 Now, this is a very important section and many of you have concerns about this. Well, I am not good in language, what language, English language, how can you be good in English language? That is a question I will ask in return, I will illustrate what I mean, come on. You have, as much as I have, I have not spoken English till I was, up to 1996 when I joined PSD in ISC Bangalore, I do not think I have ever spoken English a full sentence, up to 1996. So, what would be my age, 96, ok, let us not worry about age, up to 1996, how many years back, 1996, 18 years back. So, 18 years back, that means, till about 20, I have not spoken in English, I learned grammar, I learned, you know, poems, I learned prose, written well in exams, got good marks, all those are fine, but I have never spoken in English, up to 1996. So, then I have the right to tell you that you should not worry about whether you can speak in English or not. This is a reluctance, this is a barrier that each one of you should overcome, because if I could overcome, why not you could overcome, you are going to overcome that, but you should have a determination that I am going to speak, on stage I am going to speak in English to other people. Because, you know, keep in mind that all the nationalist feelings, etcetera, etcetera, keep that, that is fine, but you know, I am talking about a global scenario, globally English is the only language, where you can go to any other country and give a talk. National language, etcetera, is fine, but globally, this is the only language through which you can communicate, science and technology results to other parts of the world. You should write well, you should speak well and that in English. So, you should give a serious thought that whether you want to be a local hero or you want to be a global hero, you want to be a local commodity product or you want to be a globalized product with much brighter prospect anywhere in the world, that the decision is yours. But I am not preaching that English is great, English is a wonderful language, but you have to take a, take a pledge that I want to improve. How do you improve? Read more and speak more, to whom you speak, you speak yourself, when if you are in a, you know, strongly local region and if you begin to speak English, your friends will alienate you. He is very fashionable, let us not talk, you know, my wife had an interesting experience. She studied in Trivandrum and a few students came from Manipal, Mishoram, this is external quota in that college, it is a government college. So, they of course, they can speak only English or Hindi and people in Trivandrum will not understand Hindi or they will understand English, but they will not speak in English, they have the reluctance factor. So, when these boys come, you know, all girls, girls will disperse because they are fearing that he is going to come and ask something in English, which they do not want to respond because they are shy about responding. So, these are like real situations, but keep in mind that you must, must work on improving your English language skills, that is going to be very useful in the, in the long run. So, now coming back to this, on stage, you are giving a scientific talk, do you have room to worry about English language, I do not think so, but at the same time, you know English language, you know many words, you can construct sentences, you can still speak, but what you, what is bothering you is that you cannot speak like an American, that is none of our concern. Let the Americans speak because they are speaking from, you know, like first standard onwards, they are speaking from their childhood, we did not speak, then why do you expect that we should speak as good as American, that is a wrong thought. You speak what is, what you can afford to speak and that is a bottom line, that is a very, very strong point I want to make that you nurture your native, native English speaking abilities, native, you know, it is a wrong connotation and native I am stressing that you will have strong mother tongue accent and I will illustrate, the second half of the slide is an illustration of this mother tongue accent. See, to me it is a pleasure listening to different mother tongue oriented English language. So, we call it like a bunglish, munglish, all kind of, you know, hybrid English languages, you know, English, H I. So, it is okay, it is okay because why I say okay is that I travel to many countries in the world. I have spoken English language with many people, people from Africa, people from, you know, typically in Middle East, people from UK, people from Germany, people from Japan, from China. I have spoken to many, many people, do you think that all of them speak like Americans? No. They speak with strong Japanese touch, you know, how a Japanese will speak? You use simple words, I am reading the second line, this is how they will speak. Why do you worry about your mother tongue touch? It is a wrong notion, use what you are good at, okay. There is absolutely nothing wrong in having mother tongue touch, okay. As you progress, you will naturally improve, you know, I do not know how much mother tongue touch I have, but many friends told me that I have some mother tongue touch at the same time, I do not have a strong accent. But this is improved over the years and you can improve over the years and you can slowly, you know, make the pronunciations more correct and all. But that is not the concern when you begin to practice as a speaker, okay. That is something you should keep in mind, that use words. Now, I am going back to the slide, use words which are familiar to you. And there are interesting stories about, you know, people borrow words from, not from dictionary unfortunately, they borrow words from literature. The textbooks which they have read, written by