 So thanks for the invitation and for being to come tonight. So as a viewer right now, I'm a microbiologist. And then I came from Brazil to Germany to get or at least try to get my PhD. How much time do I have? Maybe when I want a project to be able to be a microbiologist. So what I want to do today is just try to convince you why you also should care about these. And why studying the new microbiome for the bacteria and fungi in the virus can help to understand these issues. Because if you're living in Germany and in Bulgaria, you already know that there's some movement and some politics related to these. So here people are trying for one million signatures for saving the biodiversity. So today, I just want to talk to you a little bit why you also should care and why these people dress like these, why they're important. You see? So first of all, I think I wanted to propose just a really brief exercise. So for example, when you go to Susuma, what's the first product that reminds you about these? Right? I think it's more or less like a consensus to everybody. But what if I tell you that these also help to bring different stuff to you? So what if I tell you that kidney food is also brought by these? That like Mary, the avocado, the apple, apple, apple, tomato and all of these products they have at least a small amount of them to arrive for you. So in the way that these have to bring this food to you and all these products to you is through the combination. So the combination is nothing but the process of bringing the product from the male product to the female product. So like it sounds very simple, but for the plants it's going to be hard because probably you'll regularly realize and the plants they don't move that much. So they need a small help. So the way the combination can happen is to the wind, to the water, or the more efficient way biologically. So the plants they evolve into flowers which are colorful, which are basic because they produce an act which would attract animals. So those animals they came to the flower to feed and they see that the flower is something different from the rest of the grasses. And then without knowing, without realizing, they carried the ball to the different ball from the male flower to the male flower. And then they have this combination and they have the food which is nothing than a baby product. So the thing is that the combination can be done, it happens for different animals, but the thing is that the bees are really, really, really efficient preliminary. So as you see here that's a bubble tea and it's completely covered by pollen. And the things that are the same way the plants evolve into flowers to attract animals, the bees they evolve to be really efficient preliminary. So they have this correlation and this really good relationship with the plants in the bubble. So just to give you another example, the honey bees, so the ordinary bees that you probably already know, they are responsible by 13% of all the bees in all the flowers in the world. And it changes a lot, so depending on the species it can reach 85%. And we also have some bees, which are specifically pollinators for specific species of plants. So for example, this bee I worked with, the Red Maison Bee, is a really good pollinator of apple plants. Here just another date just to show you why, how dependent they are on the pollination. So the total amount of all the money that is done every year by pollinated crops, so crops which depends on pollinators, it's 200 billion dollars for you. So it's a lot, a lot of money. But the bee, and that's probably what we already know, bees they are having a really hard time. So they are dying, they are dying a lot and very fast. So we have one statistic here, and then we have a statistic for all the other places depending on the species and depending on the country. But for example, in the United States, that's when the research that was done with six species, we see that they lost around 96% in numbers, so in abundance. And when you check the space for the area, you'll find they lost 87% of the area they used to walk by in 20 years, which is the losses on most 100, so they lost almost every day of the day. And if you check, for example, the commercial bees, so the honey bees, and the hyphens, really produce honey, we have a loss of 5% in the US and 25% here in Europe since 2006. And it doesn't seem too much, because in Europe we are not that dependent on pollination and in this agricultural pollution as they are in the US, but it's a lot of losses. And the thing is that we are not sure yet what's the process of the death, so what's causing the death of the bees in general, but we know that it's correlated with a lot of stuff and most of them are kind of obvious. The first of them is the pollution, as you can imagine, so chemical pollution is also correlated with the death, so not just chemicals, for example, on the waterbys, on the ground, but also atmospheric pollution and also the increasing use of antibiotics on the livestock growing. And that's why, because when you release the antibiotics environment, you create antibiotic resistant bacteria, so then they're really more strong than the normal bacteria, which infect all the insects and also humans. We also know that the intensification of agriculture has a huge correlation with this and it's also kind of obvious, but you know for example that the use of pesticides is really, really bad for the bees. So we have a really fresh new bee, it's in Portuguese because it's a Brazilian new but I will translate for you. So that's when you found Tuesday, so two days ago, so they saw that the introduction of a single pesticide was able to cure 30 million bees in one month in single pesticide. And we also know that the increasing monoculture cultivation also has a correlation with this, why? Because when you reduce the diversity of flower and then you reduce the diversity of plantae or plantae, you also have to take options for this because as I told you before, some bees there are really specific for some flowers and they really don't want to eat all the other flowers and then they, okay, I need to travel three hours to find my flower, so that it costs a lot of energy for bees. And in the end, we also see increasing infection