 Good morning to all. I would like to welcome you to this session that is entitled Leadership Imperative Making Reforms Work. I am from Sky News, and I am Mohana Del-Khatib. And this session is organized by Sky News and WEF. I have been working on this topic since 2004 and 2005. And this term has always been used in all the sessions that I used to work on as of that time. We talk about reforms. We're talking about governments. We're talking about reforms when we're talking about political parties. So the term reform is always part and parcel of the sessions that I used to cover. Unfortunately, the effective successful reform experiences are limited in the MENA region. And today we would like to understand the reasons for the limited number of such successful experiences. What are the keys for their success? What are the tools required for any reform to work out in the social, educational, or political realms? Today we will be talking about this issue, given the fact that there are always new changes, complications, not necessarily in our part of the world only, but throughout the world we have a fourth digital revolution or industrial revolution. We are having new forms of technology and communications and a new relationship between the citizen and the state. We have an excellent group of panelists to focus on this issue. I would like to welcome Mr. Mahdi Jumah, who is the leader of, or the ex-leader of the ex-government, and he is a minister in Tunisia. And he's working on Senteq Abba, the Tunisian alternative party in Tunisia. I would also like to welcome Abdul Salim Abu Shuarib, and he is the minister of industry and minds of Algeria. I would like to welcome you, sir. From the private sector, we have Mr. Mohamed Samir, who is the president of India, Middle East, and Africa, from Proctor and Gamble. As for the organizational matters, we'll give 10 minutes for each speaker, and then we will discuss some issues with the panelists before opening the floor to the audience. Welcome to all of you, sir. I will kick off with you. As you have said, reform is a word that is very fashionable, and the most problematic issue in our region is that we wait for such a long time before we talk about reform. And then reform becomes a de facto thing that we have to adopt. However, a better way to deal with reform is to have it on an ongoing basis. In the international community, we find that those societies that succeeded in reforms are those societies that had a process for reform. And we know when we talk about reform, there is always a loser and a winner, and that's why it needs a lot of political courage to undertake. So if we look at reform in the future, we need to make sure that it succeeds. And that's why we have had an experience in Tunisia when it came to reform, and we succeeded in some areas. And the reason for those successes was an in-depth study, assessment of the losers and the winners, and we were able to adopt implementation mechanisms to allow all players to come out in a win-win situation ultimately. So what is important is how to interpret, how to promote, and how to communicate reform in order for everyone to feel that they are winners. Let's talk about a practical example, which is energy, reform in energy. We have done that in 2014 in Tunisia. What was important for us is that we held an in-depth study sector by sector, and we covered public consumption, industrial consumption, private consumption, and we studied the impact, the cost impact, the impact on the purchasing power in each and every sector. And we tried to go back to the basic idea for subsidies. We know that subsidies are there to subsidize the purchasing power of the people. And we discovered that it was support for the product. And we might have the same thing in the energy sector. But the government was supporting the energy for consumers who were not apt to receive such support. And we sort of diverted from the original idea of supporting the product for the needy people. That's why we studied it product by product, and we needed to explain the need to have reform. We explained it to all the involved parties, all stakeholders to buy them over, to win them over. It took us several years of promotion. And we were able to anticipate the bad reactions. But sometimes we needed to be very bold and just cut it through our reforms. What was the initial subsidy to the electricity or to the power energy? It was based on a policy to encourage a specific form of industry. And after a while, there was a deviation from that main objective. That's why we needed to analyze the situation and to deal with the various stakeholders. In order for us to have a win-win situation, we were aware that when we were supporting Gahaz electricity and other energy, we needed to set up the energy transform fund in order to find sufficient investment for energy efficiency and in order for us to increase the available tools to deal with the new situation. We realized that reform is a necessity and that we cannot wait for 20 years for a problem to become a real, real, deep problem before reform is undertaken. That's why we started to study the need to have reform and we had a good communication technology to convince the others of the need to have reform. Another point, those who are really afraid of reform are the decision makers in the political realms. While the people are much more ahead of the politicians and their leaders in terms of acceptance of reform, some people are afraid of reforms. But later on and on the basis of transparency, they accept them because they feel that they are owners of the reform, that they are part of the need to adopt this new technology. This applies hopefully to the digital technology. We know that it