 So, if anybody is there, I would like you to raise your hands so that we can start some interaction. I am going to Symbiosis Institute, yeah, the first line rechargeable solid state batteries to the portable electronics, this statement is the unicycle level, this introduction and it is for the unicycle level audience, okay, very good and then after that the next sentence of the main challenges to the discharge, recharge cycles, this is part, this is background and this is implied for the department level audience, okay, thank you very much, that is the correct answer. I will go to the next institute, KLA Institute of Technology. I have a question, so how many minimal words should be in a sentence, when to break it as two sentence and how many, what is the minimal number of words to be in a sentence? I do not think there is any such recommendation, it is just a style of writing, so even if you have a long sentence, if you break it appropriately using clauses, I do not think it will be unreadable, similarly if you write a short sentence and write it badly, that is also unreadable, so it is just the, I do not think there is any recommended thing, but usually in technical literature, the sentences are little longer, but increasingly people are asking to write shorter sentences, especially in abstract and not long sentences, there is no norm for number of words that way. The central center of Anna University, abstract what you have given, the answer for that what we are discussing is, the first sentence gives the introduction, yeah we have already discussed the first sentence and the second sentence also, now what is the third sentence beginning with although promising electrode systems? That will be the problem describing, already we are having the promising electrode system. So to others in the room and in other colleges, my question, this is regional center of Anna University, what they claim is that the sentence beginning with although promising electrode systems have been recently proposed, they claim that this sentence is the problem statement. So I am asking them, why do they think so? Yes Anna University, please tell us. Sir, they are telling about the problem what we are having in the recent condition. Right, so what is the research question that is being addressed? If I ask you, what is the research question that is being addressed? If this is the problem statement, you should be able to find out what the research question is. So what is the research question? A research question should be an interrogative statement, what is it, why is it or something like that. Like I showed an example in the last abstract, so what is the research question that is being addressed here? You are correct that this is the problem statement. Sir, how the lifespan is can be increased. Exactly, very good, thank you very much. So the problem is, it is like a summary of the literature, what is the summary of the literature? Although promising electrode systems have been recently developed, so this is a summary of literature. It says that although these things have been developed, but something else is missing. What is missing? That the longevity or something, their life spans are limited. So what is the thing that is lacking? The life span is lacking, so how to improve the lifespan? That is the question, maybe that is the question, but we will know if that is the question, if we read the following sentence. So I will go on to the next college, this is Susheela Devi Bansal college. The question could be how to improve the lifespan? Now if that is the question, then the following statement must be the result. Is the result actually answering the question, can you? Yes, the result is here. Here we report that electrodes made of, from here up till recharging rates. Here we report that electrodes made of nanoparticles of transition metal oxides demonstrate electrochemical capacities of so and so with 100% capacity retention for up to 100 cycles and high recharging rate. Yes, so essentially what they are saying is how do we improve the lifetime or how can it be improved? They say that by doing this methodology blah blah blah whatever it is, we find that it is life cycle is improved. So what was suggested as the question is correct and what you are saying the answer is also exactly answers the question. So now you see the structure how beautifully it is constructed. The whole essence of the work is in this two sentences. One the question how to improve life cycle of this lithium ion battery? Answer is the life cycle of lithium ion battery can be improved by doing that whatever is written there. Very precisely the question and answer the research statement and the answer is stated in these two lines. All that was said before was introduction and all that is going to come below is implication. So now I am going to ask the next college Islamic University Kashmir, we have come up to this. Here we report we have finished that sentence. The sentence ending in recharging rates ok. Now the question is the mechanism of Li reactivity what does that sentence imply? These are the findings. The how actually we have done this. The solution part is here we report that electrodes made of nanoparticles and till the end. But the mechanism of Li reactivity differs from the classical says that how actually we have done this research the methodology which has been used. They are saying that how it happened ok it is only of mechanism ok. Then what is the line that is following? We expect that the use of transition metal what is that line? So this is actually I think that this is to enhance the scope of the research that how actually where we can further research for this topic the scope of the topic. So can we say it is an implication of the result? Exactly. Suppose I were to ask a question as soon as they