 A very good evening aspirants. See prillums is fast approaching us and keeping this in mind. Shankarayez Academy has launched free All India Prillums mock test. See it is going to happen on 15th May 2022 and there are other two tests which are going to be conducted on 22nd May and 29th May. See the test will be conducted in both online and offline modes and it will be conducted across 13 centres. Make use of this free mock test and with this announcement now let us move on to the daily Hindu news analysis for the date 24th April 2022. See displayed here are the list of articles that we are going to discuss today. Without any delay let's get into the article discussion. Look at this FAQ article here. See this article it talks about the current cold crisis in India. You know that all over India the frequency of power cuts has increased with the arrival of summer. But summer arrives every year right? And why is India in crisis this year alone? See the article talks about the various conditions that led to the current situation. Then the article gives us some data about India's renewable energy capacity. It then moves on to why renewable energy cannot completely replace coal based thermal power plants. And finally the article gives us a solution to address the issue faced by the renewable energy sector. See this is the essence of the article given here. We'll cover in this discussion the points mentioned in this article in detail. But before that the syllabus relevant to the article is highlighted here for your reference please go through it. Now let us start the discussion. See first of all let us look at the conditions that led to the current crisis. See India Energy Outlook 2021 report of the International Energy Agency said that energy use in India has doubled since the year 2000. See here the important thing to note is that India Energy Outlook report is released by the International Energy Agency. See these points they'll be useful for your problems. So keep that in mind. Now coming back to the article the report also says that India will become the world's third largest energy consumer by the year 2030. Presently India is the fourth largest global energy consumer and it is behind China, United States and the European Union. So what is the prediction of the report that India will become the third largest? But the thing is presently 80% of the energy demand is still being met by coal, oil and solid biomass and coal also accounts for 55% of the country's energy. So what is the takeaway point here? India is heavily reliant on coal. So when there is a disruption in the supply of coal our whole power sector will get affected. See the disruption in coal supply did not occur overnight. It all started with the COVID pandemic. Everything started with COVID pandemic. See the pandemic related lockdown halted or stopped the mining operations. This prevented stocking up of coal. Stocking up means storing it for future. See after the pandemic the restrictions were relaxed. But then also the mining operations faced some issues due to the monsoon. All this related in the delayed arrival of coal stock to the power plants. See there are two types of coal power plants. One is the pithead coal power plants. The other one is the non pithead coal power plants. See here the pithead coal power plants are the ones that are located near the coal mine. Whereas the non pithead plants or the power plants where the coal mine is more than 1500 kilometers away. So from this itself you can know that it is the non pithead coal power plants that have coal stock more than the pithead. Why is this? See this is because they are at a greater distance from the coal mines. So the stock will be more in the non pithead coal power plants. See in our country the daily coal requirement for both pithead and non pithead plants is estimated at 85% of the plant load factor that is the PLF. Here you may wonder what is PLF? See PLF is nothing but the ratio of average power generated by the plant to the maximum power that could have been generated in a given time. So what is the daily coal requirement? It is 85% of this PLF. See the government rules say that coal stock needs to be maintained for 12 to 17 days for the pithead plants which is closer to the coal mine. And 20 to 26 days for the non pithead plants which is far away from the coal mines. But due to the disruption caused by the pandemic and the monsoon, last week coal stocks in more than 100 thermal power plants in India fell below the critical mark. That is coal stocks in these thermal power plants were less than 25% of the required stock. Let's say 100 tons of coal is the required stock but the stock that was available was below 25 tons. That is 25% of the required stock and this is what is meant by the critical mark. See this has resulted in the power plants not operating at their full capacity. This has resulted in reduced supply of electricity. On the other hand the demand has increased. See the irony power plants they are not operating at full capacity which resulted in reduced supply of electricity. But now the demand has increased. See with the pandemic related lockdown fully removed the economic activity has picked up and this has increased the electricity demand. In addition to this domestic demand for the electricity has also increased due to increased use of air conditioners. This is a result of hot Indian summers. See we are in the tropical region we experience hot summers. So the use of air conditioners also increased the demand for the electricity. So what is happening here? There is a reduction in the supply of electricity. At the same time there is increase in the demand for electricity. Naturally this will result to crisis and that is what is happening in India now. Now having seen the reason for the current crisis let us move on to see why India is heavily reliant on coal. See the first reason is coal