 Hey everyone welcome back it's Veronica Howard. So we're delving into some slightly more advanced content here. What I'm talking about are some of the variants of differential reinforcement. Differential reinforcement is, as is typically presented by simple textbooks, this idea of reinforcing one thing and extinguishing another. Well previous videos have disabused that. We know that it can be extinction for one thing or punishment for one thing plus reinforcement for something else. But behavior analysts have found a way to really artfully change behavior using some of these variants which will be important if you're going to use differential reinforcement in clinical practice. So when we're talking about these variants we know that there are several ways that you can use this in applied settings. One of them for instance is what's called differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. And that means that we're gonna specify something else to do instead of a problem behavior that we're trying to decrease. So again we're picking something else and we're saying hey we're gonna reinforce that behavior but this behavior we're trying to decrease we're no longer going to reinforce that. We abbreviate this as a DRA procedure. You can also have something called a DRI or differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior. This is slightly different from a DRA. Now let me go back for a second. DRA we said was choosing an alternative behavior, differential reinforcement of an incompatible behavior is something that is both an alternative response but it's something that you cannot do at the same time as the behavior we're trying to decrease. For instance if I'm working with young kids in a school maybe what I'm going to do is reinforcement is available for every 10 second interval that their hands are in their pockets rather than knocking all the locks on lockers. Or maybe reinforcement is available for whispering when we're having circle time but reinforcement is never available for shouting. So you want to choose something that cannot be done at the same time as the target undesirable behavior. If you can't do them at the same time and reinforcement is only available for the incompatible behavior not the target unwanted behavior you're going to see more of that incompatible response. We can also have something called the DRH or differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior. This is when reinforcement becomes available if the behavior happens really rapidly or really fluently. So you want to pick how much behavior you need per unit of time. So maybe a spouse feels most loved when they receive 10 text messages per day and they're feeling ignored if there are fewer than 10. Now we know that the rate of behavior that we need for that day is 10 or more of these responses. This is DRH. You also have the opposite. You can do a DRL which is where reinforcement is available but only if the target behavior is below a certain threshold. Same spouse example maybe the spouse feels harangued if they receive 10 calls from their spouse per day and reinforcement is only available if they call less than 10 times per day. We also have something called the DRO procedure. This one can be pretty misleading because we often say that you can't reinforce the absence of a response. We have something called the dead man test which means you can't reinforce a behavior that is something that a dead man can do. Things like laying or being quiet or things like that don't pass the dead man test. But DRO is one of those interesting exclusions to that rule. It's an exception. In a DRO procedure we provide the reinforcer following a brief period of time where a specific target behavior didn't occur. So conceptually speaking you're providing reinforcement whenever any other response, it could have been anything at all, didn't occur. In the case of maybe a foul mouthed teenager maybe we provide a reinforcer for every hour that they haven't used some form of adult language. We're just providing a reinforcer based on a period of time when the target response didn't occur. These are some of the more advanced conceptual examples of differential reinforcement. You may find yourself using some of these from time to time. These can be confusing so I encourage you to go back, take some careful notes, see if you can find some examples of these. Those can be helpful as well. And let me know if you have any questions.