native English language speakers, the British, the Americans, they wrote these textbooks and people just mugged those words and one time I was listening to a research presentation by a student and somebody made a statement in the introduction. He said that this field has witnessed unprecedented growth in last several years. And then I asked just to, you know, test whether the person knows what is meant by unprecedented. I asked him, do you know what is the meaning of that word, unprecedented? Then he had a bright smile that I do not know, okay. So my suggestion is that you can improve your vocabulary and you must improve your vocabulary by knowing more and more words. But if you put that on slide, you must know what it is. You must know the meaning of that. And you can use all bombastic words, okay, no problem. You can use all bombastic words in your slide. But the problem is that you must know what it really means and what it means in the given context. So there are many words which are used in dual, you know, one example I can give is apparent. You know, we talk in physics about apparent weight. What is apparent? One should ask this question. And many times when people speak, they say that apparently, okay, this word is like contextual, very contextual. And the meaning differs from one context to other context. You can go back to dictionary and verify. So you must know in what context you have used and you must know the meaning of the words that are there in your slide and what you speak, okay. And it can be a limited vocabulary, it's fine. Because it's a long process. Improving scientific presentation is a long process. It's a lifelong process, okay. I may be a better speaker. I can only be a better speaker tomorrow. I can't be a word speaker. I can't be like going back in time, okay. So what I'm saying is, tomorrow you're going to be a better speaker and even further from there, you will be even better speaker. But it's a continuous process. It's a long, long process and you should know the tips and you should continuously improve yourself. And when you say I could give a good talk, that does not mean that you spoke like an American. You know, that's not the expectation. You're not supposed to speak like an American. Perhaps you, when you get a chance to go to US or UK, stay there for a few years, come back with an improved accent, it's still okay. And some people change their accent completely and some people still retain their Indian accent. But with improvements to the pronunciations of different words, that's okay. But while being here, you're not supposed to speak like an American. It's not required, that's not the meaning of giving a good talk. Meaning of giving a good talk is to express yourself and deliver the content that is there in the slide in a convincing fashion. And language is only one of those ingredients that will help you do that. But that's not the only ingredient. The notion that people generally carry is that unless I speak good English, my presentation is bad, which is incorrect. So let me repeat that statement. Many people have this wrong notion that unless I speak good English, my presentation is treated as bad. That's not correct, okay. If that is the case, many, many Japanese scientists who are like really, you know, Nobel laureates and very high stature Japanese scientists. They're not good speakers if it is assessment is done only based on language, okay. So they, Japanese have an inherent limitation. Chinese people have inherent limitation in digesting English language. Because their language structure is so different from English that it's very difficult, okay. So do not emphasize on the modulating or changing your native English speaking skills. Thinking that only that will fetch you brownie, that will gain you points. Only if you use very difficult words or uncommon words, that's not the intention, okay. And when you use text from literature, and this is a very important point. When you use text from literature, many people, particularly students have this unique ability of mugging it up. That is, they will try to buy hard the text. And while buy harding, what would happen? On stage, you're already like, adrenaline levels are high, heartbeat is more. And you have managed early, a few minutes. But still, mugging will be so dangerous that you will miss certain words. And still you continue with the statement. And it will be really hilarious at times. If you miss a word from a statement, you can imagine how terrifying it can be, okay. So do not mug. So what I suggest is that you understand the content of that text which you want to, want to tell to the audience. But speak in a language which is natural to you. Let the text be there. But you don't buy hard and speak the same text. If the text is there, audience can naturally read it. But what you understood, you should tell them. So there is a distinction between mugging somebody's text and just burping it over versus you understand the topic, understand the essence of the text and telling in your own language. I prefer the latter one. Understand in your own terms and then speak what you understand. That is better. Now, some illustration, it's mostly an audio illustration. Let me read the following text to drive home the point which I was pressing upon. I was simply going to post-office to hostile office. So people in Kerala would be tipped off. You remember my second slide, I said that if there is a coincidence with anyone in the audience, it's deliberate, okay. So that my points are conveyed more powerfully. I was simply going to post-office and hostile office to find where my phone was. So people at some centers may be laughing to find where my phone was. Okay, and proper words are written there. At last I found under the table in a government office. What I am saying here