is abundantly available in India and India holds 9.5% of global coal reserves. See India is also the world's second largest producer of coal. Since coal is cheap in India India is heavily reliant on coal for power generation. The second reason is that coal power plants have short gas station periods meaning time taken to construct a coal power plant is less than constructing a nuclear power plant or a hydroelectric power plant. And the final reason is that capital requirement for the construction of a new thermal power plant is low. Take for example the ultra mega power projects. These are coal powered thermal power plants with the 4000 megawatt capacity. Each ultra mega power project will cost around 15,000 crore. In contrast with this unit 5 and unit 6 of the Kudankulam nuclear power plant which is presently under construction they cost around 50,000 crore for construction. See the power output from these units will be 1000 megawatt from each. So the cost of thermal power plant construction is very low. See these are the reasons India is heavily reliant on coal. The first one is coal is abundant and cheap. The second one is coal power plants have short gas station periods. And the final reason is that capital requirement is low for constructing a thermal power plant when compared to nuclear or hydroelectric power plants. And having seen this now let us see what is India's position in terms of renewable mode of power production. See India currently has a total of 152.90 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity as per the government figures. This includes 50.78 gigawatt from the solar power, 40.13 gigawatt from the wind power, 10.63 gigawatt from the bio power, 4.48 gigawatt from the small hydel power and 46.52 gigawatt from the large hydel power. In addition to this the ministry of new and renewable energy as per to install 500 gigawatt of electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by the year 2030. And this is regarding the installed capacity. Now what is the contribution of renewable energy in terms of total power generation? See this figure you can use it in your mains answer. As of August 2021 the central electricity authority has said that the renewable energy sources contributed 24% of the total electricity production. And also the central electricity authority estimates that by the year 2020 to 2030 the share of the renewable energy in the gross electricity generation is expected to be around 40%. Now this is about the India's position in terms of renewable mode of power production. And with this information about the renewable mode of power production let us move on to see the challenges associated with the renewable energy sector. See renewable energy mainly solar and wind power they are highly variable. Variable meaning the production of solar and wind energy is not constant at all. In case of solar the variability is temporal that is time related. See we all know the production of solar energy is high during the noon time and is negligible before sunrise and after sunset. In case of wind energy the variability is spatial. Spatial meaning only some places have the potential to produce wind energy. In case of India wind energy production is concentrated mainly in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. In addition to this wind energy production varies with season also. See wind energy production reaches the peak during monsoon season and it slows down during winter and summer season. And this is the first issue or the first challenge with the renewable energy. But take coal power plants here they do not have this issue right. See if the coal power plant is running it can produce electricity any time of the day and any day of the year. And that's the first challenge. See the second major challenge is renewable energy production. It cannot be increased based on the power demand right. When the power demand increases the coal power plants can increase the production to match the demand. See this cannot be done with the solar and wind power. Because when it comes to solar and wind power the power production is not under the human control. See we cannot magically increase the wind speed to increase power production from the wind energy right. So these are the challenges that are associated with the renewable energy sector. And what these challenges say is that use of renewable energy requires a balancing act. See the balancing act can be achieved by innovation and transmission and storage. First of all let us see how balancing can be achieved using transmission. Take India for example India is a large country. Not all areas experience peak power demand at the same time right. So what can be done here? Wind and solar power in the southern and western India can be used to supply power to the eastern India. And thermal plants in the eastern region can supply power to the southern west areas of the Indian subcontinent. See this will result in optimum utilization of both the renewable and the thermal power plants. But this requires optimum grid management. And towards that only our government is working. And the next one is balancing can also be done using storage technology. You all know about the duck curve for the solar power right. See duck curve is a graphical representation showing the difference between demand and availability of energy throughout the day. See solar power production is high during the noon when the power requirement is low. So what happens here during noon there is a over production of solar power. While in the evenings the electricity demand will be high but the solar power production will be low. See this mismatch can be addressed by efficiently storing the excess power produced in the noon time. See there are lots of innovations in the electricity storage technologies. It includes innovations in lithium ion batteries, thermal batteries, pumped hydro, stacked