is very important to serve the digital sector and we don't want to wait five to 10 years before we reform that sector. Thank you, Your Excellency. I would like to ask you about other issues later on. You are considered for us an excellent glimmer of hope in the region given the Arab Spring. You are an excellent example. You have talked about lifting subsidies and we know that people are very unhappy about the lifting of those subsidies. How were you able to convince the people of giving up subsidies to basic services? I will come back to this issue later on, sir. But let me turn to Mr. Mohamed Samir who is from the private sector, Proctor and Gamble. Sir, what do you think of the private sector? How does the private sector accept reform? Is reform restricted to the public sector? Is the government the protector and implementer of reform? Or are there partnerships between the government and the private sector and the community at large? What is your experience? What do you think? Good morning. I prefer to use facilitation and improvement because the word reform is reform when something is completely broken. Well, sir, things are broken sometimes. Mr. Mohamed, yes, if things are completely broken, then we will not find new investments. I want to focus on the positive side. This is a huge market and there are huge numbers of people under the age of 25, and the future is very bright. So let's focus on those two terms, improvement and facilitation. We're talking about regional integration, economic and commercial integration, less than 10% of trade, intra-trade is taking place in the Arab region or in the MENA region, while in Europe it is 60% when we talk about intra-trade. And this is very important when it comes to job opportunities. We need to have funds to expand on education, and this can happen if we have integration and we have to think out of the box when we talk about regional integration. For example, if we have a factory and we have an example from our company, we have various factories in the region and we employ around 5,000 employees. Our distributors have 50,000 employees, and they don't have factors who have created more job opportunities, production or distribution. Usually governments focus on manufacturing or industry. What is the main objective? It is to create jobs, so we should also focus on distribution, not only production or industry. There are always laws and regulations that are based on confidence, and new laws should not be promulgated on the basis of doubting companies and feeling that companies might fall into mistakes, and that's why we promulgate new laws in order to avoid such mistakes. Well, we need the government to trust us. Even if we make mistakes, we will learn, and then you can establish or set up new laws as a government to deal with these issues. Another issue is surprises. There should be a continuous ongoing discussion between the government and the private sector. The private sector does not like surprises. The only surprise that I like is on my birthday. I don't like to be surprised when it comes to business because when we're taken unawares, we will react in an un-careful and un-studied manner. We don't want surprises. Yet another point that is important, and so you have mentioned it, we are working for the sake of the people's, the consumers. So when we talk amongst us, the private and the public sector, we need to focus on how to raise the standard of living of the consumers, of the people. We know that companies aim at making profit, but at the same time, if the companies do not raise the standard of living of people, they will not be able to continue. So this dialogue should be focused on satisfying consumers. Those were the points that I needed to present to you. The most important amongst them, however, was regional integration, economic and commercial integration. I have mentioned the factories and production and distribution and compared the figures. But if we apply this on the digital economy, in the past, there was talk about robots taking over employees or laborers. Now, robots are going to take over our thinking as well. So there will be less jobs, and we need to deal with this issue and focus on it. That's why I focus on regional integration. The moderator, yes, to have an enabling environment for investment and business is something that needs to be worked on in our region. According to statistics, a minor region, in average, are on the rank 114 at the international level in terms of conducting business. Can you imagine that we figure on the rank 114 when it comes to these business transactions as a result of all the constraints? Of course, the UAE ranked 31, not 114, in terms of facility of undertaking commercial activities and setting up corporations. I'll turn back to you, sir, on this issue later on. Let me turn now to Mr. Boushwarib. Sir, maybe you can tell us about the first and second generations of reform that we have discussed a short while ago. Mr. Boushwarib, thank you for giving me the opportunity to present to you the Algerian case. Reforms are not an option. They are fatal. They are a fatal necessity because the international swift and deep radical changes in the world have forced us to conduct reforms to be able to deal with the new developments. So let me focus on this issue from another angle. Algeria has lived its spring towards the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 90s of the last century. And we came up with an in-depth reform, political reform. And we adopted pluralism, following which we lived the dark decade. And then Sayed Abdul Aziz built a fleet, assumed power, and we kicked off the second generation reforms. The second generation reforms allowed us to adapt all the current