is, this is okay, you are getting the point? This is okay. You can talk about post-office, hostile office, simply under the table, apple. It's okay. This is the mother tongue text which I am referring to where the file is, it's okay. But you are conveying where the file is, right? It's okay. You keep that in mind. It's a very powerful statement which I want to make. All of India will suffer if we get confined to this narrow thought process, that unless I speak like an American, I am not going to be able to give a good speech. Incorrect. You speak with what you are comfortable with. And you begin to speak with what you are comfortable with. As you refine yourself over a long stretch of time, over two years, five years, ten years, fifteen years, you are going to be improving naturally. Okay, so all this where my file was will change. It has to change. And rural background, India is a rural country, right? And how do you expect somebody who started speaking English in 1996 to be so precise in pronunciation? It's not an expectation which is like, you know, reasonable. So I promote a touch of regional language is fine. Okay, so I have left out a few regions of the country. So then I took an apple and ran to the class, but I was later. So now all the Rajini ad is there, so people can understand it much more. I ran to the class, but I was later. Okay, so now Kolaveri is so famous, right? Now all this language is now spreading all over the nation through the media, electronic media and so on. Friends, keep in mind what you can, you do it on stage. If on the other hand, if you come to the stage and start speaking like an American, many times it will look ridiculous. So we don't want to take such risks. What you are good at, you practice, it is going to be better. So what I am saying is that, if you want to give a good presentation, how good you are at English is not a concern that should stop you from giving a talk. So this is the barrier overcoming push that I am giving to many. What is the barrier that you think that you have strong mother tongue accent? Therefore you are not good in English. This is your own judgment. I am not telling that. I never told anyone that your English is bad. I will tell incorrect usages, I will correct their text, I will correct when they make mistakes. But I will never tell that your English is bad. Your English requires improvement, that is what I tell. Mother tongue accent is not a crime because how in the world you are expected to speak a language all of a sudden, even though you are learning but you are not speaking. But 10, 15, 20 years in your life you did not speak English. Then how in the world you are, is it magic that you will start speaking English from 21st birthday onwards? No. Why do you expect so? It is an incorrect expectation, it is unreasonable. Therefore I promote that you speak in a language which is, which you are comfortable. Speak in your own English language which is your comfortable and slowly and steadily you will improve and you will gain confidence, it is going to be just fine. All is well. Do you think that that is a great English language? But look at the popularity of that statement. All is well. All is well. All is well. All is well. All is well is what? It is not really a great English language, the idea has to be conveyed. Even if you say I bear my file was searching for the file, the idea has to be conveyed. So you give emphasis to the content and its delivery, not get entangled, do not get tied up with this barrier of no, no, no my pronunciations are generally bad so I will not go to the stage. Instead the attitude should be such that today I will do the announcement. Let me go to the stage and I will do the announcement with all my strong mother tongue accent. Fine. It is fine. See nobody, no, no Phirang is sitting there, right. Nobody is watching you. It is all Indians, fellow Indians. It is okay. And from your own, your own region, why do you fear? And I said that early that do not fear about being judged, stage belongs to you. It is their job that they will judge, it is your job that you perform, okay. So this is a very important thing that if this will reduce the barrier or at least the barrier that you should cross will appear much lower than otherwise. But if you think that you cannot pronounce words, you make mistakes, etc., you are not going to be able to overcome. So keep in mind that you use your natural language when you are on stage. Speeds, modulations and demodulations. I have done it without telling it many times in last two sessions. What is modulation and demodulation? That if you speak like a DC current, you know, most of you are technologists so you would know DC current has a steady and AC is up and down. So we cannot, you know, use either of these. You should have a steady, rhythmic speech. The same time when you have to tell, take a deviation, I told yesterday one of the, one of my favorite words is to use, now we are going to look at. So you had a steady speech and then you are giving that extra emphasis that is called modulation. So you are increasing the volume suddenly when you are taking a diversion. Till now, so till now is a normal thing, till now we were discussing on stage issues that one should address. Now I will talk about modulations and demodulations. The very now is modulation. So while speaking, you should deliberately have certain modulations and use it sparingly. You cannot modulate in every three sentences, then it becomes distracting. And what is demodulation? Demodulation is to like speaking the most important section in your presentation. You know, look, this is such a wonderful result, nobody have ever found this. So that is like completely modulated phrase. This is something really extraordinary and people have never thought about this. That is modulation. And