block technologies and energy stored in compressed air. See when power can be efficiently stored the demand supply mismatch can be addressed. Now coming back to the article how quickly can India move away from the coal. The answer is not very quickly. For India to completely move away from coal renewable energy production must become cheaper and power storage technology must mature and become affordable. See our finance minister has said that despite push for renewables India will require base load capacity of coal based generation for stability and also for energy security and that's all about the article discussion. So what all we saw in this discussion we saw about the conditions that led to the current coal crisis in India. We saw the report India Energy Outlook 2021 which said that India's energy use has doubled since the year 2000 and it also says that by the year 2030 India will become the third largest energy consumer. See India is heavily reliant on coal so a little disruption in the supply of coal disrupts the whole power sector and we saw that pandemic related lockdown and the monsoon disrupted the mining operations which resulted in delayed arrival of coal stock to the power plants. And we saw that last week the coal stocks has reduced below the critical mark which is 25% of the required stock. This resulted in reduced supply of electricity. On the other hand the demand has increased. Why the demand has increased? Because of the pickup in the economic activity and increase in the domestic demand. And what is this domestic demand? Increased use of air conditioners as a result of hot Indian summers. And we saw why India is heavily reliant on coal. The first reason is that coal is abundantly available in India and it is cheap. The second reason is coal power plants have short gestation period which means it takes less time to construct a coal power plant. The final reason is that capital requirement for construction of a new thermal power plant is low when compared to nuclear and hydroelectric power plants. And we saw India's position in terms of renewable mode of production. India currently has a total of 152.90 gigawatt of renewable energy capacity as per the government figures. It includes power from solar, wind, bio power, small hydel and the large hydel. See India aspires to install 500 gigawatt of electricity from the non-fossil fuel sources by the year 2030. And we saw that as per the Central Electricity Authority renewable energy contributed 24% of the total electricity production and it is estimated that by the year 2030 the share will increase to 40%. And after that we saw the challenges associated with the renewable energy sector. See the solar and wind power are highly variable. In case of solar the variability is temporal that it is time related the production will be higher in the noon and it is negligible before sunrise and after sunset. In case of wind energy the variability is spatial and seasonal. And the second challenge is that renewable energy production cannot be increased based on the power demand because it is not under human control, right? And after that we saw the balancing act in terms of transmission and storage. Transmission in the sense see wind and solar power is extensively available in the southern and western region so this can be used in the eastern part and the thermal plants in the eastern region can supply power to the south and west. This is about the transmission and after that we saw balancing with the storage technology. See this helps address the supply-demand mismatch and we saw about the duck curve which is the graphical representation showing the difference between the demand and availability of energy through the day. So when the energy is available it is converted into power and it is stored in different technologies. We saw some of the innovations which includes lithium-ion batteries, thermal batteries, stacked block technologies, energy stored in compressed air and we finally ended our discussion by concluding that for India to move completely away from coal, energy, renewable energy production must become cheaper and power storage technology must mature and become affordable. With these points in mind now let us move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here. See it mentions that India is hosting an intelligence conference today. See this is planned ahead of Ryzena Dialogue 2022. Just briefly know that Ryzena Dialogue is India's premier conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics. See we will know more about the Ryzena Dialogue when it happens in the coming days. Now let us know about the intelligence conference. First know that it is a conference of intelligence agencies top officials. So it will include intelligence chiefs, heads and deputy heads of the top intelligence and security organizations of various countries including India. See the conference will be headed by India's national security advisor Mr. Ajit Doval. So what is the purpose behind it? See it is to deliberate on critical security challenges and geopolitical challenges. Note that this is the India's first such conference that is the first intelligence conference and it will be held in New Delhi like the Ryzena Dialogue. So who is the organizer of such intelligence conference? It should be India's intelligence agency right? Well if you think that you are right. It is the research and analysis wing that is the RAW along with that National Security Council Secretary is also organizing this conference. As you know RAW is the India's external intelligence agency. And what about this NSCS? See it was set up to assist the National Security Council and the National Security Advisory Board and the Strategic Policy Group that is the SPG. So one of its task is to prepare papers for the consideration of NSC that is the National Security Council and SPG that is the Strategic Policy