laws with international laws. In 2014, I joined the cabinet. And I assessed some of the laws that were there as of the communist regime, or sorry, socialist regime. And those laws were not in line with international economy. That's why we changed the law on investment. And now our law on investment is a pioneer law that is considered as such by the IMF and the World Bank. We have also changed all the financial regulations and laws over the years in order to improve investment and to allow enterprises and corporations to produce and to be sustainable. We have also amended the several laws related to competition, which enabled Algerian products to be competitive at the international markets. Today, we are talking about the youth and creativity of the youth. They will also continue to be creative. That's why we needed to reform the law on SMEs. And the start-ups were created. Start-ups in the past were incapable of setting themselves up because of the old banking laws and regulations. That's why we were able to create new funds and new laws, actually new laws that enabled new funds to be set up to finance those SMEs and the start-ups. That package of reforms was undertaken. And going back to the energy sector, the transition that we have passed through in the energy sector and that everybody is going through in the energy sector, particularly in our region, where 50% of our oil and gas reserves are being used up. And in spite of this, the prices are going down. And we are going through economic crises. That's why in Algeria, we set up a program to produce 22 million megawatts. And we're able to produce 4,500 megawatt. We hope that we'll do so by the year 2025. And reforms are going to take place in the social arena. And we have already started on that path to improve the situation of the people. And this means that our internal consumption will go up. We know that we have limited production capacities. That's why we needed to find alternative sources of energy to achieve our objectives. My final comment on this first round of questions is the following. We have to look at reforms as a necessity, as an obligation. They are fatal. We cannot escape them in order to be part and parcel of international cutthroat competition. When I talked about the popularity, when you talked about the popularity of reforms, we know that if the people are not aware and do not understand what reform is all about, we will face problems. In Algeria, we just had an electoral campaign. And the result was pluralism. And this is the fifth year of this pluralism. And I also launched my own electoral campaign. And I realized that the people were fully aware that subsidies throughout the sectors of the society are unacceptable. And they understood that there was a need to get rid of those subsidies. And as Mahdi Juma said, we were able to raise the awareness in order to reduce those subsidies in the energy sector in particular and in other sectors as well. And we hope to do more in the future. Thank you, Your Excellency, the minister. Yes, indeed, I have a set of questions that I would like to ask you. But I would also leave the floor to the audience. However, let me ask the following. When we talk about reform, we think of economic reform. Some people believe that reform is a full-fledged concept that covers all aspects of life headed by political reforms. People want to have more participation. They want to feel that they belong to the decision-making process of a given country. Up to what extent do you believe that political reform is important? And is it possible to have only an economic reform and a developed state while the political regime is old-fashioned? Is this possible? I think that we cannot have one part of reform without the other part of reform. Social and economic reforms go hand-in-hand. In Tunisia, we have undertaken a political reform in a very fast-faced manner. And we reformulated or redrafted our constitution. At the same time, we were conducting our economic reforms. If there are no economic reforms, there would be no pressure on the political reforms. Our economic reforms are still young. And we need to supplement them in order to strengthen them. Or else we will not continue to have overall reforms. Of course, this is our experience. And every country has its own specificities. Let's look at China. They had huge economic transformation and reforms while at the political level, it was very gradual. So each country has its own specific conditions. What is important is to have a social development. Social development covers all aspects of the economic, the political, the social. Otherwise, it will not be a balanced experience. It will be very risky. Coming back to reforms, we need to understand one thing at present. We don't have a limited ecosystem. Even if we close our borders, our borders are still open and everyone is connected in terms of communication and globalization, which means that the competition is at the international level. And we are part of this open competition. We cannot keep any balance without reforms. Our reforms will enable us to conduct reforms internally and become more at ease to be able to participate in this open competition. And it is very important to understand that reform is an opportunity. It is an opportunity. It has a transformation carried within it. It has opportunities and investment involved in it. And reform leads to creation of wealth. Let me go back to the initial idea. We should not have a very hasty political reform. We need to have political and economic reforms going hand in hand. Participation is something that we cannot avoid in the Arab world. It is unescapable. We cannot have an absolute decision coming from the top to the bottom. This, of