infinite amount of customers. Of course, you still keep within the bandwidth and within the throughput you can provide. Of course, there is still limit on the number of people to be connected because the hardware of the radio can also only handle that much. But nevertheless, with the horns, you can actually really start hitting those limits. Unlike with the traditional sector. And similarly, with the point of point links, yeah, I mean, you might be you might be wondering that, well, I would be afraid to run my bankhold bankhold links on five gigahertz simply because of how crowded it is, rightfully so. But if you use horns, you know, especially, especially the ultramarque, for example, that's really built for that. You, you know, you'd be surprised to see to see what you can achieve. But again, you know, in the end, of course, it's good to ease into things and try one, see how it works. And then go out there. That's absolutely I would say. But again, in the end, the biggest gains, the biggest potential for improvement and for the future growth is actually when you only use horns. And funny enough, like some of our customers are like, well, this thing really works, you know, but and they try to keep it to themselves kind of like a secret to kind of like keep the edge about the competition and whatnot, right. But in the end, you know, if even if the competition of yours started to use horns, it'd be actually good for everyone. Because in the end, the less noise everyone generates, the better for everyone, right. And I mean, come on, the world is big enough so that everyone can have their business, right. And one should not be, you know, then the real competition would start, right. Because now you're kind of like fighting the noise and the competition at the same time, right. But if you just, you know, if you if you remove that from the equation, you dealt with the noise, right, it's not a problem anymore, you can really rely on what you're seeing and it works consistently. Then you can actually start thinking how to compete with those other risks, rather than focusing on juggling the network so that it doesn't crash. Another thing I want to mention is the tradeoff between the SNR and the signal to noise ratio and the side lobes. So you know, wisps are often afraid of the lower gain of horns. The end of horns have, you know, typically one, two, three, three decibels lower gain than a typical patch rate. That's just because of physics, we can't do much about that. But the lower gain is not something to be afraid of, because it's not only the received signal level that counts, but it's actually the SNR. Yeah, that's the most important, which is the signal to noise ratio is the received signal minus the noise floor. And if the noise floor is high, as with those patch rate antennas is, then your signal to noise ratio will not be very good. So the strong signal will not be very useful for you, right. Whereas, you know, okay, the horns have lower gain and you might be thinking like, whoa, but this has lower gain. So if I use it, I'll see an over signal that will be a better problem because I will not be able to provide the surface if I'm selling. But because of that noise suppression, the horns suppress the noise floor much more than what you lose on the signal strength, right. So you gain much more on pushing the noise floor down than what you lose on the signal strength. That means that resulting SNR using an antenna with lower gain can be higher than with an antenna with higher gain, right. And that's basically the sort of the explanation behind that, yeah, and to emphasize that you do not need to worry about the lower gain of these antennas. And on the other hand, we're not saying that high gain is a bad thing, of course not, right. I mean, if you really, you know, have those 20 kilometers link, the link budget says you need it for a DBI dish, of course, go for it. And it makes perfect sense, right. What we're saying is that unfortunately, with these high gain antennas, often the disciples come in, right, and all the problems we talked about. But if you can have an antenna with high gain and no side load, or of course, if the link budget requires it, absolutely go for it. And, okay, and here are a few examples of how densely you can actually deploy horns. There's something like 13 sectors on one antenna, which looks kind of crazy, but with because of the noise suppression capability of horns, these, each of those sectors performs at the edge of what it can deliver. Because I mean, it simply works. You can really deploy horns very densely. And they really give you a lot of flexibility in what you can do with them. And they really give you so many options, you really gain a huge tool set instead of like having a few of those patch arrays that are difficult to work with. You have about 15 antennas with different bandwidths, with different gain, that really give you, I mean, it's like when you repair a card, you need the tool set, right? You can't just do with one, two, or three keys. You need all those tools to service the card well. And it's the same anywhere, including the list networks. And here you see another few examples. And these pictures are actually not ours. They're from our customers. So we didn't let go of their stage, those images, those installs, but actually, these are images from our customers. Here in the right and left example, you see six original horns. They're used for sectorial coverage. Each of them covering 15 degrees a slice of the pie. So to sum it up, to have stable and really fast wireless networks, there are the three points. So use antennas with no cyborgs, meaning antennas with high dimensions. Second, and the antennas you use should also have stable performance over the gain, should be stable over the whole bandwidth. And of course, the third point is that the performance between the horizontal and vertical polarizations should be absolutely identical as well. And so these are the three antennas to be looking for. If you want your wireless network to perform at a very high level, in terms of stability, long-term stability, and the you're looking to do as well. All right. So this concludes the first presentation, which is the longest one. And I just want to mention a few things. So we get a lot of questions from customers, and one of them is, well, where to buy the products? On our webpage, there is there is this top locator, which is circled in the green, which, you know, when you select the product you're looking for in your region, it will give you the list of local distributed or the distributors that are nearest to it. Another question we get often, very often, is how far these antennas can go, right? Because obviously, you need to be able to plan your network. And this question is actually best answered by our link calculator. Again, on our webpage, there is the tap on the right, which is again circled in the green, which brings you to the link calculator you can see. And you can select any of our antennas from the list. Also, the devices that all the other parameters, the output power, the tilt, the aiming, everything is there. And it will give you the estimate of what you can achieve with each of the antennas, and actually the devices you're using. Because you can select from a list of the CPEs, like the from the liquidity from micro tip, and you know, it will really give you a very, probably the best possible prediction of what you can achieve. And I would also like to invite invite you to join our online community. So we have artila.com, which is our user forum. It's a typical forum where you can ask your questions or search for the questions that are already asked. There is all kinds of other content available as well. But we also have our RFE English, our development English. And now we actually also have RF Elements Africa. It's a discussion group where, you know, it's another channel where people can actually, to which people can contact us, share their questions, share their concerns, anything that needs to be answered, we're happy to help. And of course, I can be talking about our products as long as I want. But if anyone should, you know, should be a reliable source of information on how our antennas perform, it's the fellow WISPs. And on YouTube, on our YouTube channel, we have a, we have a list called WISP Traveler. And those are like short five minutes videos, which were actually WISPs like, like yourselves are sharing their experience, like what's their experience with our antennas. So I encourage you to, to check that out now, because I mean, these are, these are the WISPs like yourselves. And on our, on our YouTube channel, in the WISP Traveler playlist, you can see the five minute interviews with, with these people who share how, what's their experience with our antennas. Might be interesting. And another playlist that we have on YouTube is called Inside Wireless. And these are like short three to four minute videos, which, where we share all kinds of things from the world of RF Engineering. So, you know, regardless if you're, if you're experienced with an RF engineer or just starting the business, I mean, these are like nice and short snippets of information that might be helpful to either refresh or learn something.