rate for different kinds of parasites. So, not just virus and bacteria, but also some mites. And those mites, this one is called maroon, maroon mites is really violent and kills a whole hive in kind of one week. And we see that the bees are getting more prone to be infected by this kind of parasites. So here you can see how devastating this infection is and it's really hard to pick because it's spread over all the colonies really fast. And here you can see when bees are infected by a virus. So they also get more prone to be infected by this virus. So one way to study and try to understand what's going on can be done by studying their microbiome. So the microbiome is the whole group of microorganisms which inhabit a living being. So we have our microbiome, your dog has your microbiome, and the bees we also have. So we have a lot of bacteria present in our nuts and then they are digesting our food and producing a lot of vitamins for us. And the same happened with the bees. So, and by the way, that's what we do on our research group. We study how microbiome populations, how they change and how they adapt when you change any condition in the environment or in the body or in the soil and so on. And the same happens with the bees. So for example, we know that the microbiome provides a lot of good stuff for the bees. So for example, the microbiome, so the bacteria, the fungi and the other virus, perhaps, they can, for example, provide a kind of metabolic complementation. So for example, if the bee feeds from some sort of sugar or some sort of pollen and it is not able to digest this pollen, it can be digested by actually... So in case you don't have a healthy microbiome on the gut, the sugars, they accumulate and then become toxic. We also know that a healthy microbiome can provide the proper conditions to ferment in those sugars. So because the sugars, which are the bee feed from the pollen, from the nectar, they are digested by the gut, also by the gut microbiome. And this fermentation does happen in a certain acidity in a certain oxygen concentration. So if you change the microbiome, this concentration of oxygen and also the acidity of the gut change, and then the bees are not able to digest it more properly. We also know, and that was shown already in humans, but it's quite clear that it also happened to me and also in other animals, that some bacteria present on the gut can interact with the system we have with us and has a straight correlation with our central nervous system. So it can change your behavior and the production of some hormones, which is really critical when you have, for example, a large bee. So if you have a large bee that is not having the right expression of the hormones, it doesn't develop properly. So you have a seed bee in the future. So a seed added doesn't develop properly. So the presence of the right microbiome on the very end of the life is really essential for the health of the bee. And we also know that certain bacteria can give a boost on the immune system. So that's what I had an experience with, to show you here now. So in 2017, a group of scientists, what they did was they managed to grow a group of bees without any microbiome. They were sterile. They took a mixture of the gut, of these bacteria. So that's the gut of a bacteria without any microbiome, any bacteria. And then they did this very same group of bees and then they infected with one bacteria, one strand of bacteria. And they saw that the gut changed. So you have the normal gut here or actually the gut without any bacteria and then you have the same gut. In fact, it's just one bacteria. And then they saw, oh, sorry, they saw the producing of this scab kind of bacteria. It's like a band of melanin. So it's an intense melanization of the gut, which is triggered by an intense stimulation of the immune system. So when you compare the two patterns here, so for example, the pattern on the micro-free gut with the pattern of this infected gut with just one bacteria, you see that the immune system is completely different. So this immune system here is more active, so it's more easy to defend from infection easily than compared to the other one. So that's just to show and simplify how the presence of just one bacteria can change the whole life. So imagine the whole and the function of a whole microbiome and healthy microbiome with thousands and thousands and thousands of species of bacteria. So the picture we have in the end when we study the group, so the bacteria and the microbiome, what we have, that's all these changes and all these environmental factors. They like antibiotics, chemicals, they must change in the diet so not having the proper foods and the proper flowers. They have first one impact on the microbial composition of the bacteria and then you have the consequences for it because in this case we're not studying one organism or the other, we're studying the whole virus, which is an overturn that we see to study not just the individual, but the individual and the microbiome because they evolve together. So you have all these consequences, so like the immune dysfunction, as you saw before, so they get more crunched. In fact, you have this metabolic unbalance, so you have accumulation of oxysubstance which they cannot digest. You also have hormone oscillations as I said before and the change of the behavior. So for example, one of the causes that was shown by the column collects is that the bees, they leave in the morning to get sugar and so on and they cannot come back to the hive because they don't know where they are and then it's caused and can be caused by the chain of the microbiome but we know that it's caused by the immune process. And then you have the actinomy. So it's passed first by the microbiome composition because they have the first contact with the environment from the gut and then this kind of goes to the bee. So that's exactly what I'm doing or trying to do again in my project. So we have, that's my bee but wait, it's the right bees and bees. It's not a it's not a social insect. It has a it's a wild bee, a solitary bee. So it has it on site, it doesn't have a hive. So I'm studying how the change on gland used in intestine, intestine can change the microbiome on the gut of this bee and try to