course, has its positive and negative aspects. Reforms take their course. They take their time. Before undertaking our reforms, we had held economic dialogue involving the private sector, the trade unions, the opposition leaders. And it took us some time to prepare everyone for reforms. This, of course, does not mean that we stop a decision-making process. Yeah, participation is something that is positive because it will increase the feeling of ownership by the citizens. But there is another important thing, which is citizenship. Citizenship is not only rights. It is also obligations. So if there is reform that is taking place, citizens become main stakeholders, main actors in the reform. And they will have the rights and duties. And only then will be able to speed up reforms and lessen their risks. Proctor and Gamble and other international corporations, when they think of introducing investment in new regions, they think, for mostly, of stability, economic security, political stability. Sir, Mr. Samir, what do you think? Yes, of course. Indeed, stability is very important. The question, does it come from politics or from economics? I think if you have a person who does not have food on his table, is he going to think of politics? No, he will think of economy. So economy is very important. And when economy is based on solid foundations, then people will be in a better situation. And then we can talk to them about politics or digital or any other thing, any other matter. I think that economy is very important. I will not touch upon politics because I'm not interested in politics. Mohannad, yes, yes, we're not touching upon politics. Mr. Mohammad Samir, yes, the consumer is our prime importance. Of course, they have political problems. But I think that the economic needs are more important on the basis of the very well-known pyramid. Your Excellency, the Minister Bushwari, what do you think? We cannot, I think, dealing with political reforms from economic reforms. Stability, indeed, is the cornerstone for any political or economic policy. And I say this out of the experience that we have lived in Algeria. The resumption of security and stability in Algeria was something quite difficult to achieve, but due to the reasoning and the wisdom of our president, we were able to achieve this stability. Now, the second generation reforms were political, and we redrafted the constitution. And this new constitution has entrenched and deepened pluralism and pluralistic democracy and calm democracy or quiet democracy. The same constitution enabled us to have economic transition. And this is the very first time that we have such a constitution in Algeria, a constitution that described our economy as a free economy of a social nature. We came out of the old economic regime with a new constitution that enabled us to enact all the other laws that I have mentioned. And more laws are to come. We need the legal background, the legal rules to enable us to have this social and economic development. Mr. Mehdi Juma talked about something, and it is something that has been proven also in Algeria. We have held dialogues with the trade unions as well as with the employers, and we were able to come up with a social contract concluded amongst all stakeholders on the basis of specific goals based on agreement amongst those parties. And in that social contract, we were able to arrange or lay out all reform objectives. There was sort of an acceptance, overall acceptance or consensus over those reforms, which proves that our citizens are convinced that there is a need for those reforms. Otherwise, they will not be able to have to raise their standard of living. They understood that the subsidies given to the loaf, to bread were also important to be lifted. And all stakeholders agreed on those focal points in order, and that enabled us to implement those points of agreement on the ground. This is something that will enable us to speed up further reforms. Reforms, as we know, is not a pinpointed effort or a one-time effort. It is an ongoing process. We know that international economy continues to develop and grow, and there is talk about the fourth industrial revolution. There were the three revolutions that came before that, and I think that this fourth revolution would lead to speedier reforms and the speedier developments, and there will be more bridges to gap. That's why we be very flexible in order for our laws to adapt with these new developments that are lived on the ground. The political reforms should also adapt themselves in order to be in line with the economical reforms and with the international developments. There's no doubt that the reform process is a continuous one, but however the citizen on its part needs to feel the gains of this reform. If the process is infinite, but the citizen never feel any benefit from it, there would be a problem and there would be a flaw in how the process is carried out. I would like to take a few questions from the audience about anything related to reforms, the challenges that face the reform process. Go ahead, sir. The private sector is professional and is a for-profit. However, investment promotion laws in Tunisia and Algeria have elements of risk insurance. Do they have any elements of risk insurance maybe to assure investors and to attract a more higher level of investment? Thank you. I'm glad that you have tackled this aspect. The new investment law in Algeria, which is today, I cannot of course go into the details of that law, but it is a law which has been recognized by all institutions. However, this also did not come suddenly. It was not a product of the moment. It was rather improvements introduced to improve the investment climate when we have foreign and