stated the result here we show that we have improved the life cycle of the battery of lithium ion battery and if I ask a question so what ok. The answer to that question would be what is the importance of that. So the importance is that it will lead to further improvement in the performance of lithium ion batteries. Now we can still go and ask so what? So what would you say? Suppose I ask one more question after they say the last sentence I ask you one more question so what what will you say? The further improvement in the performance of the lithium ion batteries. You are giving me very technical implications ok I am a layman I have come from arts background so what? So what that when actually we are going to use it lithium ion batteries how your performance is going to increase if you are going to use these lithium ion batteries in comparison to what you are actually using right now. So what what does it mean to me? That means that your efficiency will increase in comparison to what type of batteries you are currently using. I do not understand efficiency. How your results are going to be improved? How you can how you can say if you are using if you are a consumer you are buying batteries how money will be saved using this type of batteries as compared to the open is you are using. Ok very good so that is one way of saying that you will save money but more importantly you can say something like that you do not have to buy batteries often you do not have to charge often. Today you are charging your mobile phone every day may be tomorrow you will charge it once in 2 days ok. These are some things that even a layman who is do not even know he is not even literate but he knows to use mobile phone will be able to understand ok. So that is what is expected when you get try to find an answer to this so what questions ok. Thank you very much. Now we will do next exercise now this is on the same topic that we discussed yesterday alright. So yesterday we discussed this topic on monkeys ok monkeys behavior and so on. So what I am going to do is this is picked up from the abstract that you had done as an assignment in model. So we have just randomly picked up 2 assignments and then what I want to do and you to do is to read these pages 2 pages I am going to show 1 by 1 and again identify because the assignment was you are supposed to let me just recall the assignment statement you are supposed to read this paper or abstract and then rewrite the abstract ok rewrite in your own words and by rewriting you had to have again the same structure broad introduction the department specific background problem results implication to the department and implication to the university level. So this is what was the problem statement I am going to show you 2 abstracts the first one again I want you to read this carefully and provide your criticism first of all assume that this has come from your student you have given this assignment to your student and they have submitted this and you want to improve their abstract find their mistakes and write better ok. So please go through this and we will give you opportunity 1 by 1 we will go to Periyar Mani Am I. The given paragraph deals about the I am speaking about the introduction the paragraph deals about the biological sciences treated on monkeys for classifying the visual arrays right that is the introduction. I want you to criticize assume that this is an assignment submitted by your student and I want you to help them improve the submission have they followed the structure and if they have followed the structure is there any areas that they can improve. So in this case the students can have some more background knowledge by learning the paragraph by learning the given lesson and they also can have analysis problem stating and they can give the results. Now can we just take sentence by sentence and can you just give your comments. So let us say you are correcting this assignment and you want to give comments ok this sentence has to be written better this is not appropriate this is written nicely and so on. So let us take first two or three sentences and then we will move on to the next college. So the introduction given by the students is seem to be ok but the detail of the background is not that to the mark and they have not given the general problems to we can make them to have some general problems stating properly and one main points and two more comparative statements according to the biological sciences and also to make them to have a general awareness about the contents and make them to get the broader aspects. This is how we can make a modification my modification sir. Okay thank you. Let me go on to Shastra University, Sanjabur. We find that they all are from English and computer science backgrounds that we find it difficult to criticize this. No it is okay no in fact it is very important that people from English background criticize this because people from other engineering backgrounds do not have are not able to analyze a sentence for what a sentence is because at least I think people from English background can at least understand what a sentence is about you do not need to understand the full meaning but you are better trained to tell what the sentence is talking broadly about is it introduction is the problem and so on. Let us take the first sentence training was provided to monkeys to classify visual arrays. First two sentences are background. Okay let us just stop there and then just take the first sentence only. Training was provided to monkeys this is very general okay there is nothing technical about it. Forget about classify visual arrays that is technical let us forget about that training was provided to monkeys. Okay without providing any introduction or background they are coming to the topic I think sir. Exactly this is