 Zodd y Cyffrthuanrwch Ffrogram is a gymhagjol sawl fynd i'w cyfraffwch. So rydych chi'n cael ei chyffrwch ar gyfer Clotein Llywos. Gallwch chi'n bwysig i'ch 10 yma, fel mae'n cyfrwch yn 2014 yn ystafiliol mae angen i'r ddisgrifus eu pethau i pam Llywos wedi flynyddoch i'r meddwl sy'n cyffrwch cyfroffch ar gyfer Llywos ac mae'r cwmhysbethau sydd yn gofyn o'r gwleidio. Mae'r ffordd yn bwysig o'r ddweud o'r hwnnw ddweud o'r gwrthod, oedd ymdweud yn gwybodaeth o'r modd south o'r ymdweud. Mae ymdweud hon yn cyfwilio ac mae'n cydweithio gwybod o'r gwrthod o'r ymdweud, rwy'n gwybod o'r cydweithio'r cydweithio, are people are working papers and technical notes, academic papers, blogs, and policy notes. Also an important component of the work is the delivery of training events and training retreats locally within our partner countries. The aims of these retreats and training courses wedi rhoi gweld fawr yma o'r program ystyried am gwybodol a'r modelau ar ymgyrchidogaeth a'r mynedd. Felly gweld â'r modelau yw yn ymgyrchidogaeth, ar gyflwystech, a i'r cyfansio'r cyfansio a'r cyfansio'r cyffan yw ar hynod o'r cyflwystaeth wedi amgyrchidogaeth a'r cyfansio ar y mynedd a'r cyfansio ac yn ymgyrchodau. Gwyddo am y gwybod, mae'r gweithio'r hwn o'r gweithio'r gweithio'r hwn. Mae'n hoffi'r cyfnod o'r gweithio'r gweithio'r modl a'r gweithio'r modl yw i gydag'r cyfnodol ar gyfer y tacksydd o'r grifithau sydd o'r gweithio'r gweithio ar fynd. As part of this research retreat, we, as a team, have worked with the local experts and the participants to design these policy reforms and then to empirically test the impact of these potential reforms, both in terms of government expenditures or revenues, but also in terms of poverty and inequality. The outputs of some of these research retreats have been some policy notes, and the presentations you'll hear today relate to these policy notes that have been produced. So I'm very pleased to welcome our presenters today. So from the Vietnam team, I'm pleased to present Tran Minh Minh. Minh is the Deputy Director of the Department for Sectoral and Industrial Policy Studies at a Central Institute for Education. At the Central Institute for Economic Management, the Ministry of Planning and Investment in Vietnam. From Tanzania, Vincent Learo. Vincent is a senior lecturer in the Department of Economics at the University of Darae Salaam in Tanzania. He is also an external research fellow at the Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade at the University of Nottingham. Representing the Zambian team, we have Miselo Boalia. Miselo is a research fellow at the Zambian Institute for Policy Analysis and Research, or ZIPAR. From Ghana, we have Prince Bar. Prince is a research affiliate of the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research at the University of Ghana. We also have a participant who has not been able to join us in person today, but who has provided a pre-recorded video. This individual is Fenorio Castigo, who is part of the Mozambique team. Fenorio is a research specialist at the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Mozambique. I'm also pleased to welcome our discussant today, Yese Lastunan. Yese is a research associate here at UNU Wider, where his work focuses on tax benefit micro-simulation models, and he plays a central role in the self-program. So, with that, I'd like to welcome our first presenter, Min. Come and take the stage. Thank you very much, David, for the introductions and the opening remarks. First of all, I would like to say some few words about thank you for the wider and for organising this conference, and also inviting me for presenting here the case of Vietnam. So, because of time constraints, I will betray my best to be certain. So, first, David, have to say something about the SouthMorth programme. So, you know that this is like the joint collaborations between the EuroMorth team, the SouthSpray, and the country from Africa and Asia, where Vietnam is presenting. And Vietnam was also a choice in the first phase, and we collaborated with a lot of Chinese developing the model, maintaining the models, and also further improved the model. Just by now, we have the different versions of VNMorth, which also enable us to incorporate in the policy formulations. And we will tell to the government how the policy reform influenced the poverty, the inequality, tax increase in the progressivity or the revenues for the public. And we also further improved the VNMorth by having some of the policy note and also some of the forthcoming extension, which I will present later. So, for the first policy note, we try to assimilate the cash transfer for supporting the self-employed women in Vietnam. So, for this topic, from literatures, we know that the women face a lot of obstacles. So, for example, they have more responsibility to take care of the children. They have lower assets to credit, or they are being discriminated by the social and the country norms. They also have a low technical skills, or they have limited business network. So, we use data from the Vietnam House Living Standards Survey, which is every two years we did the surveys in 2002. That the self-employed women so account for very large share of the total self-employed. About 66% in 2020, but the positive earnings was only accounted for 30%. So, you can see on the slide here the average income of the self-employed women, which is lower than the main. In terms of both the region, the location where they do the business, or the poverty status. So, also from the literatures, we know that there have been some policy that is being