once the modulation is done, demodulate. So now I will tell you what we found. So it is normal. It is a demodulation. When you really go to the peak of your presentation and you are naturally excited. At least I am quite excited about, you know, when I present my results, if there are some outstanding results I get very excited. You know, doing research, I think there were lots of sections about research methodology. Doing research is a passion, it is not just a profession. I think if you treat it as a profession, it is something, some sort of degradation to that area of doing research. Doing research is a passion. It is a hobby. Professor Ballaram, in instead of science, who is the current director, he wrote a editorial in current science few years back. He said that research is a profession, it is a hobby where you get paid for doing it. It is a hobby, it is a passion. And when you present your own results, naturally the passion gets reflected. These are the times when you can modulate and demodulate when you go to present those. And I prefer to give this local summary. What are these local summaries? That when I deviate from, like I said, you know, content creation. Before I leave content creation, I will just summarize what are the major points in content creation. And then I go to, like, say, on-stage performance. And on-stage performance, some of the most important things is how to manage first few minutes, and what language and words that you should use, these are key points. So, before I leave on-stage performance, I must reiterate these points, so that is called a local summary. Local summary is important so that you can bring back the attention and keep the audience with your flow, the flow of the talk, that is important. And speak loud and clear. So, here the pronunciation aspects are not something that I am referring to. Speak loud and clear. And you will see a rich variety of, you know, students by being in an institution like this, that some people cannot really speak loud, they will just murmur, you know, that you have to overcome these limitations. Have to speak loud. And if you speak loud, the audio, AV people would readjust the sound. But if you speak too low, they are helpless. Signal has to come, right? Generally, they can amplify. General attitude, general approach should be that you speak loud. And it is not shouting. I do not think I have shouted. And I can shout really hard, you know, but I am not shouting here. But I am speaking loud, that is a recommended practice. You should speak loud and clear. And clarity is something, you know that you are speaking clear. And you also know that you are not speaking clear, because there are sections in the presentation where you are not confident and you like, you know, somehow done. What? What does that mean? So somehow you are skipping through. You know, keep in mind that people listening to you are much more experienced, usually. They will understand and exactly that point you will be caught. And they know that you are not confident. This, you know, many people have shown, they will catch you, be careful about that. So speak loud and clear, do not go too fast, do not go too slow. That is a very difficult statement to follow. Sir is telling me that do not go too fast. Sir is also telling that do not go too slow. What is the way out? Mid-path. There is a famous quote from, I am neither a Tolstoyan nor a Marxist, but a compromise between the both. I think it is a very, very important statement, like, you know, you do not go too fast, do not go too slow. And I have a tiny little cartoon here. The, so this car, this car is a hybrid car. It is a car, it is half rest and half car, half of it has rested, it is old. So it is a hybrid. So what you should know, I said yesterday that understand your natural speed. That is point number one, very important. Understand your natural speed, how fast you speak. And create content, which you can afford for a, say, 30 minute stop, for example. In 30 minutes with your natural speed, how many slides you can cover. And within that, within that number of slides, say, 15 or 18 slides for 30 minutes presentation, knowing your natural speed. And some slides are more important than the other. So you would naturally go slower with those slides. And some slides are less important. It is for introductory purpose, you may have to go fast. And I had a question yesterday, it is a right time to answer that. Introduction about previous work, present work, future scope, justification, etcetera. How do you balance out these different sections of a talk? Introduction for a 18 slide presentation for 30 minutes, 18 slides total number. First slide, do not count the title slide conclusion. And usually, you know, people will have a big thank you slide at the end. They religiously put that, thank you slide at the end. So taking these slides out, introduction, the title slide and thank you slide out and there will be acknowledgement, if take those slides out, you have 18 slides total. In that 18 slide, do not give introduction more than, say, 5. 