 Firstly, I would like to thank the FAO and the rest of the organizers for giving me the opportunity to share our work. On behalf of all those who have participated in any way in this initiative, particularly the members of the Silva Mediterranean Working Group on urban and peri-urban forestry, we hope you enjoy it and find it of interest. I'm going to talk about one of the main disturbances associated with urban and peri-urban forest and have been mentioned by Wendy before, which is the allergenic pollen emitted from vegetation during the flowering period, and which in fact are the main source of primary biological atmospheric particles to the atmosphere of all categories of viruses. These pollen emissions are considered one of the main functions of ecosystems that are perceived as negative for human well-being with a great effect on air quality and on the health of the population. Polling in the breathable fraction of air is considered the main causative agent of allergy response in the world population, with a higher incidence in urban environments than in rural ones. The World Health Organization classifies allergies related to the presence of pollen in the air as a perennial disease that generates recurring symptoms in any time in life. The economic cost associated with each allergy individual has been estimated at about 9,060 euros per year, including days of ascentism and presentism in school and work, and with growth expectation in recent and future years due to the impact of climate change. In urban settings, the situation can be aggravated due to the interactions with other pollutants, but also due to the diversity, intensity, and proximity of emission sources and the lack of planning when designing and managing urban forests. If we review the causes that have generated the increasing allergenicity of urban forests, we find among them the massive use of low number of ornamental species, the botanical cecism, the introduction of allocotones or exotic species, the spread of embossies, or the interaction with pollutants and the effects of the climate change. Therefore, in order to characterize the specific allergenic potential of the urban planning species and urban forests per se, and to be able to establish and implement measures to mitigate the allergenic impact, the breathing in the parks initiative was created, which has developed two tools to this purpose. The value of potential allergenicity, the BPA, and the index of urban green zones allergenicity, the EUSA. The first step is to identify the biological attributes that contribute to the allergenic behavior of an species and three factors have been identified. Since plants that use the wind as a transport vector emit huge amounts of pollen, the duration of the pollination period, since the more extensive, the longer there is pollen in the air, and the intrinsic capability of the pollen grains to generate an allergenic reaction in sensitive individuals. For each attribute, a value ranging from zero to one to three or four is assigned according to the characteristics presented by the species. The combination of these three attributes dissolved in a specific species specific value of potential allergenicity, which we will write between zero and 36 and will allow each species to be assigned a class of allergenicity, which can be zero, low, moderate, high, or very high. This value may be used as a criteria when selecting a species to be introduced in any element of urban forest. Once the value of potential allergenicity of each species is known and considering the biometric parameters of diameter and chrome height, the allergenic potential of any green element can be estimated by applying the index of allergenicity of urban green zones, which will result in a value understood between zero, like null allergenicity, to one maximum allergenicity being 0.3, the threshold value, which we will indicate the risk that obesity to this space during the flowering period of allergenic species may represent for an allergic person. And this was the origin of the reading in the Mediterranean parks initiative, in which thanks to the collaborative work of the member of the silver Mediterranean working group and other associations. The index was applied to more than 40 urban forests in six Mediterranean countries. To assess the allergenicity and as of the analysis of the most frequent families, general and botanical species in Mediterranean urban forest was carried out and the value of potential allergenicity of the most frequent was estimated finding the sun with the highest class of allergenicity are of Mediterranean origin. The application of the user to the different urban forest in Spain, and at both shows of the Mediterranean sea, allow to know aspect that participate in allergenicity, such as the design of the elements, the most contributing species, the handling and maintenance carried out all the assistance of other emission sources in their surroundings. And to conclude, and as a guidelines that can help mitigate the impact of allergenic emissions on the quality and the health of the population. We highlight the importance of the diversification of a species at all multifunctional levels, the proper management and maintenance of the species and species, and planning in the solution of a species and in the design of the space in which they will be incorporated. And before concluding, I would like to thank all the people and institutions that have made this initiative possible, so that urban forest are more