implemented for the female entrepreneur. And mostly it is support for the education and training. But there has not yet been available any social cash transfer targeted to self-employed women. So, we make some agreement for the government to have some kind of cash transfer as the alternative policy to support the target group. And we try to simulate three hypothetical reforms. So, the first one is we provide all the cash transfer, the same amount for all self-employed women in the sample. And the second scenario is we basically distinguish between the poor and the non-poor. And we provide more for the poor and less for the non-poor. And the third scenario is that we base on the locations where they stay. So, we provide more for the rural and the remote area and less for those living in the urban area. So, by using DVN mode, we have the outcomes as you can see on the slides. So, the first column is the baseline. So, that means the existing one. And the last three columns is the three reform scenarios. So, where we can see that after the simulating, the average income of self-employed women is increasing. So, that we can have that kind for them to supplement for the capital, the working capital or also want to leave them out of poverty. And we also see that the disparity between groups like the poor and the non-poor and the men and the women and also the location where they stay, the rural and the urban is also decreased. So, here you can see some of the figures. So, by that, we make some recommendations to the government on the policy can be designed with some of the conditions. So, for example, like providing some share of the, a certain shares of the business to be invested in their own business or either to be linked with other existing policy for changing to female entrepreneurs. For the second one, we try to simulate the conditional cash transfer for promoting the participation rate of ethnic minority children. So, also from the literature, we do some literature reviews and we found out that there has been substantial disparity between the children, the educational set of children, ethnic minority children and the normal children. We call it the vegetarian. So, because the ethnic minority, they have some barrier. They have low awareness of education because of their geographical remote because of their civil weather, the poverty or the language barrier so that they fail to recognize the benefit of the education. So, how can we, how we can finance for such initiative? So, we make some hypothetical reforms of rearranging the personal income tax for both of the tax bracket and the rate. So, you can see here we have the baseline scenario which is the existing scheme for the personal income tax and here is the reform scenario where we reduce the tax bracket and we increase the tax rate so that we have some expectation on having more fun for financing the scheme. Also similar to the previous policy note, we also classify into three policy reforms. One is the normal one for apply for all children, ethnic minority children at the age from 10 to 15 and the conditional is that they only provided the cash support if they go to school. So, we provide, so in order to increase enrollment rate, the participation rate as well as to enhance the transfer. So, we also just provide the difference between the poor ethnic minority and the non-poor and also the rural urban characteristic. So, from three scenarios we found out that the second scenario seemed to be the most effective and the national poverty rate will be reduced by 0 by 39 percentage point and the kidney of inequality also reduced by 0.20, 21. So, we make some, also some policy recommendations for the government should be like the tax increase on, adjusting the tax increase on high income so that to fund for education support and I think that this is also quite relevant for justification for if there is an policy adjustment. And for some forthcoming extensions, we are working with Dr Antonin and Jesse about some of the COVID-related benefits in 2020 and also some other projects that we try to extend the application of VN mode on developing the feasibility, feasible investment strategy for excite tax on tobacco so that we can do, we can have some fund for sustainable development goals. So, here is some of the possible channel that we can have if we adjust excite tax on tobacco. So, for example, like SDG123 which is the focus for the poor and the young generations on the gender equality if we can empower the women or we reduce some side effects of the use of tobacco or we have some more income for the family and we also touch upon some of the SDG on environment where we can reduce the GHG productions. Yes, I will skip that for and about the COVID related benefit. So, this will be published and in this study we try to estimate the adverse effect of the pandemic for the lowest income quartile. So, they are the poorest and they got the benefit from the government. So, by using VN mode we found that the earning reduced the earning of such group when reduced by 1.5% on average but because they got the benefit they got the policy reforms. So, the change in the disposable income was positive. So, you can see that here that because the COVID related benefit in the black one and the disposable income is here. So, it can be offset by some of the policy reforms. So, in the future we are going to expand more the VN mode to the previous topic that we mentioned and we also want to further improve the VN mode to capture more multidimensional poverty or some sustainable aspect. So, that's my presentation. Thank you very much.