 All the questions will be answered in time. Can we hear me now? Yes sir. Similar to the questions that you had during your time. I'm having another question also that... And there are no negative comments. No negative? No negative. Sir, whether the question will be repeated? Like, from assignment, whether any questions we ask in the exam? It's possible. You don't know exactly what it is possible that some questions would be repeated. On which basis you put the model for the assignment? On the basis of the answer that you had. On the basis means... Okay. And then if you type it... Sir, this is meant that many students reporting that they are not getting feedback for the assignment repeatedly. So that was a two assignment problem. Because it's a machine marking. So there were some technical issues. So that all those will be taken care of. Even right now if you see your... So today you must have received the answer key for the final to assignment 21 and 22. But even after that if you see your final score, it will still be next. And it... Those are the people who we said that they will get the extra mark. Because of whatever issues that was there. But right now it will not be visible not there. But when you get your final certificate and the final mark. Because we'll have to look into each one of your answers and sort of do something manually. So that will be done eventually before you get your certificate. So please do not panic if you do not see that correction right now. But it will eventually be done. So written note that is 22 assignment we have stuck with that set for the exam. How many assignments will you consider for the assignment? It is for your final score. Whatever total marks that you get from your assignment. 40% weightage will be given for that. And then whatever marks you get from your final exam. 60% marks will be taken from there. So it will be made your final score. But you just want to know whether the video is enough for the internet or any other books? You can go to the video, listen to the lecture. And go to the handouts. And the assignments that they are already. Then put it out for the exam. But you just want to know whether the certificate will actually work. I totally understand you. You just want to know whether the certificate will be based on your marks. Or given that they have completed it. Couple of things. Number one, the certificate will be given to only those who have registered and appear for the examination. That is number one. For all those who appear for the examination. The certificate as you may have seen in the announcement. There are four kinds of certificates. Depending on how much marks you get. If you have overall, finally you get 90% there above. You get the elite plus gold medal certificate. Between 80 to 90, you get the elite certificate. If it is 70 to 80. If it is 80 to 90, you get the elite. If it is 50 to 70, you get completed certificate. And if you get below 50%, you get a certificate of participation. But this is only for those who appear for the exam. There are, I don't know amongst you, but there are a lot of people who are going to the course. But they have not registered for the exam. Even though they may have completed all assignments and whatever. But they will not be getting the certificate. After appearing for the exam. How many days? There are two days of examinations that are going to happen. 27th and 27th of March, right? There are n feature which is conducting the exam and registering the certificate. After that, it will be 2 to 3 days after the exam. 27th of March, you will be getting the certificate. Both online and after 2 or 3 days. Do you want to know whether the same course is available for the next session? Because the course will be available for the next year. We are working on it right now. Because there are some issues that we have to take care of. These were there in the current course. So we will be making an announcement. So right now I would not want to promise that it will happen or not. Most likely it will happen. But that announcement will be made in a month. But we would like it to happen. But we are trying to fix some issues. The videos are available. Yes, we will talk with NPTEL. They would be definitely possible for them to provide the answers. But as of now, it is just the videos and the handouts. What we have understood from NPTEL is that they are working on it. As soon as it is available, it will make it available. It will be available. But we don't know where they are working on it. How many subjects or how many courses you can attend? The exam happens only in one time slot. So logically, you won't appear for the exam. You can attend any number of courses. You can register for any number of courses. But to give the exam, you can only get two exams. Madam, please repeat your question. They just want to know that only a student can attend the course or even a student can take a course. Anybody can attend the course. Anybody who arrives now, any person with a graduate degree can attend the course. Any age, any gender, anywhere, currently, anywhere in the world, but only people who are studying in India can attend the course. Any number of graduates? How do we calculate the percentage? Can you please repeat your question? How do we calculate the percentage? One moment, sir. RGCT, please. I think you are using a lot of microphones or something out there. Use only the laptop's microphone. There is something interfering in between. A laptop will not have so many voices. I think if you are using any additional microphones, please cut it