5 itself is on the higher side. 3 to 4 slides are good for introduction because your people have come here to listen to you, what you found and what is the core of your talk. So do not burden them with too much introduction, too lengthy introduction, it is going to be a distraction. And now having known that you have 18 slides to go through, you know the natural speed, you have practiced with a, you know, nowadays cell phone with timer and all. So you practice, you know the natural speed and within that natural speed, you know how fast you need to go to be able to cover that 18 slides on time. Now, there is an advanced concept which I will reward to the same point of timing. Yesterday, somebody asked during the question session that, you know, sometimes you finish too early. So how do you manage that, I will come to that point. There is an advanced concept, there are no written rules. Now I talked about this mother tongue accents but there are many words that come along with you. But these words should be avoided, this has nothing to do with mother tongue. This thing, that thing, I found this thing and in the introduction they studied that thing, this thing, that thing, it keeps coming every sentence, you know, such a distraction. And you must deliberately, deliberately avoid and the best way to do that, you give your talk to your friend. And the friends will, your friends will tell you that you are repeating this word 10 times. You know, in my college days, one day, I think some of my friends sat and counted a word, a faculty member in my college used to use in his, you know, every sentence he will have. I forgot what that word was. I think in fact, in fact or actually, I think actually, that word actually he will use that, you know, you know, end of every sentence he will say actually. So we started counting and, you know, how we did counting using the tally number because we cannot keep changing it, 111 cross 5, 111 cross. So we counted, I think he repeated 46 times in a span of one hour actually. So how do you avoid that? You give your talk to your friend and ask them whether there are words like this, whether there are sentence construction which are like, you know, when I was giving my early day talk, one of my friends told me that, you know, you are repeating the following style of presenting. What is, what I was repeating? This is nothing but, this is nothing but an expression. This is nothing but a different form of, so every sentence I was like, this is nothing but, but then she told me that, you know, you are repeating this too often. You know, that was the last time I used that sentence in ever in my life. I stopped using that, this is nothing but, I have literally abolished using that. So such is the power of friends suggesting something and they really mean constructive suggestions. These are not criticisms in the negative direction. These are constructive criticism because they want you to become better. These are sincere friends and they told me that you are repeating this very often and you can take help of your friend to find out words, sentence construction which you are repeating too often. Too often it is not really great. You should try to minimize such usages and avoid this, this thing, that thing, you know, key, so all these will come. It is not a crime but, try to minimize that because you are becoming going to be global right and when you go to UK and give a talk, you cannot use this key and so, they will not understand, right. Do they understand key and so, right, so they will not understand, so you should keep that in mind and Matilabh, Matilabh is, you know, these words are listed from IIT Bombay community, okay. So, these words vary as you go to South, these words will vary tremendously but, what I am saying is that, do not use your mother tongue words directly important. Use the English equivalent, pronounced in a mother tongue fashion is fine but, you cannot use, you know, words which are not there in English. Key is something which I hear every day. I have shown key, what, shown key, what key? They know only one key that to operate the car, automobile or the key to a problem, solution to a problem, that they call as key. There is no key in UK or US or in other parts of the world. So, you must avoid using certain words such as this, Matilabh, okay. When people ask questions, Matilabh, I was English but in between the Hindi words will come. You must be deliberately avoiding that because what my mission, my purpose of giving this thought is to make this country globally competent. I have a mission to accomplish. What is that mission? I would have stayed back in America forever. I could have stayed back there. I had the job opportunities, my CV was good so I would have naturally found a job like many other Indians I would have stayed back but, I had a determination when I came back to this country that I want to transfer what I am good at to my fellow citizens. So, I want my country to be globally competent. It is a passion that I have. How do I make my people globally competent to help them with their difficulty? That is exactly what I am doing, okay. And to tell them what, how I went through and how I improved myself. That is my mission. So, if I tell you what I know and how I improved, you can implement it in your life. Assuming that I was in the US, it is a developed country anyway. My services are not as much going to be required there but my services are highly desirable in this country because I have helped people, helped this nation to grow and be globally competent. That is exactly what I am doing. So, I have a passion to tell you that you put these things in practice, you are going to be better and better and better and tomorrow all the Matlab, skis, etcetera should be avoided because you are going to be global. My mission is to not to train you as a local hero, oh, this guy is very good in Bombay. What is the use? Nobody need to be very good in Bombay, for business it is fine. You cannot be a local researcher, right? You cannot be a local teacher. Teachers are now global. Teachers are global. So, you have to be training your students to be globally competent. Therefore, all these are important suggestions to be implemented. Now, so, we have finished the presentation, not I, the student or the presenter on stage had finished the presentation. All the, you know, tension packed days of preparing, on stage management, yes done done. So, he will be like, yes, so presentation is over, actually it is not over, presentation is over, but the task is not over, the main