 So this study was focused on the investigation of subsistence strategies in Lake Glacial easily. So I'm taking you back in time, a little bit. So from the last glacial maximum to the early old scene, hunter-gatherers and animals must have experienced rapid and extreme climate and environmental changes that certainly affected their ability to cope with these changes and procure their resources. So the environment can really change a lot with ice and without and so it can be a challenging task to just eat basically. This period also corresponds to socio-economical and cultural changes that eventually led to the transition to agriculture as we've heard in this conference. One of the hypotheses that have been put forward in order to explain subsistence strategies for hunter-gatherers is the long-distance transhumans, which imply that hunter-gatherers would follow the prey species as they would move naturally, wild species that would move naturally across the landscape in search of the fresh pasture. And sometimes seasonality can be very extreme, so they could really be forced to do that. Some of them also imply that some of the routes followed by these paleolithic animals were also those that were later exploited during pastoral transhumans and since nowadays we are still taking place. So with this study we wanted to test the underlying hypothesis of the long-distance transhumans, which is where these animals are actually moving. For this we used iron stops, by now we should know everything about, so I've taken over with food and drink from the environment and fixed in the skeletons, which is what we analysed as parakeologists. So stabilisops can provide a proxies for environmental and seasonal conditions, whereas the radiogenic isops do provide information about the landscape that was dwelled by these animals. And the combination of two I think is quite interesting. We focused on six paleolithic sites from Peninsular Italy, with an age ranging from 20,000 to 8,000 B.C., so covering the glacial, the warming phase. So we concentrated on six for a big project, but today I'm going to talk only about the site of Sete Cannelli, which is located in Nogelatium, between Nogelatium and Southern Tuscany. This archaeological sequence has provided lots of deer and echocytrontinos, so there is a good opportunity to study both browsers and grazing animals. For those of you who don't know, echocytrontinos was sort of an equidagodistint at the end of the Paleolithic, and it was quite common in the Mediterranean area. So both these heaps of these animals grow their teeth in a sublinear way. So the sampling of their teeth, sequential sampling of the teeth, is a good opportunity to study the conditions that these animals experience, at least for one or two seasons. After that, the mineralization closes as a system, and then it blocks the information ready for us. Then we sample these specimens sequentially, perpendicular to the elongation, in order to have a temporal information, temporal record. And we all hope to get these sinusoidal patterns, where, for example, in the case of oxygen, high value represents summers, and low values represent liters. And we can also have an idea of the amplitude of the season. When we combine these proxies with the strontium within the tooth, then we can have the potential to have the information about where the animal was in each season. The study area is located, as I said, in central Italy, as well here. So from a geological point of view, this map is a frame of about 24 square kilometers around the site, for which we also try to investigate the bi-available strontium, collecting samples from 13 different sites. So these areas are characterized by volcanic rocks in the northwestern part, which have got quite typical isopic fingerprints, but unfortunately for us, not too high. And the north-eastern part is instead characterized by mainly mesozoic formations, where the southern part is characterized by alluvials, pleococernary materials that unfortunately are quite dark. And these outcrops of travertines that instead were quite interesting. These are the results that we found. You know, we collected rocks, soils, plants, waters, nails, and dents from site work. We carried out this environmental study about 10 years ago now. So we probably wouldn't do these samples anymore, but anyway. So there is a wide variability in the same site according to which item we actually studied. Just to summarize this variability, this huge variability in rocks, like up to 0.73, is highly attenuated in the toothing animal of these individuals, which I think was quite interesting. And also maybe later we have to discuss about the significance of certain rocks in certain areas as well. Nevertheless, although this attenuation, we actually managed to found some interesting patterns in the teeth, which are quite consistent, I believe. Apart from some cases, it's always the case now when you do science, you've got the inception, which is annoying. But anyway, so these three layers are actually three climatic phases of the lay glacial. So cold, sorry, warm, so cold, warm and cold again. And we tried to study the animals from these three layers. So back to the patterns. Red here represents the oxygen and stop decomposition, and blue is the strontium, and they are one versus the other. And it is pretty clear from a couple of cases of half parts of teeth that there is a counter pattern between oxygen and strontium. So basically, when strontium is low, oxygen is high, means submerged in low-radigenic areas. Why is that? So when strontium is