something that they did as part of their work. The first sentence itself is describing something that they have done okay it is not about what is introduction what others have done. The first two sentences the first few sentences is supposed to be a broad introduction to the area and what others have done it is like a literature review and so on. The first sentence is certainly not a literature it is something that they have done as part of the work. Okay so first of all it is incorrectly placed it is not an introductory statement and as you rightly pointed out there are maybe some grammatical mistakes. Okay monkeys shows which is wrong monkeys show a reaction signature of adult human comparison judgment I think that sentence is not fully constructed but let us not worry about that. Again monkeys show a reaction signature means what it is some outcome of what they have done. The first sentence is monkeys monkeys were done this monkeys did were provided some training and the second sentence is an outcome of that. Now outcome is essentially a result or something like that and that is not the starting point of what we had asked of course there might be some journals where you can write that I am not saying this abstract is wrong in that sense abstract is not to the structure that was requested okay. All right we will go on to the next sentence we will go to another college Medak Hindu Institute of Technology in the particular paper the first two lines says that basically methodology that they have said in the paper rather than the introduction part in a general structure initially introduction should become it should be like something visual art and systems are used which is used to classify the developmental techniques between human and animals it should be like that and in next particular two lines they have given the result parameters and the outcomes rather than the process. Okay let us go to another example okay so the same topic of monkeys cognition is another abstract picked up from the Moodle submission please go through this and I will ask you all to comment the problem is assume that this assignment has been submitted to you by your student in your class and you want to help them identify the mistakes and help them improve the sentences structure it properly and improve the sentences. Let us go to Sarvajanik college humans and monkeys are believed to represent numerical values in similar value but the specific this is general background sir we were this is the introduction actually it's a problem statement because they say that the process has not been made clear yet. Okay very good right so part of the first sentence first sentence is the problem statement second statement sentence is the result okay so that's thank you very much I'll move on to the next college see you Shah College of Engineering. Yes sir the first sentence as the previous madam said that it is the really introduction of the people the abstract sorry but the second sentence the research explores whether monkeys show any responses that could be one of the findings that they have done the research explores this is a finding but sir this is probably explores whether monkey shows that could be a prediction also why is it a prediction sir the research explores meaning that by whatever the abstract I am writing that probably I'm talking about the testing that whether the monkey show any responses as observed in human or not so probably it may be the comparison of the testing what they whatever they are doing and it has been compared with some of the speed of making decisions too so this is a comparison between the the monkeys and the human and then the findings have been given in the last statement the findings imply that monkeys showed a semantic continuity like compacting no hold on the research explores whether monkeys show any responses blah blah blah so it is a part of the question so the previous line is kind of a part of problem statement the next line is expansion of the problem set is not essentially a result okay because it is connected to whether that's why I'm saying that it is probably prediction prediction it's not prediction a prediction is not it's a when you say the research explore it means it is what they are doing is the answering that question whether monkey show any responses so that is not a prediction it's incorrect to say it as a prediction okay so which sentence then is the result sentence in this whole paragraph which is the sentence which shows the result ah sir that's the finding well the findings imply that monkeys show a cementing property effect comparable to what is observed in humans and that proof that is the final findings that evolutionary primitive magnitude come in so there is a small problem with the sentence the sentence begins by saying the findings imply but the findings itself have not been told before when you say the findings imply that means the findings has to be written before however it says that monkey showed a semantic congruity effect actually that is a result so the sentence is not corrected constructed properly the monkey showed a semantic congruity effect is a result and that is the finding and that has an implication so this sentence is not constructed correct okay so the findings imply should come after you are saying that we found that the monkeys show a semantic congruity effect and the findings imply something something else or the findings proves a evolutionary primitive thing so that becomes an implication okay so this is how I want you to deconstruct a sentence and give feedback to your students so once you are ask your students to peer review their own friends or colleagues answer ask them to do that first and then take a few examples and show things like this okay so the next assignment now for all of you is to actually write