local investors and we feel what they need. We introduce improvements. I have introduced 33 improvements in the laws and this is all related to knowing what goes on in the field and the problems that are faced in the field. Maybe investment law is not up to the level that's expected by companies, but we are constant communication with our partners in order to do that because our partners are the vectors that are going to allow me to achieve my economic objectives which is diversification of the economy of my country and also creating other sources for creating a permanent strong cumulative wealth that would improve the economy. This allows me and enables me and forces me to listen to all the companies because they are the heart of the economy. Mr. Mohamed, you are the one, Mr. Mohamed Sameer, you talk always about the importance of good legislative environment, especially for major, for companies, what you call good regulation. I would like to listen to you some explanation about this and to what extent this is fundamental for any company such as Proctor and Gamble when it thinks of investing and moving into a certain geographic region. Well, good regulations and legislation are important but also their implementation. The regulations and legislation is a first step but these are all important because I'm going to work in a new market so I need to understand what are my duties, what are my obligations, what are my rights in concepts that are simplified, clear and ambiguous where it has all that we have learned from the other areas in the world. For example, there are standards that are present in the US and Europe. We would review them and see what would be suitable to implement in our own area. We don't need to reinvent these legislation. We need to save time and go into copy, copy and implement, emulate. So the implementation is the other point. I could say, for example, I could say so many good things but at the end of the day, the worker at the plant in Egypt, is he going to do the things that I am talking about? It's very important in implementation. Simplification is also important because in companies we have something also happened called self-regulation. Someone, the consumer at the end of the day is the one who is going to decide. Consumers will purchase whatever goods they feel is suitable to them. They don't want to be tricked by other. They would purchase things that fit certain specifications. Let me say, for example, if you have a new company, and you can take me up to one day to register this new company, or it would take me up to several years. So the question is, if there are any risks, any company who wants to go into a new market will have its own calculations about the risks that company is willing to take. And part of the stability is the availability of clear, transparent laws that apply to all unequal footing. What is this what we ask for? This is what will facilitate things and this will come out of the dialogue. I know there are companies that are ready to help in this because we are subject to these things in other countries. For example, China today is different than China 30 years ago. So we have gained some experience that we can benefit from. Any other questions? It's too early in the session. People are not awake, yes. I think our session was scheduled for too early. The issue of integration that you talked about and the movement among those countries, it is not easy to move from one country to another in this area. To what extent does this also further complicate investment and how companies deal with these issues? Well, I am glad as an Egyptian that I can come to Jordan without an entry visa. Mr. Mohamed Samir says, in Algeria, Morocco. Produce, I produce in Algeria between Algeria and Morocco. There is a free flow of products. For example, if I have any minister of trade in any Arab country, the problem will be solved. But it doesn't work this way. If every time I want to solve a problem, I need to communicate with the minister, cabinet minister to do that. It needs to be a law, a clear, non-ambiguous law. There needs to be some customs official would say, well, you don't have customs duties on this. Well, others would say someone else it is, they do have, but these are exceptions. So I don't want these kind of surprises. We need to have things that are very clear. Some talk about 5%, others take about 10%. A surprise would be a good one if I think the percentage to be paid is 5% and it turns out to be only 2%. That's a good surprise. Your excellency talked about reforms and you said that they need to be quickly. Some in our region want, try to promote the notion that reform needs to be done in a gradual manner that if they do not, they will not fruition early and that people and citizens would not feel them and benefit from them on the short term. Well, it is about the nature of reforms. Mr Khaled says, if you look at the reforms we have, there was no graduation. If we talk about reforms, we see the accumulation of the past, the serious that was built from the past. We don't know what's awaiting us in the future. We are in a state, I'm talking about Tunisia today, we are not, we are late in our reforms and there is a race and if you don't move fast enough, others will pass you by. So there's a general remark I would like to generalize. However, I have seen in many countries that the biggest reforms is to re-find the concept of the state in the minds of people. After independence, there's a state that plans everything, it diplomats everything, it monitors everything and in this, in today's world, in the efficient world of today, this is not acceptable. The biggest reform would be to bring back the role of state. If we summarize that in a