task is going to begin. So, that is what it is, now that the talk is over, what next and all of you know what next. So, again in nervous space, that what, who, when, why, how, questions, what questions and it is time for answers, Q and A. It is a very important section in a very important session in a scientific presentation, questions and answers. People came there to listen to you and naturally they are experts and they will have questions and if it is an evaluation process, there will be more questions. And in our annual progress evaluation for PSBs and MTechs, actually there is no time bar, like the presentation, yes, there is a time bar for 30 minutes or 45 minutes. And when question starts, there is no time limit, sometimes like half an hour, sometimes one hour, one and half hour, still goes on and on and on because people are curious to know what you have found, what you have done, whether you have done mistakes or whether you have done correctly, so it questions goes on and on. But good part of a conference is that chairman will stand up and time over, let us discuss during the coffee break. Actually that is a relief, it is a relief that you can at least get a temporary break and you can go off the stage and discuss with the fellow scientist outside the auditorium. The trouble with questions is that since you are on stage, again the fear of being judged will come back strongly, somebody is asking you a question, it is a good question and you know the answer, you answer. So most part of the audience will think that oh, this guy knows what he is speaking about. Suppose he asks me a question, I do not know the answer, instead of telling that I do not know the answer, you start beating around the bush, tell him some wrong answers, then everybody would think that oh, this guy does not know what he is speaking about. So it is a intimidating phase in giving a talk and the strategy is how to take questions, that is what I am going to talk about. Taking questions, listen to the questions carefully, so assume that somebody is asking me a question. So I would like, I can hear that even though I can hear with the mic or anything, I should show some enthusiasm, some interest that I am listening to. So just naturally you know bend towards them, bending will not make me reach to him, but even though I will just, oh could you please repeat the question, if I am not clear. So I get actually in doing so, you do not tell that to repeat the question every time. Listen to the question carefully, but if you are not clear about the question, you can request them to repeat the question. Could you please and use the language very carefully there, do not say repeat the question, it is very offensive. Could you please repeat the question and then listen to the question carefully, understand the question first before answering, understand the question first. And you do not have to give a spontaneous answer, that few seconds you have to think and answer. This is not like Konbineva Karolapati, those questions are of very different type and you have, you can call a friend, you have 50-50 choice, you have different options there, but here only you are supposed, only you know the answer. The person who is asking question in most scientific presentations, the person do not know the answer, he is only asking for clarification or perhaps giving a suggestion or perhaps asking a very genuine question, which you have not thought about. So it is very important to listen to the question carefully, give due respect to the question, even if it comes from a tiny little boy in the audience. Do not underestimate people I told in the beginning, do not underestimate people based on their appearance, it can be very disruptive, do not think that somebody who is like well dressed is a great hero who is asking question, he can ask a very stupid question. Somebody who is like very shabbily dressed, you know not paying much attention during entire talk, he was like partly sleeping, but he stood up and asked a great question. So do not give emphasis to who is asking the question, listen to the question carefully, you make the distinction very clear, what is the question and what is the answer, that is the only concern, not that, oh this great guy he asked me a question, so I am already nervous in answering, you know the answer, it does not matter who is asking the question, what is the question, what is the answer, that should be your thought process, connect these two, question, answer and deliver the answer, that is important, if the question is really good, should say that good question, that is your first response. So somebody asked me a question, yesterday during interaction session somebody asked me a question, my response was good question and the question I remember, the question was how to plan your talk such that what if you finish early, that was the question. Actually it is a very good question, so what was my immediate response when I am beginning to answer, I said good question, then answer, so you can respond if you think that it is a good question, do not, for decoration sake you do not say that, it may be a really bad question, if you say that good question, others in the audience will think that okay, this is what it is, so if it is a good question, you say that good question and then answer. Now there are situations, some really smart questions will come, really smart questions and you need time to think, what is the best posture, those who have noticed this, German famous statue, there is a thinker's statue somewhere in Berlin I guess, so thinker will sit like this, so we cannot show this kind of posture that you are thinking, at the same time you should know that if you need time to answer and you are sure that if you spend like 30 seconds, one minute you may be able to answer, ask