Group. See it is stipulated that all ministries and departments shall consult NSCS that is the Council Secretaryate on matters having a bearing on national security. But know that only in the year 2002 NSCS was formally designated a special unit under the direct charge of NSA in the Prime Minister's office. So now this National Security Council Secretaryate reports to the National Security Advisor. Now coming to the intelligence conference according to the article the conference is modeled on the lines of two other international dialogues. The first one is the annual Munich Security Conference that is the MSC. See MSC was started in 1963. MSC is the world's leading forum for debating international security policy. The MSC has transatlantic and European roots but today it is a venue for diplomatic initiatives to address the world's most pressing security concerns. So this is one dialogue. The other one, the other one is the Shangri-La dialogue. See this dialogue has similarities with the Munich Security Conference. This Shangri-La dialogue began in the year 2002. It is a track one intergovernmental security forum. Now you may wonder what is track one? See track one is a type of diplomacy and it is the official governmental diplomacy. The dialogue is held by an independent think tank called International Institute for Strategic Studies along with the Government of Singapore. See it facilitates the engagement of key defence officials from the Asia-Pacific region. The dialogue also has early meetings which is reviewed as a perfect platform for defence diplomacy. So it is Asia's premier forum on defence and regional security issues. So this intelligence conference it is modeled on the lines of two international dialogue. We saw those two. The first one is Munich Security Conference. It is the forum for debating international security policy. The second one is Shangri-La dialogue. It is a forum for defence diplomacy and it is Asia's premier forum on defence and regional security issues. So the intelligence conference is based on these two dialogues. Now let us see the participants of the New Delhi Intelligence Conference. See more than 20 countries and their allies are participating. There are many Asian and European countries also. See it is expected that officials from Australia, Germany, Israel, Singapore, Japan and New Zealand will participate. But as per the article USA and Canada were expected to participate but now they are not participating. Since USA is not participating two other distinct conferences will also not happen. What are those two? The first one is Quad Intelligence Conference. See why it will not happen? We all know Quad includes India, Australia, Japan and USA right? Since USA is not participating the Quad Intelligence Conference will not happen. Now the second one is Five Eyes Alliance. See it will also not happen. Let us see first what is this Five Eyes? See it is also an intelligence sharing alliance. Quad includes USA, UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It evolved during Cold War as a mechanism for monitoring the Soviet Union and also for sharing classified intelligence. Here the alliance members are engaged in the ocean surveillance, covert action, human intelligence collection and counter intelligence. See it is often described as the world's most successful alliance. It will also not happen since USA and Canada are not participating. So with this basic understanding now let us see what are the expected outcomes of the intelligence conference. First of all it will develop a plan to make connections between the intelligence and the security agencies. And secondly it will enable interactions between the specialists or experts and their opinions in the intelligence operations. And thirdly Russia-Ukraine war will be discussed and who knows a common action plan could also be developed on how to handle the impacts of war and measures to be taken. See these are the expected outcomes of the intelligence conference. To know what exactly happened we have to wait until tomorrow since the conference has happened today. So with this we have come to the end of the discussion. What all we saw? We saw about the intelligence conference and it is happening in New Delhi and we saw a little bit about the organizing agencies and we moved on to see about the two international dialogues based on which this intelligence conference is modeled. The first one is Munich Security Conference. The second one is Shangri-La Dialogue. See both are about the security and defence policies and we saw about the participants of the New Delhi Intelligence Conference. It includes more than 20 countries and their allies. Some of the prominent countries that are expected to participate are Australia, Germany, Israel, Singapore, Japan and New Zealand and we saw what other conferences will not happen that is the Quad Intelligence Conference and the Five Eyes Alliance. See here it is important to know who are all the members of these alliances. Quad includes India, Australia, Japan, USA and Five Eyes Alliance includes USA, UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It will be useful for prelims. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing the expected outcomes of the Intelligence Conference that is connections between intelligence and security agencies, interactions between specialist and their opinions in intelligence operations and about Russia-Ukraine war and a common action plan on how to handle the impacts of war. And with these points in mind, now let us move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here. It mentions that Indian Institute of Horticulture Research has developed a vertical model of cultivation. See this model which is called as the vertical forming is used in polyhouse forming. So let us know about vertical forming and polyhouse forming. First know that a polyhouse is a type of greenhouse. So what is a greenhouse? It is a framed or covered structure with a transparent or translucent material and this structure permits ample sunlight for crop production and it has provisions for at least partial control of plant environment. See this sunlight is observed by the crop and it is also observed by the equipment, structure and the floor and these objects in turn emit the thermal radiation which is only partially transmitted out of the greenhouse and as a result of this a part of solar energy is continuously retained in the greenhouse structure and this leads to a temperature increase. This natural temperature rise in the greenhouse is utilized during winters to grow crops with or without the supplementary heat. See this greenhouse structure is the green structure that you see in various areas and as we saw this green structure provides heat or the essential temperature for the crops. See in the night times carbon dioxide rich air is trapped inside the structure which improves the photosynthetic activity during the early hours of the day and also air humidity in the greenhouse can be increased or lowered. See favorable light conditions for crops could be provided by adding supplementary lighting and shading systems and all these helps in partial control of the plant environment that we are growing inside and also note that plants or crops could be grown on beds or in pots and can be irrigated by micro irrigation systems. See all these enables a protected cultivation and even in off season producers can be grown. See it provides profit as in greenhouse there is more production per unit area in comparison to open field cultivation and this is about the greenhouse structure. Now let's see about a poly house. See when the greenhouse uses polyethylene to cover the roof and sides of the building it is called a poly house. So poly house is a framed structure made of polythene. See polyethylene it is a clear material right. So it helps to let the natural light inside the structure and this helps in reducing the need for artificial light and creates natural heat inside the structure and this allows plants to continue growing even when it is cold outside. See polyethylene films that are used in the structure are normally UV stabilized and they are 200 micron thick but also remember that a poly house is typically smaller than a greenhouse. So it is a type of indoor forming. See many prefer poly houses because it costs less to build. It also has same benefits that of a greenhouse which are it limits pest, it provides air round growing, it provides bigger yields and it makes it easier to be 100% age organic. See poly house it is used in floriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming and nurseries. See in this way only a new model is developed by the Indian Institute of Horticulture Research for cultivating the plants. This is called the vertical model. So it is also known as the vertical forming. See it is stacked forming. That is the plants are stacked one above the other. So it utilizes the space vertically and not just horizontally within the poly house. So what can be produced in an acre of land can be produced on a plot of 60 into 40 feet. That means a small space having sunlight can be used here. That is even balcony or terrace can be used for cultivation. Plus it also reduces the water requirement as there is absolutely no drainage of water. But here if you think stacked means all the plants will not get same light then don't worry. This problem is solved by researchers as they have found the proper angle that could ensure the spread of equal sunlight for all plants. And with this understanding now let us see some of the benefits. See mainly in an urban setting we lack space and this problem is solved in the vertical forming as it decreases the space demand. Plus it further increases the yield per square feet by nearly 5 to 6 fold than a normal poly house. That means it will enable farmers to earn more in a small portion of an acre. And with this we have come to the end. Now let us have a quick recap. See we saw about the greenhouse structure which is a framed or covered structure with transparent or translucent material. What is happening here the sunlight is absorbed by the crop equipment structure floor and it is only partially transmitted out of the greenhouse. So this leads to temperature increase and this natural temperature rise is utilized during winters to grow crops with or without the supplementary heat. And after that we saw about the poly house which is greenhouse which uses polyethylene to cover the roof and sides of the building. See this structure it reduces the need for the artificial light and creates natural heat inside the structure and the polyethylene films used are normally UV stabilized and they are 200 micron thick. And we saw that it is used in floriculture, horticulture, vegetable forming and nurseries and one such model is vertical model in which plants are stacked one above the other and finally we ended our discussion by seeing some of the benefits which is it decreases the space demand and it enables the farmers to earn more in a small portion of land. And with these points in mind now let us move on to the next article discussion. Let us take up this next article. See as the names are just a talk about a research innovation which uses banana peel to generate energy. See first of all know that the research was conducted by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and they used banana peel to produce biogas. See biogas is an energy rich gas and a first generation biofuel. It is a renewable fuel and it is produced by the breakdown of organic matter such as food scraps and animal waste. So how is this biogas produced? See it is produced by anaerobic decomposition or thermochemical conversion of biomass. Anaerobic decomposition of biomass is a biochemical