high, it's normally occurring where oxygen is low. And this is pretty clear in Radier, and it's also clear to me also in the teeth from the aqua... aqua-season genus, although the shape is much more noisy. And it was possible by these tooth, so I analyzed them in two different places, in Cape Town and Bradford, and it came out with exactly the same values. And actually, these patterns have been kind of funny patterns in horses quite recurrent. Let's put it this way. Not easy like sheep or cow. Anyway, I think that still in these animals, although harder to see, there isn't a counter pattern for me to explain. So our explanation was that these animals were submarine, so having high oxygen in less-radigenic areas and wintering in more-radigenic areas. So going back to our map, well, this means that these animals were actually probably moving from the coast where they would spend the summer, they would go into the beach in the summer, and the winter inland. So this is exactly the opposite for what we wanted to demonstrate, but not such as life. I want to point out, and to stress instead, something that I found very interesting as I was analyzing this data set is the role of strontium concentration. Now, in these plots here, you have the concentration that we measured in the teeth in this case, so in ammo, modern animals, and then teens. And this concentration can be huge, right? Strontium's concentration is not always done. It's easier, but expensive to do it on teams, but it's even more expensive to do it with a multi-collector ICP-MS because you have to do it in another way. So few studies do measure concentration, and this also for us was quite lucky. So it's pretty clear that there's a difference between an animal in horse and deer, and that the dentin are going very high, which is probably an indication of diogenesis. Sorry. And if one can see the values of the rocks, so this is the massive variability that you observed in strontium concentration in the field, both in soils and rocks, and plants are here and here are watered. Well, we see that these three samples represent the travertines and the shutter rocks, so they're very similar, and clearly those dentines go towards them. Now, in Italy, in the Tiveni area, there are several outcrops of travertines. And in 1979, Barbieri et al demonstrated that in Italy there are two types of travertines. Type A and type B. So same formation, same lithology, same rock, almost same age. The variability of strontium can be between 20 ppm to 3,700 ppm. Now, this has a huge impact on the concentration that we may measure in the animals. Just bear that in mind, I think it's important. It may change in other areas, but in certain areas it can be important. Just to show you that the huge variability that we saw in the rocks, it's actually also huge in the concentration, and they're not related, by the way. So going back to the teeth, here I've plotted the enamel and the dentines in each tooth, and this is an enamel. So clearly that one has exchanged completely, so sorry, cut out from the record. But concentrated on enamel only, it is pretty clear to me that there is a difference in concentration between horses and deer in enamel. And one of the explanations, which I would like to favour, is that's a biological signature. So basically these animals were roaming different areas. For example, Acucidruntinos might have dwelled in the lowlands of the area I showed, which is very rich in strontium. So by uptaking grass compared to leaves, they would even have enriched their composition even more. So I think this difference is biological, and then we also find an interesting difference between the dentines, which is very hard to explain, because if the dentines are mixing with the barrel environment, then one would expect that these dentines should be all here, but that's not what's happening. I don't have an explanation for that, so if you have ideas, you're very welcome. Basically maybe the horse dentine is more prone to exchange with the environment, or maybe the composition of the dentine was already closer to the isotopic composition of the barrel environment. So this is still an open question. And just another picture to show that here we have the seasonal patterns versus the dentine values. And just to show that the dentines in horses really tend to be closer to the barrel environment, the composition of the barrel environment, the dentine in the deer tends to be higher and closer to the enamel. So to conclude, the sequestration measurements of oxygen and strontium are still seen. And the longer teeth is a powerful tool to investigate past animal mobility and transhumance, as we're all here to discuss that. Different range of patterns and roaming areas can possibly be identified, and not only with the use of strontium isotopes, because in that area, although the different lithologies, the strontium isotopic composition, unfortunately, is quite squeezed. That's why you can say maybe you said before that's actually very spread, but that rock that was outside the scale, and a couple of them, they're not very represented. So they are there, the geological formation that one may be intrigued to measure, but they actually are not representative, plus they're not releasing much strontium. And finally, yeah, I want to remark the potential of strontium concentration for these type of studies. I want to investigate the animal mobility, but also to kind of start tackling diagenesis in these samples. And I should probably acknowledge the team that I've worked with, and I thank you for your attention.