off. Use only the laptop's microphone. Go ahead. Okay, tell me. Whatever you want to ask, please ask. In India, how can we calculate the percentage of disease? Any disease? Total population of disease? By the ordinary person. How to calculate the percentage of disease? Percentage of disease from the total population of India. By the ordinary person. Question, what is answer? Percentage of population. Percentage of people with disease out of the population. Is equal to what? Revalence of incidence ratio or stress ratio? What is the... Can somebody answer that? Then I will answer your question. Percentage of people with disease of the total population. What is this? Is it prevalence? Is it incidence? Is it possible? It is above 90 and relative division. And if I want to do higher research on the subject... You want this again? There is a lot of... If I get above 90 in this exam, and if I want to do higher research on the same subject, how can I do it? You get above 90 in this exam. And then you want to appear again. In individual courses, or certificate courses, run by individual, to improve your knowledge or a time skill in a particular area. This is just an added qualification to your CD. At the moment, it's not... To our knowledge, it's going to be recognized by universities. It may be an added advantage in some situations, depending on how the employer or an education institution looks at this certificate in university. It depends on that context. Currently, this is not a set of... A replacement for any other courses for enrolling in advanced courses in the country, advanced degree programs in the country. I have a query about what is the tax rate. Just give an answer to you. I want to educate you in the presence of two components. One is the numerator and the other is the denominator. What do you think will be the numerator and what do you think will be the denominator? Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the answer? Can you respond to the answer? Yes, sir. Thank you. I am waiting for the answer. I have spoken already. I have asked you a question. You asked the question, what is the tax rate? I said yes. It has a numerator and a denominator. I am now asking you, what do you think will be the numerator and what do you think will be the denominator? Can you just walk through the lecture? Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the denominator? People who are touching on the denominator will not be able to answer the question. And in the numerator, people who are touching on the denominator will not be able to answer the question. The number of digits that is the numerator and the number can be the denominator. Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the answer? Can you hear the document? Can you hear the document? We just wanted to instead of a board, we thought we would write it on a piece of paper. You can write it for the lab. You can write it for the lab and see the same lab topics. You can write it on the software. You can write it on the chair. You know what is the incident? I have a chat. What is the incident? Any of you can also chat. Any of you can also chat the message. You can text the message and text it. Any of you can text if you want to text it, you can type. You can type the message and there will be seeds. What is the incident? What is the numerator and what is the denominator? Sir, they are typing something. The denominator is equal to the total population. What is the numerator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? What is the denominator? For example, if we are thinking of, if you want to know the incidence of measles in children, then the numerator would be the total number of children in a particular time period who get measles. And the denominator would be all those children who are prone to get or who are what is acceptable to getting measles, right. It's not, there it will not be the total population because we are in measles only children get. Adults will not, will usually not have to get measles. So, that is the incidence. Now, when incidence, you are calculating incidence for communicable disease, infectious disease, diseases where you can get epidemics and outbreaks, there instead of the word incidence, we use the word attack rate. So, even say for hypertension, for example, you will have incidence of hypertension, that is the number of new cases, number of new cases of hypertension divided by the total population at risk for hypertension. But there we will not use the word attack rate, but if it is measles, if it is jaundice, if it is viral fever, like cholera, HIV, all those places. So, in the only communicable disease is infectious disease, instead of incidence, we can use the word. I have one question for you. Are you beginning in school or are you a medical student? No sir, we are engineering, biomedical engineering student. How come it is implemented? When you mention the word bench research, tell us what is the meaning of the word bench research? The technique. So, how come it is implemented? Implemented. That means views, their thoughts, their decisions, their institutions. And then we will talk about bench research and applied research. Bench research is a basic research which contributes to invention, formulation of some test strategies, diagnosis of technology, how instruments can be developed. Some laboratory tests can be perfected, new methodologies that can be potentially used is tested in the laboratory condition, some of the new technologies are tested in first lab because it is applied in the clinic or in the