possible, healthy, and inclusive spaces for all. Thank you for your attention. Thank you very much. It's so interesting. And I see that you have just published a paper in a reverse trend. Thank you very much. You're welcome. And you see we have now for cases focusing on different aspect of urban forests, but we all try to derive more diverse ecosystem services or benefit and minimize any potential negative impact. associated with urban trees. And then we are going to move to the panel discussion, we are going to have three invited thoughts highlighting their research and especially the opportunities and challenges. We are facing in using or implementing urban forests to have cleaner cities. And now we are going to have our first keynote panelists the presentation. Mr. Marak. He is and he had been an Indian forest service officer. And then he has served for the government as the principal secretary to the state government of mega liar India. And currently he is an advisor conducting green summit for North and Eastern state of India, which provide a very interesting platform or interaction platform for policymakers, implementers and grassroots workers to highlight environmental issues relevant to North East India. Mr. The floor is yours. Hello, I just got a message from Mr. Malak saying the power is down. So he tried to come back and hope he can be reconnect after power stuff. Okay, so we need to wait. So can we move the second presenter. Okay. So, okay, so now it's your time. Let's move the second presenter up. Okay. Okay, I'm good. Okay, so are you agree to agree. Yes, please continue with the next speaker. Okay, okay, so that's good. So now we will move on to the next speaker. He is an associate professor of the department of resource and environment Shanghai Jotun University. He also served as the director of Shanghai urban forest ecosystem long term monitoring and research station. His research focuses on what happened at the interface of urban forest the soil macro climate and air pollutant covering many aspects. So he can tell very successful story about how urban forest interact with environment and play there in key roles as different scales in urban environment. So the floor is yours. Please send. Okay, Wendy. Could you see the slide. Yes. Okay. Thanks, Wendy. Hello, everyone. I'm Shanyin. I'm from Shanghai Jotun University. Today I want to share some work we have done in the last few years, the title, just like this. And why I chose this title I think you know the answer must be true. The infrastructure actually could and not to it, urban air pollution. So that's why we are gathering here today, but what's the more important is how we can prove this and make it better. First air pollution. I won't talk about PM 2.5 and polysilic aromatic hydrocarbons pH as a typical air pollutants in the city. They are mainly man made pollutants, very stable and they make it long distance with harmful effects to every resistance. Urban air pollutants could deposit from the air to plant soil and water by dry and white depositions, and sometime back to the air by resuspension and release. The vegetation or plants could play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling that drive the position on leaves and absorptions are the key roles to remove air pollution. So what's the main influence of factors between air pollutants and the vegetation. A study can quote four aspects. Let's see that, including tree species pollutants, mitrological factors and plant community. If we look at, we could say tree species actually means functional trees of trees and leaves, which we could call this internal factors. And the pollutants and the mitrological factors are external conditions. These two interact with each other at the surface of leaves and branches. And also, with a well designed plant community, that's how we could have a cleaner city and a human wellbeing. So as I said, the questions are concerned. We concern about the forest and air pollutants should be seen from different scales and have different questions in the internal and external factors in the first scale. We focus on the leaf and tree species. The question is, which tree species has better capacity to remove air pollutants. And the second scale, we focus about the plant community. What are the effects of landscape design on pollutants removal? And the third scale, we should look at the whole urban area. How to play land use types to help improve urban air quality. So let's start with the first scale. What happened in trees and leaves? There are also two questions we would like to answer. So how do leaves absorb aeroparticles? And which tree species should be selected? In our study, we choose 14 type of tree species in Shanghai with four conifers and 10 broadleaved. Leaves and branches are both simple. We use a wind tunnel method and a smoke chamber method to determine the PM 2.5 dry deposition velocity on leaves and branches. And 3D X-ray microscope is used to observe where are the particulate matters on the surface and in the leaves. So let's answer the first question, how do leaves absorb particles? As the figure shows, the coagulation effect happened on the leaves, which means small particles combined and accumulate into large sized particles. And that helps leaves to absorb or fix more particles in the air. And from the right finger, the functional trees of leaves, we found that the single leaf area specifically for weight and the surface free energy were the main influence of factors of particle deposit on leaves.