an abstract we are going to write an abstract based on the same topic this monkeys topic okay now that I have told you how to construct and how to deconstruct I am going to show you this article which we which you have all downloaded it yesterday and I want you to rewrite the abstract at least the first the few lines what you need to do now is to read this just read only the abstract and introduction okay and rewrite it in the structure that we have asked okay then I am going to go through one by one college and ask you to one college to tell an introduction another college to tell a background and another college to write a problem statement so this way we are going to make an abstract collaboratively okay so please work for next 5 minutes come up with an abstract now the same please go through this abstract carefully because the same material we will be using for elevator pitch as well as for summary writing so you have to just go through this once understand only the introduction and what is written in the abstract okay so we will give you about 5 minutes time and come back welcome back Sharad Institute Kholapur had some question in the morning regarding abstract so if you want we can take it up now I had an question that regarding abstract in abstract is nothing but the narrow down part of the introduction and actually it is just of the whole article we used to write in scientific article can't we write baptism like some technical words we used to write in the abstract okay so will it be okay plagiarism in the scientific articles or no the technical word that's not called plagiarism if you write it one place and rewrite the same phrase in other place in the paper that's not called plagiarism plagiarism is between two different sources in this case it is just if you write one sentence in abstract and put the same sentence in your introduction then it looks bad that's all it is not plagiarism you can always rewrite because when you write in the introduction it will be little more flexible and very loosely stated and little many more sentence to describe a single concept whereas in abstract you are going to condense it into just one sentence so usually it will not be the same so there is no concern of plagiarism but certainly you can you should repeat keywords as I said a little while ago that keywords has to be same in the abstract introduction anywhere in the body in the conclusion because keywords unite the paper having the same keyword helps the reader understand that it is the same concept that is being discussed now if you start using synonyms of technical keywords then many technical keywords may have slight variations in their meaning if you use a different word so it is better not to use synonyms for technical words please use the same word in the abstract introduction conclusion other parts of the paper okay does it answer your question on behalf of my all colleagues and thank you for this interesting session thank you okay so i'm going to reset the hand raises now and anybody who is ready with an introductory statement to this paper can raise your hand kailey institute of technology yeah the introductory statement that I have written is it is generally known that the brain of the monkeys can be trained to mimic the human brain okay so this I thought was providing adequate amount of production so that a layman can understand what we are going to work on so it is generally known that the brain of the monkeys can be trained to mimic human brain okay I'm going to write down the sentence and let's see if we can construct an abstract can you repeat your sentence the brain of the monkey it is generally known that the brain of the monkeys can be trained to mimic the human brain all right so I'm going to go around various institutes and I'm going to collect a few more introductory statements and we'll see which one is more suited and I've I asked the next institute to actually comment on this okay thank you let me go to a Francis Institute of Technology the sentence we constructed was given the common origins the similarity between humans and monkeys in terms of thinking process has been taken up for studies quite often the similarities in the thinking process process of humans and monkeys yes of humans and monkeys has been taken up for study quite often okay thank you very much I have one more yes please yeah since time immemorial monkeys have been regarded as the immediate predecessor of humans one of the study to confirm this is the theory of cognitive development okay since time immemorial monkeys have been regarded as the immediate predecessor of humans thank you very much let me go to the next college Kavil Guru Institute of Technology introduction is both animals and humans possess a non-verbal system for representing numbers approximately okay thank you very much so I want you to comment among the three sentences given above not including yours which one would you pick I would pick first one sir it is generally known that the brain of monkeys can be trained in this article are they talking about training they are talking about training as well as the similarities no training is a no no training is what they did to get some result but that's not the objective it they are it's not that we want to train monkeys to do something okay so training is not right so it is generally known that the brain of monkeys can be trained that's not the point the point is to see whether monkeys represent are able to distinguish numbers as humans do okay this is the general introduction I have given then I am talking about the first one there you said the first one is little better but my criticism of the first one is that the article is not about training monkeys it was a methodology adopted if you want the monkeys to do numbers you need to train them to first distinguish