for time, how do you ask for time, good question, let me, in this action actually you are thinking, so you should tell, let me try to, this is not a bad, because people think that if you tap here something will come, some great thought will come or in the frontal region you are supposed to be storing old information, so this tapping I do not know how it helps, but generally most scientists do this, great question, let me think and this is also a mode to show that you are very intelligent, if you tap it you will get an answer, it is not that the case, actually in doing so, this is a good body language to borrow time, in that sense it is good, so you may, well, you can borrow time and that is the technique, you borrow time and then answer, so this is the second category of question, questions with straight forward answers answer, listen to the question and answer, questions which requires thinking, on stage thinking cannot last more than 30 seconds or one minute, but if you think that you can answer, take your time and then let me think, I think and in saying, so you are taking time to think and you will answer, that is the second type of question, there is another type of question which do not have an immediate answer, it may require say take a piece of paper and write, but on stage you cannot do that, it may require further thinking and further thought process before it can be correctly addressed, so in that context what you should say is that, I think we would be able to find an answer, but however, it would take a little while to come to a correct conclusion on that, can I speak to you after the presentation is over, can I speak to you during the coffee break, can we postpone the discussion during the lunch hours, during the break, so that is a very polite way of telling, so you can postpone answering a question after the talk, if the question is such that, it takes little bit of say a derivation, little bit of working out before you can find an answer or you want to refer to something before you can answer, you can always postpone the question, always postpone the answer, and you should know how to postpone the answer, only on those questions which requires further examination and you cannot use that for as a tool, as a defensive mechanism to avoid answering, that is not possible, a straight forward question what is a plus b all square, can we talk that after the break, then people will be like, you know almost like you will get slapped, correct, so you cannot by time for a plus b the all square, that you should be answering spontaneously, the last category of question which can be quite intimidating question, because people would want to know how deep you know and there are people who want to ridicule what you have done, how do you handle them, you give them the deserving place, that can I prefer not to answer you, it is a very nice powerful way of telling and you know at this stage, if you are in a college setup, this is not required, this is a very advanced stage, like I am referring to international platform, where you are intimidated and you are indirectly being ridiculed and such things do not happen normally in a college environment, like college either you are being evaluated or you are giving a lecture, such things do not happen, but in a conference, if you got the sense that the idea behind this question is to intimidate you, then you can always tell that, can I prefer not to answer this question for variety of reasons and it is okay, nobody can force you to answer it, okay, this is like last type of question and yeah, this is about handling questions and you can use this kind of poster to take time and answer and take your time and answer these questions, that is about taking questions, so what I have done, till now on stage delivery, that was the entire focus of today's lecture and then last section remaining is improvement, which is a continuous process, I have already touched upon few of these aspects, continuous improvement, as you attend more and more conferences, listen to more and more people, learn something new from them, note down, oh that was a very nice way of presenting, his introduction was very good, you liked it and you may want to implement that, it is not that Suno's recommendation should be universally accepted, I do not believe that, because I myself continually refine, if I come across a great speaker who speak much better than me, I am really fascinated to listen to such people, so I have some very good friends in Germany and US, they are like outstanding speakers, you know outstanding to the extent that 30 minutes they speak, about at least 5 to 10 minutes people will be laughing, they are such great entertainers and they speak very serious signs and they are great entertainers, these are advanced concepts and if you will read the last line humor, humor is very important, humor will add value to your talk, but humor pre-prepared or you know match fixed humours won't work, usually it is a disaster, I will tell you with purpose I had that slide, if you recollect that slide, the car half rest and half car, it is supposed to be a humor, but none of you laughed, that is the difference between a pre-planned humor, that slide that cartoon was supposed to be for humor, but none of you laughed, this slide, the car is half hybrid, half rest, what was my purpose of my objective of showing this, to come back and show that out of context humor will not work, number one, second pre-planned humor will not work and third humor is not natural to everybody and fourth humor is not a must, because these are advanced concepts, advanced concepts in scientific presentation, so you cannot prepare a humor, it is not natural to all, if it is natural to you do not hesitate, entertain the crowd, in my lectures every every 30 minutes there will be a