 During this module, we are looking into assessment of risk in different situations. The risk assessment process is a careful examination of what could cause harm, who and what could be harmed and how. So, you know, this is something very trivial to see that harm could come in many shapes and forms and who are possible audiences for facing that harm and how we can avoid that. It helps to determine what risk control measures are needed, if existing resources and facilities are adequate to ensure risk control or if project needs to be altered accordingly. Once it has been identified that the certain risks and harms are there, so, can our project already have capable sources to deal with them? There are two main elements associated with probability and magnitude of harm. The first one is probability of harm. It is the likelihood that the specific harm might occur, but not all possible harms are equally probable. The second one is magnitude of such harm, that how much it is, you know, dangerous, how much it is intense and how we can, you know, eliminate that harm because the magnitude is either low or the magnitude is either strong. It may not be possible to identify clearly probability and magnitude of risk in a study. Giving you an example, asking college students to write about the worst thing that have ever happened to them is unlikely to cause serious stress and there is no way to know how much. Like we cannot say that when an individual explores his past memories and he is going to write about something worst ever happened to him, then what can happen? Because that is something which lies in his memory and no matter how much he is distressed or how painful he is, we cannot identify that how much harm and magnitude of that harm might occur. So, researchers need to be prepared to respond to distress and how can they prepare themselves If, you know, a bad memory is so intense that it can even lead towards, you know, triggering that memory or what trigger hokar usko koi panic attack aksakta hai, usko koi PTSD ki clear flash back memories aksakti hai, usko koi asa attack hosakta hai, jo ke uswag researcher ke liye manage karna juh hai, wo agar usne pehre se preparation nahi kiwi toh difficult hosakta hai. So, in these situations, hme emergency me backup ke upar jo hai, wo ek therapist ki bhi zurorat hai, hme uswag care ke liye hospitalization ki zurorat bhi prsakti hai, hme uswag koi emergency situation ko handle karne ke liye social workers ki zurorat bhi prsakti hai. Then, situation and time, few risks are specific to time, situation and culture, thus, what may be a socially sensitive issue or topic at one time or place may not be so at another time. For instance, agar iss wagth hme social media ki baat karthi hai, ke uska jo hai, wo safe use kita important hai, probabili aad se 10 saal ke baad hme nahi pata ke, wo bhaat zada important hojaya gaya, wo unimportant hojaya. Similarly, agar hme prsapas me jaayin, toh we used to see ke bohat saare wo bombing attacks hua karte hai, trains ke tracks ke upar. Uswag agar researches koi opinion survey kar hai about traveling in a train, in a public train aur uske saath saath unhi days ki hendar isra ke incidents ho rahe hai, the day the researcher is going to conduct a research aur last night koi train me blast ho jaayin to uske jo opinions hai wo public ke totally different hoonge, rada den ke boh kisi aur point of time par, wo hi same survey jo hai wo conduct fare. For example, asking a woman if they had abortion would carry very different risks in different culture and their religious and legal attitude towards it. Now this is something which could be considered very different in different cultures, in different social settings, in different religions and even at times in different societies. So within a country, in different societies, this could be seen in a very different way. So hum pehle se ye assess nahi kar sakte, ke uski jo magnitude hai wo kitna bada hoega, lekin it depends on the situation and time. Then participants' population also matters a lot. He ne jis population se hum jaakar questions pooch nahi hai, at times ye bhi determine karna muskil hota hai, ke uss population ke liye uska harm zyada hoega yakam. This will differ according to the participants' population too. For example, purchasing tobacco product is generally illegal for teenagers but not for adults. So while studying efficiency of smoking cessation intervention in adults and teenagers, assessment of risk for teenagers should consider that study may focus on illegal activity. Like wo hi cheez agar hum ek specific age group ke logon par apply kare hain, to un ke liye shahid wo illegal hai, ekin agar hum baaki logon ke liye kare hain, to that may not be found to be illegal. So differences between the participants' population means a lot. Agar hum ek driving ke aptitude ka test kare hain, aur uske andar hum kate hain ke at certain point of a time the driver is asked to drive as fast as he can. So the participants of that population, if they are below 18 or if they are of a very old age, they may not be the suitable participants aur un se ye experiment karana bahut riski hoega. Rather than to the participants who are appropriate of age and who are an illegal age of driving aur jinn ke pas driving license hai, and they are not too young or too old to participate in that specific research. So these are the three points which are very important for the assessment of risk in population and research ethics ke jo guidelines hain, ko in risk assessment ke saath saath define karthi hain ke hum ekko kishthra se minimise kar sakte hain.