numbers so that was a part of the methodology that was not the objective that how to train monkeys then I would say the third one sir third one since time immemorial monkeys have been considered as an immediate predecessor yes I would also agree with that because the whole thing is about trying to find if there is any linkage or finding more evidence of the linkage and what is the extent of similarities okay although they look very similar to us many of us else is the similarity okay to find out what else is the similarity is the question alright now this sentence that we have seen is possibly can be understood by any word anybody at the university level now the next sentence that I want you to construct it has to be at the department level and for this I request people who are working in the area of biological sciences or humanities and social sciences who are looking at behavioral psychology or anything of that sort people who are working in the area of behavioral psychology biology and so on if you can come up with the next sentence which has to be a little more specific to the department level a background that gives takes you to the department level introduction take a couple of minutes so we already have some answers from university bgt college sir we have written both the sentences I will start with the first sentence because it has linked to the second one okay so I have written the cognitive study of linguistic and non-linguistic animals non-linguistic animals exhibit exhibit some similarity some similarity this is the first sentence sir we have made this to be more general introduction uh appealing to across the people in the university the second sentence is monkeys and human beings this is department specific monkeys and human beings are more precise are more precise in representing or more precise in representing numerical values presenting numerical values in fact we have written third fourth also but I think we will restrict to this yeah thank you very much so I would say your first thing is little not it is having too much of technical words cognitive study so are you saying that cognitive study exhibit similarities so the sentence is not very clear it is the animals and linguistic and non-linguistic that exhibit similarities so similarity is regarding linguistic and non-linguistic animals yeah so this sentence is probably has to be redone but I would say this is little more technical has some technical I would still stick to this sentence okay I would still stick to this sentence but this and maybe your second sentence is okay that monkeys and human beings are more precise in representing numerical values okay let me and just erasing this and let I will go to another institute this is Mahakal Institute from Ujjain my second sentence for the general uh abstract would be language and non-linguistic animals show similar response patterns that is the semantic congruity effect while identifying numerical value this is also a conclusion from the present work this is not a summary from the literature so again I am going to give you a couple of minutes to all of you the second sentence has to be a broad introduction which is specific to the department it is something which is known to the people in the department area okay so which is like a summary line summarizing what you have what the literature has told or what is known so far the sentences the last two sentences that uh two colleges have said is more like a outcome of the present experiment okay so only if you have a summarizing sentence of the literature which is specific to a department please raise your hands raja Ram Bapu Institute of Technology the cognitive processes related to semantic congruity have been studied among amongst monkeys amongst monkeys not amongst or amongst monkeys now this is part of your work you're not summarizing what has been said in the literature unless you state what is known in the literature you cannot define a problem you cannot define your research statement what you have said here is what you have done in this work now and I will have to erase this now and I will go to the next college Mahalingam College of Engineering monkeys were trained based on color q to order visual arrays you are telling what is done in this work I want a sentence which summarizes the literature what is known from before if you read the first paragraph introduction or somewhere you might find some clues see you could take a clue from the first sentence of the introduction humans and non-human animals discriminate numbers you could use that humans and animals are faster and more accurate in comparing numerical values so you could rephrase these two sentences and construct a sentence so actually you see the problem statement comes much below problem statement is what is the question there what is the research question whether monkeys show a response signature of adult human that is the problem you have to come to the problem and you need to build that stage with a background which is known so far okay so let me go to another college KIT College of Engineering my sentence is the various studies are carried out by comparing their cognitive behavior by training the monkeys again you are saying a saying a sentence which is about your work I want before see you your work you tell only after you have stated your problem we have not come to problem statement yet and you think various studies have carried out by training monkeys again that is what you have done that is not literature all right so we will go to the next college Bharati Vidya Pete due to semantic congruity effect compound stimuli is found in both human and their procedure monkeys to prove their innate relation okay very good the sentence is very nicely written the reason being it develops on the previous thing the previous sentence says