huge laughter in the class and I do not plan, it just so happens that every lecture there will be two sessions of laughter and it goes for about at least a minute or two and in IIT people are so naughty that they will begin to clap, first they will laugh and then they will clap, because they are appreciating that humor was great, if the humor was not good and if I tried assuming a pre-planned humor, if I tried they will say daya, so that is IIT you say daya, they say daya, I never understood the real essence of this word meaning, but I am used to this now and I also use this word daya, so they say this kind of thing, so humor pre-planned will not work and if you are good at humor I have known many people who are very good at humor, but not on stage, my question is why not on stage, you have to be natural on stage, if you have humor sense better use it do not take it too seriously, if you use humor effectively say once in once in 10 minutes it is so entertaining, because by doing that it is much better than a coffee break to bring back the attention, this is the great admiration I have towards two of the speakers, I think I should take their names, they are my very good friends, Christopher Cramer from University of Minnesota and Peter Schreiner from University of Gessen in Germany, Cramer is from US and Schreiner is from Germany and these people are so amazing, every 10 minutes the crowd will be laughing so much and within next 30 minutes they are on serious business, again go back and next 10 minutes again there will be another laughter, so good, so good and if you have humor sense and if I talk to Chris Cramer outside the auditorium, it is 10 minute interval in a serious scientific talk, if I talk to him outside every 2 minutes you will be laughing, so you have great humor sense, very good humor sense and if you have make use of that, do not take it too seriously that you know people are going to take it in a negative sense, if you have humor make use of it, this is the advance concept, okay. Time management following upon yesterday's question, you need to gain lot of experience to manage time on stage, I have given all the preliminary details about how to manage your time such as understand your natural speed, how many slides you can afford, all those tips are already given. Now the time management I am talking right now is an advance concept time management, that is a time management on stage, on stage time management, that is extemporal, you decide how fast how slow you want to go, on stage you never had a thought about this is an advance thing, I can share my experience. I go to any conference with even though my natural speed allows me to speak one slide per minute, so if I am giving a 30 minute start, I can afford to speak something like 30, 32 slides, but you know what I do, I will have something like 40 to 50 slides, but talk is only for 30 minutes and I take a on stage decision after looking at when I go, when I complete one section and move on to the next section, I have a look at the timer and look at the, look at my laptop for the timer or look at the watch for the timer or look at any display time that is available in the auditorium and then I decide whether I should speed up or slow down, that is on stage time management, it is a long, long run process my friends, it is not something which I can recommend that these are the guidelines, but keep in mind that you do not have to worry too much if you have full control and you can manage on stage, speed up and accelerate, decelerate on stage, but I think it is really fantastic to be able to learn that, have excess slides and go fast when it is required, that is on stage management. No fixed number of slides because it is dependent on the person and now to summarize the whole thing and I am very glad that was a photograph just walked in, the timing is so good that you come in at the time when I finish. What I tried to do as one person I cannot change the world, but I can change the world of one person. So, if anyone of you listening to me decided that I am going to implement these guidelines and you decide that you are going to change from today, I think I served the purpose that was my objective. Now I will finish with this to convey that how important is time. Yesterday is a cancelled check which has no meaning, what is the yesterday which I am referring to those 20 years where I was not speaking English, pre 1996 days where I was not speaking English even though I had lot of theoretical knowledge grammar, poem, prose all I was good you know marks were also good all those are fine, but what is the use you have to put it in practice right. So, those were the cancelled check I cannot worry about a cancelled check, past is past, present tense what you see and perceive is the only reality and you must take note of that. Now tomorrow is a promissory note unless you encash it has no meaning, what is the meaning of having a promissory note that I will give you 10 lakh worth of something, what do you use unless you encash. So, future is also fictitious, today is the only cash that you have spend wisely, what is that cash I am referring to the time. If you have time today and if you prepare well create your content decide on how to deliver, sequence of slides on stage management, time adjustment, give an effective presentation then you are using your time effective, time is precious. Now on instead of wasting time on different things and important things, if you have a story to tell make that story as powerful as possible do your best, because present tense is the only reality and that will make your future better, no point in having a promissory note, no point in having a cancelled check. So, spend your time wisely and with that I think I should stop and thank you all for listening to me for last two days.