number of countries, even about Tunisia, the state that we found ourselves in is that the state is the monitor with its executive branch, meaning everything needs to be monitored. You cannot take a step without making sure that that step is lawful, it is in compliance with the law. So this does not facilitate things. It becomes rather as if you are management of prohibited things. So the comprehensive economic and political system in the political system, there is participatory aspect. In the economic system, there is a role to be played by the state just to put the framework, et cetera. And the way things are, governance is done is to manage facilitating and post monitoring and not in a way as if you are only the management of the prohibited things to be done. So if we put everything in its legal framework, if you have fewer, the fewer number of registrations, the better. So you are talking about a lesser law role of the state, says Mr. Mohannad Naam, it is deregulation. Of course, if you take the countries, for example, in the United States, all whatever is not prohibited is allowed for us. Everything that is not allowed is considered prohibited. So this is a different mentality. You need to know the kind of mentality you are working with, the state gives us everything, dictates everything. This is a political direction. This is economic direction. This is a social direction. And if I have the guarantees in my governance, in my will, in my laws, today, these days, everybody feels they are responsible themselves and they need to unleash their capabilities, their potentials. We don't need anybody to tell you where to go. If you can see how much energy we are wasting, spending two years just following administrative procedures, you are paying wages and salaries for people who don't know who the taxpayer's money is paid to them in order for them to put obstacles in your way. If just take it and change the logic of the state and what state means and in its political, economic, and social system and the economic role of the state, this may be the biggest reform because you unleash all energies and all potentials because the state is not responsible for each and everything. It would unleash the energies of each person is his or her own field. This is the biggest reform. There are other reforms, but it takes certain tracks. You don't stop and go. You don't have a milestone that would stop there. And then 20 years later, you do not work on the same system. You find yourself beyond history and beyond geography. You need to change our entire system to put our reforms and then engage in tracks. Your excellency, the minister, do you agree that the role of the state is so big these days and that truly it needs to shrink and remain in the strategic level, the role of the guarantor, as said Mr. Samir, or is it true that the state decides and plans and implements everything on behalf of citizens? Do we truly need to reduce the role of the state and give a chance for other forces and streams to take a decision in decision-making process in general, not only economic reform? Mr. Excellency, Mr. Abselambushwari. Yes, definitely. This is natural that the state used to manage to puts and removes and tracks and holds things accountable. This was the way we lived as peoples in this area. However, each one of us found a way to get out of the situation. Now we want to change the state's managing or the economic aspect of our life. In Algeria, we have tackled several ways. We found several ways to get out of the situation. And we found the only way out, a successful one, is that the state administration in this field needs to be taken out, but in a legal manner. For example, the old investment law was administratively managed, meaning the role of the administration even had a role, even in giving advantages and incentives. This today, through this new law, all of these incentives and advantages are codified in Algeria. For example, if someone wants to come and invest and want to invest in the south or in the north, advantages would be clearly known and defined by the law. An investor in a certain area, which are considered priority areas, legally speaking, this investor, once he arrives in the country, he would know the advantages and what other kinds of benefits the investor would get. If we do not go this way, then the state would continue to have to administer the economy and everything. In this way, we are protecting the customer and at the same time, we prevent the administration from interfering in several other cases. I'm sure when a certain investor brings a certain product in Algeria and we are working, we have problems with customs, with training, with banks, all of these things, we face it every day and the more we go forward, the more we can reduce such problems. We still have problems. However, the role of the state, as said by Mr. Mahdi, is a role that needs to be just that of guidance and that would give a strategic outlook to give to the objectives that we need to achieve. In our program, we talked about 7% percentage of growth since 2019 to 2020. This remains to be our objective, but how can we achieve it? It is through all the policies we are implementing these days, especially the engagement of the private sector which now creates the biggest revolution in Algeria. There's another aspect, is when the state goes out of administration, administering things, all the projects that were structural ones, such as roads, railroads, hospitals, universities, all of these things used to be financed by the state budget. Now our new law allows the partnership, public-private partnerships, who will come and invest in this field. So that the state would be saved or doesn't have to go into this