that monkeys have been considered as immediate predecessors why have they been considered immediate predecessors because there is some complex compound stimuli that is found in both these which establishes the relationship okay so first thing you are saying that they are related second you are saying what makes it related all right so the first thing first sentences might be understood by anybody in the university but now you are introducing a complex terminology which is compound stimuli now compound stimuli is not easily understood by many people so which is good and the sentence also relates to the previous sentence so excellent thank you very much now let's go on to the problem what is the research question and followed by what is the answer Geetham University Hyderabad when we search for a paper we will normally search it with a key word or an author we move and on the abstract we will be given just about 120 words or 150 words to write I will know why would I spend I will know I will lose about 20 to 30 words giving such a general statement then making a statement which contains some data in it so when we are writing an introduction statement you say it should be a very general statement anyone can understand but for someone who is in research they will go they look at the keywords or the authors and pick up the paper and when an author is given just 120 to 200 words to write an abstract why should an author lose about 20 to 30 words giving such a general statement yeah I will repeat the question for the benefit of others the question is when usually most journals require only 120 to 150 words why should we waste about 20 to 30 words in an introduction you should not waste if it is 130 words we already addressed this question before let me just reiterate the answer abstract is firstly for yourself abstract serves several purposes subtly that you do not realize until you write it down many ideas are not clear to us unless we put it down on paper when we put it down on paper and read read it and rewrite it we tend to polish our own understanding of the matter now when you are presenting my objective was you write the abstract according to the structure that I have given then you write the paper then you rewrite the abstract now when you rewrite the abstract at that time you decide what you want to keep what you do not want to keep given your limitations as I said if journal in which you are publishing this monkey work suppose the journal title the journal title a journal name is cognitive research in monkeys suppose the journals area of work itself is in cognitive research in monkeys you should definitely not waste one word in telling about what cognitive sciences and so on but the reason when you are writing it like this is it is for your own clarity to put the work that you have done in perspective and you will see in the next two assignments that we will do now how that comes into picture okay so I will just take one answer for the result and then we will move on to the next thing which is elevator pitch I am eager to share with you the background a one line background the background is as per biological science Weber's law says that it depends on the psychological the behavior of animal and non-animal humans it is dependent on the physical psychophysical t-nets so this was my background and now I am discussing the result it is observed that the monkeys responded similar way to human based on the color cue and the number of elements select all right very good so by and large it is agrees the problem is that can monkeys distinguish yes they can distinguish based on color cues okay now we will have one last sentence for the implication techno india salt lake that there is a similarity in the cognitive power of trained monkeys no the thing is let me tell you the problem and result we have written there it is observed that monkeys responded in a similar way okay now how do I find out the implication you need to answer the question so what so try to answer the question so what and if you have an answer to the question so what please tell me that the so what is more or less answered by this claim that we can make that the since the origin of humans and monkeys as such is the ape so this similarity is actually being reinforced the claim that we make that we origins were the same so this kind of a cognitive behavioral similarity kind of reiterates our claim of this common origin correct so yeah please state that in a nice way I could restate it like the whole study was to bring about a certain basic hypothesis that we have a common origin and then a behavioral aspect is taken up and then correlated in such a way like this kind of proportion versus color in the case of a monkey no no madam can we just have one short sentence short sentence could be this linkage of the evolution of cognition is kind of the similarity which is again getting reinforced by way of this similarity between this proportion and color in the case of monkeys okay I have written it as this reiterates the hypothesis that humans and monkeys have common origins so we have constructed at least the skeleton of an abstract okay we have not embellished it nicely but at least the skeleton is there we have got an introductory statement since time immemorial uh monkeys have been considered as an immediate predecessor of humans why so because compound stimuli is found in both humans and monkeys that establish their innate relationship however it is not clear if monkeys can distinguish sizes as humans can do so here we have studied monkeys with that way and we observed that the monkeys responded in a similar way to humans based on color cues and size selection of numbers this reiterates the hypothesis that humans and monkeys have common origin all right so we have completed an abstract with the skeleton