conversion. In this the anaerobic bacteria place the rule. See they occur naturally in soils, water bodies, etc. These bacteria live without the presence of free oxygen. They eat and break down or digest the biomass and they produce the biogas. See biogas can also be produced under controlled conditions in special tanks called the anaerobic digesters. So this is about the anaerobic decomposition of biomass. Thermochemical conversion. See a thermal decomposition of organic matter happens here. This produces either heat energy or fuel oil or gas. This method is useful for waste containing high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. So if waste contains high percentage of non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content then biogas is produced through thermochemical conversion. See through different process like pyrolysis and gasification this conversion can be achieved. First of all let us see about the gasification. It uses high temperature of about 500 to 1800 degree cell cheers in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen to decompose materials to produce the synthetic gas that is syngas. This is a mixture of carbon monoxide CO and hydrogen H2. So this is one method gasification. On the other hand pyrolysis. See it uses heat to break down combustible materials in the absence of oxygen. See in gasification it is happening in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen but in the case of pyrolysis it is happening in the absence of oxygen. See the pyrolysis method it produces a mixture of combustible gases such as methane, complex hydrocarbons hydrogen, carbon monoxide along with liquids and solid residues. See the main purpose of using pyrolysis process is to minimize their emissions and to maximize the gain. And with this basics now let us come to the research. As I said in the beginning they used banana peel to produce biogas and what is produced here it is the hydrogen. See hydrogen is one of the most promising alternative to fossil fuels due to many factors. See it is clean, renewable and it has high energy yield. So from this we can say that hydrogen is not only clean it also stores large amounts of energy but the problem is over 90% of the world's hydrogen is produced from the fossil fuels. So this research gives a way to produce hydrogen with the biomass that is the banana peel. Now you may ask a question why banana peel? You can use any other biomass right? See why they used banana peel is that it contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in the form of carbohydrates, water and proteins. See as per the article it has 5% hydrogen content and 33% carbon content. So this is why banana peel is used and using this hydrogen is harnessed. Here the banana peel is initially dried at 105 degree celsius for 24 hours that is one day and this procedure removes moisture and then it is grounded and sieved to create a thin powder. Now we got the raw material ready. So using which process they converted this biomass into hydrogen. They used pyrolysis especially photopyrolysis or flash pyrolysis. See this is a new method. Here the researchers use flash pyrolysis performed with the xenon lamp. See xenon lamps produce bright white light that closely mimics the sunlight. So it provides a powerful energy source and short pulses to promote the chemical reactions. In this process the biomass observes the optical radiation and converts it to heat. Here what happens is that the temperature of molecules reach over 1000 degree celsius for a few milliseconds and it creates a photothermal reaction. Here a total of 15 milliseconds of irradiation is enough to decompose a kilogram of banana peel powder. See this reaction or in other words decomposition triggers an immediate conversion of the biomass into syngas. See we previously saw that syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. So hydrogen is finally harnessed right. See overall it liberates 100 liters of hydrogen gas from a kilogram of banana peel and along with this carbon monoxide some light hydrocarbons and solid biochar is also produced. Therefore the result of the process that is the end products are hydrogen and solid biochar. See they both are valuable. Hydrogen can be used as green fuel and biochar can be used as fertilizer and in the manufacture of active electrodes. See that's all about the article here. See when it comes to priloms trend has been changing over the period of time. You may expect a lot of science questions in the coming years. So there will be a statement where it says that biomass can be converted into hydrogen instead of using fossil fuels and at that time you should not be confused that fossil fuels are only used to produce hydrogen gas. At times biomass can also be used to produce the hydrogen gas. We clear with that and now let's have a quick recap. We saw how biogas can be produced. It is by anaerobic decomposition or thermochemical conversion of biomass. In anaerobic decomposition anaerobic bacteria plays the role. They eat and break down the biomass and they produce biogas. In the thermochemical conversion a thermal decomposition of organic matter happens that is heat energy used. See this is used when waste contains high percentage of organic non-biodegradable matter and low moisture content. And after that we saw two process of the thermochemical conversion which is pyrolysis and gasification. See gasification takes place in the presence of limited amount of oxygen and it uses high temperatures of 500 to 1800 degrees Celsius and it produces synthetic gas, syngas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. And after that we saw the pyrolysis which uses heat to break down the combustible materials and it takes place in the absence of oxygen. It produces a mixture of methane, complex hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbon monoxide along with solid residues. And