project. This is all hard work, but it's essential, and we work on it on daily basis. Please feel free to ask. Peace be upon you. Peace be upon you. As for e-commerce, as for e-commerce, particularly in North African countries, there are difficulties, as you said, in imports, in purchasing, and in all other steps of our transactions. In the economic reform plans in North Africa, are you focusing on, or are you adopting new laws or facilitations for e-commerce? Mr. Juma, would you like to reply? When you have a look at the law, you will find there is a logic, which means that what is not allowed is prohibited. This is the law that has been applied since the 50s or 60s, and you would not find an answer. Now it's about to be changed, and the change would not only be to respond to questions that you pose today, but rather, hopefully it will be a comprehensive change based on a different logic. Now there are many difficulties. We have creative, brilliant youth working in the digital field. They also have problems using PayPal, but at the same time, there's awareness, and we are going to change things. Legislators will, I hope, accelerate their work. You know that we have tremendous and deep political transformation, and there is a big leap. You have talked about this, but I want to talk about being practical and talking about reforms. Let us not talk about the past things. I would say that if today we do not carry out the required reforms and we do not embrace digital revolution, the industrial revolution, we did not have any share, let me say, but now in the digital revolution, we should not miss that. This is a leadership reform aspect. We need to keep pace with the other revolutions. The industrial revolution required very big hardware costs. The digital revolution is mostly intellectual, human resources, and these are available. If we know how to use them, how to utilize them, it will not be a source of risk for us, rather a source of opportunity. We need to focus in all of the Arab countries the digital revolution. We need to introduce the reforms required, and if that is connected to laws, it will say that we are programming. We will not miss that train. We will not miss that train. Now we are just talking at the same time we are having, we are scheduling for missing the train. We are only talking. We are not implementing anything. That the chance to miss that chance. We have some two minutes remaining. Thank you. I just want to emphasize that today we have missed the industrial revolution phase. Contributions of the Arab-Muslim contribution to human civilization was low. Now we don't have an option. Jordan is presenting a model to be a partner in writing human civilization and my partnership will not be in past, rather in modernism. So there is a political decision, a state decision that is strategically speaking that I cannot hold all the keys in my hand. Keys need to be distributed on state sovereignty, law sovereignty, laws that are suitable for civil society, for PPPs, and to be genuine this reluctance by the state in order to keep the control on things will make us miss that chance. We are not allowed at all to miss that opportunity. We are not modernists. Okay, while we understand all our national projects, we, our project is built in good citizenry, on good citizenship, and on other elements of infrastructure. But maybe our confidence, maybe we missed the train in the past, but today if we do not enter strongly, broadly, and here comes the courage, the role of the courage of politicians and economists, and the education, the political, civilian dialogue, we will not only miss the train and will not be on the train, we will be lost forever, and I will be a criminal against my grandchildren. Maybe I am old now, but my grandchildren have the right to take this opportunity. Thank you very much. I think our time has ended and I will give every of our panelists a minute for reforms from the private sector perspective. A trade exchange is very important. I want to say very quickly that people need to be optimistic in the coming future generations, the youth, and whenever I talk to them, we talk about the region as if tomorrow will not be there. So we need to give them some hope, instead of saying 15% of people are unemployed. Let's say 85% are employed. So let's look at the full part of the glass. When my father talked to me, he'd not talk to me that 10 years in the future, he would not find something to eat, but I think we have some encouragement to the youth, but they need some optimism in order for them to be able to advance excellency. In the same context, each difficulty Mr. Mahdi Juma, each weakness is a source of strength. So we need to change. We have a lot of weaknesses, but I hope our future will have a lot of strength. Mr. Bushwarib, I'm saying that reforms will be permanent and will be accelerating and will continue to be permanent and the participatory decision making process is important because decisions are important and extremely important. All stakeholders, all actors in the community, the government, employers, the trade union, civil society, all of us need to engage in a dialogue in order to have consensus on the decisions that will be difficult to implement, but all these parties need to engage together in order to give us something that would allow us to achieve our objective. Thank you, Mr. Abdesalam Bushwarib, Minister of Industry and the minds of Algeria. Thank you, Mr. Mahdi Juma, leader, formal prime minister and leader of Tunisian Alternative Party in Tunisia. Thank you so much and also thank you to Mr. Mohamed Saweer, regional president of Prakter and Gabel in the Middle East, North Africa and India. And thank you very much to all of you and goodbye.