 1. Bone regeneration is a complex physiological process involved in bone formation and remodeling throughout adult life. 2. Clinical conditions require large quantities of bone regeneration, such as trauma, infection, tumor resection, and skeletal abnormalities. 3. Current strategies to augment the impaired or insufficient bone regeneration process include autologous bone grafts, growth factors, osteoconductive scaffolds, osteoprogenator cells, distraction osteogenesis, tissue engineering, gene therapy, and systemic enhancement of bone repair. This article was authored by McGonagall-Dennis, Jones-Elena, Dmitria Rosalia, and others.