after that we saw about the research and we saw why banana peel is used because it contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the form of water and proteins. As per the article it contains 5% hydrogen and 33% carbon content. See the method that is used to produce hydrogen from the banana peel is photopyrolysis or flash pyrolysis. We saw that it liberates 100 litres of hydrogen gas from a kilogram of banana peel using this photopyrolysis. And we saw that it is performed with a xenon lamp. See xenon lamp uses bright white light that mimics sunlight. So it provides powerful energy source and it promotes chemical reactions. And finally we ended our discussion by seeing the end products which is the hydrogen and the solid biochar which can be used as green fuel, fertilizer and in the manufacturing of conductive electrodes. And with these points in mind now let us move on to the next part of our discussion that is the practice prelims question discussion. Today we have 3 prelims questions and one of them is a quiz question for you. Now let us start discussing the prelims questions. The first question consider the following 5 eyes alliance club d bernay, talanova dialogue maximator alliance Shangri-La dialogue which of the above setup or forums are focused on intelligence and security. So the first alliance which is the 5 eyes is an intelligence sharing alliance as we saw in the discussion. It includes USA, UK Australia, Canada and New Zealand. So the statement one is correct. The next one is club d bernay. Officially called as CDB is an informal club that brings together the heads of secret services of the European Union states, Switzerland and Norway. See it is operating since 1980s. The club came into the light for evading laws to set that it operates trans nationally and it awaits few legal and regulatory frameworks that exist on international intelligence cooperation. It also exchanges information with the FBI, CIA and Israeli foreign intelligence service, Mossad. So the statement two is also correct. See the club d bernay is also an intelligence and security forum. Now the third one. See here the Talonova dialogue is a process designed to help countries implement and enhance their nationally determined contributions by the year 2020. And this dialogue was mandated by the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change to take stock of the collective global efforts to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and this is in lines with the goals of the Paris Agreement. So this is an odd one out in the group actually because the Talonova dialogue is about implementing the nationally determined contributions by the year 2020. So so far we found one which is not a security and intelligence forum. Now moving on to the next one which is the Maxi-Matter Alliance. See it is a signals intelligence cooperation that is SIGINT. It means as the intelligence derived from the electronic signals and systems used by the foreign targets such as communication systems, radars etc. And know that the PHI eyes is the SIGINT cooperation between PHI Anglo-Saxon countries and similarly Maxi-Matter is between PHI north western Europe countries. It has existed since 1976 and it comprises of Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Netherlands and it is still active today. And the last one is Shangri-La dialogue which we saw in the discussion itself and based on the Shangri-La and the Munich Security Cooperation only the intelligence conference was modelled. So it shows that Shangri-La dialogue is also about security and intelligence. So what is the odd one out here? It is the Talonova dialogue. So the correct option here is option D 1, 2, 4 and 5 only. Moving on to the next question which one of the following is or are features of vertical forming? Statement 1, it reduces the water requirement. This we saw in our discussion itself. Yeah, it reduces water requirement because there will be no water drainage from the structures. And the second statement, all the plants do not get the same sunlight. This also we saw in our discussion. We saw that it is not a problem anymore because the researchers have found a solution for it. See in vertical forming angle is adjusted in a way that all the plants get the same sunlight. So statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect. And what about the statement 3? It increases yield per square feet. See the statement is correct because we saw that since plants are stacked one above the other, the yield per square feet is high. So what will be the correct answer here? It is option C 1 and 3 only. Now coming to the final question which was question for you. Consider the following statements. Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible materials in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen. Whereas gasification uses high temperature in the absence of oxygen. And statement 2, biomass pyrolysis is the only method available to produce the biogas. And statement 3 banana peel, orange peel, coffee beans and coconut chill can used to generate hydrogen gas. Read the statements carefully try to recall our discussion. We saw everything in the discussion itself and read the article again so that you will have some more insights about the protection of hydrogen gas. And see the question has asked to find the incorrect statements. Keep in mind that also while answering the question. Try to attempt this question and post your answer in the comment section. I have given one main question for your practice. So interested aspirants write it and post it in the comment section. If you have any queries related to the articles that we discussed today, post that also in the comment section. And with this we have come to the end. If you find the video useful, like, share and comment and do subscribe to Shankara Yeh's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.