understand how which kind of traits healthy microbiome provides for this bee and what's lacking when you have a marriage environment and these are the, well in the station, those are my, my best rights. And here was so that's the picture we are trying to understand how the microbiome and the bee, how they correlate and how the change in the environment also has an impact on the bee to try to understand which is the mechanism in the eye. Right? But for example, probably if you are worried about your health and our survival because our lifestyle depends on the point, how can you have, how can we have more of this, right? I should say that Germans and people here, they are doing very well because as we saw before we have this safety which claims for more green space and less use of pesticides and on my point of view that's the best way to act so politically because here you can see the difference as we saw before so with the introduction of a single pesticide can give you a whole population of bees very, very fast. But even if you want to have on your own place and then no present for your family you can, I don't know, stock your own garden it helps, it really helps so increasing the diversity of flowers or at least keeping the flowers you already have at the speed or have some new backyard. It also helps a lot. You can do how to create a set garden or a house for bees this one needs to be quite easy you just have to hang these real sticks on your wall for a ratio of yellow not that close to your house it also helps very much and it's quite easy because they come and you should go up and then they just come and you can eat, I don't know it's a tip but it's probably not that useful so just don't bring in any strange species to Germany and also spiders, frogs and so on because that's important and you can also encourage people who bring cultivation so people are not using pesticides for any of the supermarket and you see a green product I know that's a little bit more expensive but it really makes sense because what we need to do is a transition for what we are seeing now to something more sustainable and that really makes all the difference so thank you very much so for having me very good so is the market of bees different say in Europe and in the US can that be explained by bees in Europe so far or not what do you think is really specific not just for the bee but for any place so for example you can check the microbial so if you check the microbial on the soil and you have a certain microbial so if it drops present on a piece of pizza the microbial changes so that's really specific in change really really fast we don't know exactly why they are surviving more in the US than here but it also has different factors not just the microbial sort of weather so that depending on the countries of the north when you go the last important pollination is because you don't have that many costs and you also have the particularities of the population so it's really a lot of factors of the same time so I have the fear that's not because of the microbial so the microbial can explain what's happening in the future of the population is that it? yes thank you so as clients is most susceptible to like would be most affected by the pollination by what? which clients would be most pollinated is it more important or most susceptible to impact? so like you just said in the northern regions the opportunity is most affected by the environment so it's just because for example in the north when you go because when you go to the tropics there are cultures generally there are cultures more important and more efficient that's where it comes in they have production for four years so it goes to the north it's not easy because of the weather so that's something to see sorry? yes just because of the for example the economy in my country is really dependent on agriculture so for us it's more critical than for us in the Netherlands and like do you know what happens when agriculture in say Germany is like all of this 30% of the population would disappear if all would be applied? yes because what I shown in the beginning for example for any number of foods and plants importance of pollination change for example what they use to put the hive on the farm and then just the trees they increase the rates of pollination so the pollination can be done manually but for example there are statistics about the world as a whole and I think if you need to pay for the pollination it's like the whole income so it's like you probably can do it manually or you can do it another set but then you actually leave so I think it's better to preserve it and then try to re-evaluate it here is the question here in the third room basically I will just give you a story I really have a wall to record so if I give you my questions you are talking about microbeam and if I think about microbeam quite a bit if you connect the microbeam from the bee outside inside so you are waiting for it to come in front or you are going to have to wait for it to come in front or you are going to have to wait for it to come in front it depends because it's also it depends the different the question is different so now I am working with puppy so the puppy is the state that comes from the microbeam it's like a reminiscence microbeam went from the larvae that's really the point for the bee's room so if you change the evolution point for the bee's side you change the question so for example if I take the microbeam of the larvae I'm checking what's the impact of the microbeam on the development that was proved the right that the microbeam is really really really stable so for example if you need to optimize the technique that's what I'm doing now optimizing technique because that's really tricky to do because when you go to the animal the microbeam has a huge variance because it depends on the time the thing that you take it depends on how much food it has how do you take it from the from the from the microbeam so that's part of the the microbeam that's usually the end of the day when we're going to the bee's room I'm not sure that's pretty perfect thank you I think this was a nice note we're all out thanks very much thank you so much for watching please subscribe and don't forget to leave a like