population. So, basic research or bench research involves laboratory tests, developing technology, instrument, new development new drug molecules, identifying new drug molecules and then when they are in a state that the basic research or bench research has come to a state that okay now we have these products. The product could be a test, the product could be a technology, the product could be a test, the product could be an instrument. And then it has to be used by a doctor or a laboratory technician or a microbiologist or the pharmaceutical industry. It needs to be tested in human population or animal population, right? Drug has to be tested first in animal population, correct? And then it comes to human being. In human being it is tested, the drugs are tested for its safety first and then it is tested for its usefulness for a health condition. So, taking an example of drugs, a drug is developed in bench research through testing of molecules, number one. And in it is tested, it is used in first in animal to check whether they are safe and then subsequently it is used in human being to see whether it is still safe for human beings without disease and human beings with their particular disease. And finally, what we call in that course as clinical trial, it is conducted in a controlled setting in human population either in screening or in the community to see whether the drug works or not for a particular health condition. There is a bench research contributes for example, in developing a drug for a health condition and this is true for a technology. For example, you suppose the biomedical engineer, you in particular, the group in particular invent a machine, a small app that can replace status quo, a small gadget by the look of it, it keeps up for trains for example. You test it in the laboratory for example and then you give it to doctors or nurses to test in clinic or in people who have disease. Are you there? We have seen your program. Have you visited the drug example technology program? To do some tests in the bench to develop some techniques and you are putting the website in hospital or in hospital. Recently now definitely it was allowed to go privately. Private people were using the drug. It has started, they have known it previously. This is a drug introduced for consumption by doctors, by a patient for a particular condition. The drug and it uses and it so called effects that they expect that it will do and unexpected effects that it can create and sometimes adverse effects or effects that are not doing good for the patient or monitored through a method it is called pharmacometallin. When you listen to the surgery mandate lecture, a clinical trial is conducted in a control device. After the clinical trial is conducted, if a drug is declared effective to be used for condition, it is put into the market. And when it is in the market, when it is in use, when it is in use, we do it called force marketing surveillance. This is called stage 4 of the clinical trial. Stage 4 of the clinical trial. In stage 4 of the clinical trial, what we do is, when the drugs are introduced to the market, we still monitor or keep the drugs as a patient and a surveillance for the indented effects and unintended consequences. So whatever has happened in the recent 50 days, what you hear in the news, about banning of certain drugs, first of all, there is some evidence that the combination of drugs has some problems that has been reported in India or evidence has come from other countries that they cannot be marketed now. New evidence has emerged from the field, from the useless point of view. So, the country is conducting a huge formable surveillance program. Many medical colleges, many hospitals surveyed practitioners and there is a quantity of information about side effects or adverse effects or new effects of drugs that the patients have consumed. And that gets documented in a centre in Delhi for the moment of India. This is called formable surveillance program of India. And if you find that there are some patterns, energy, which is not reported well so far, it is going to be harmful. They issue a notice that let us talk. They decide based on facts that they get it from other countries, European countries or American countries or elsewhere. So we really do not know what is the basis for this ban. There may be some policy issues. There must be some reasoning why the government has done this. But then the reason that they have issues that circulate is that they are marking these drugs after they are put into use in some evidence that is available to them. Just to add a little bit to what Dr. Manikam mentioned. The government also monitors expenditures on health and health care by the people. And it is also sometimes considered that these combination drugs may be more costly than your generic single drug. So considering that at a policy level the government tries to reduce the cost of health care to the people in general. So the cost is also one consideration when framing up this policy of which kind of drugs could be available in the market, which kind of drugs can be controlled or their use is reduced. Because it is used very commonly. So those are some other issues, other aspects which are taken into consideration when having a drug policy. Sir, they are done with the questions. Okay, sir, we will wind up, sir. Also just to share through IGCT group, thank you very much. Thank you, thank you so much, yeah. IGCT, NIE, Nishesh, lots of good luck for your examinations. Yeah, there is a delay in leaving our friends because of the internet bandwidth.