 I want to encourage folks to come and finish out the circle up here. It's not really the front, you just think it is. It's not the back, but over here. We're in a circle, so there's no front or back. We're just trying to fill it out and get close to the conversation. And for those who just came in and I think will more or less begin, you might want to look at pages one and two in the small booklet that describe the living room conversation. These are conversations. The model is something that you can do in your own living room at home. But it's also about gathering in any kind of room and making it come live again with authentic conversation about really sometimes difficult things to converse about. But people who come together in mutuality committed to honoring the greater good and really trying to uncover some wisdom and healing to some of those important conversations. Tonight the conversation is on racism. The last time and first time that we did this, it was on prejudice and that was in February of this year. But we've traveled a lot of ground as a people on the planet since February to today when it comes to the topics of prejudice and now racism. We're in a different place today than we were in February. So welcome. I'm glad that you are all here. My name is Anne Holmke and I'm on the core team with the Peace Center here in San Antonio. Again, this is our second conversation, a living room conversation. The reason we want to do it is just to provide the model for communities out in the world to do similar things. This is a healing act in itself in the world. Some brief introductions around the circle. I didn't do very well on this last time so I'm going to keep them even brief or so. Do better this time. But Sister Martha Anne, she's going to raise her hand. Laureate with the Sisters of the Incarnate Word. It was a whole group. Ramon Vasquez, he's not officially a Laureate but he's also been doing some really extraordinary peacemaking in our city when it comes to men, fathers, rights of passage. He's also been doing some extraordinary work with the missions as well. Lynn and Sam Staw, peace Laureates from a year ago and they were our first conveners on prejudice. They started our conversation and stepped forward on that. Rod Radall, he and his wife Patty are Laureates together and they have been doing some really fine work in our city but working right within a community for many years. Rosalind Collier is on the core team as well of the Peace Center and we co-founded the Peace Center together and this is our 20th birthday year by the way. And Phil Ruggie Jones is our ringer for the night. He said, I don't know what I'm talking about. That's fine but we invited him anyway. He is a professor at Texas Lutheran and the quote on the front of the booklet, that's his qualification, that's his quote. We liked the quote and so we invited him to sit into the circle too just to kind of spice it up. I do want to recognize as Imam has already, today is the International Day of Peace and so that was one reason we picked tonight to spend this night and honor that day, this day by having this kind of very important conversation. So to set kind of the context for tonight and then Imam Omar is going to begin the conversation and before I do this, we have three movements of tonight. So we're going to spend about 30 minutes listening in to this intimate conversation. And then we're going to break into triads and the conversation will continue but it will continue in your conversation. And I'll give more directions as we get to it but then you'll be able to add comments and questions back into this conversation for another 30 minutes. So it's three movements, conversation here, and then this conversation feeds this conversation. That's basically how it moves. Okay, to set the context. I just want to invite everyone in the room to thank for a moment. And this moment in your life might have happened five minutes ago, five days ago. I didn't make any difference when it happened in your life but a specific moment when you felt fully respected for who you are. An encounter. A friend, a family member. A real moment in your life where you felt you were fully seen and honored just for who you are. So does everybody have something in mind? A real thing. And to think about and feel that in your body how that felt. And then I also want to invite you to think of a time five minutes ago, five days ago, doesn't make any difference when but a real time in your life when you felt disrespected. Not seen for who you really are. Not honored. A real moment in time. So now I'm going to pass it on to Imam Omar Shakir and I will sound a chime when we get close to the end of your time. And they have no idea where this is going. They have not practiced this. They're bringing their wisdom and words of healing to the conversation on racism. As always, I begin with God's name, the merciful benefactor, the merciful redeemer. We thank God and we praise Him. He's the Lord Keeper, Sustainer, Evolver of all the worlds. I want to thank the Peace Center and thank this group for allowing me to be the convener this evening. And Rabbi Stahl and Miss Lynn Stahl did such a wonderful job last time. I have some big shoes to fulfill, so I just want to... I don't know how much time I have, but I'm going to approach this opening or this beginning a little differently. Being a man of faith, I'm going to approach it from Scripture. And I'm hoping that when I tell you this story that I'm going to tell you, a story that you're very familiar with, that you will see some of the characteristics in these key players of displaying racism. But also I believe that in Scripture, Almighty God also reveals to us insights into our purpose, into our destiny, into our tendencies, into our potential. And I think that by sharing this story, which is actually a long story, but I'm going to make it as brief as possible. This story is in the Bible and it's also in the Holy Quran. And this story is the story of the creation of Adam. I will give you the Quranic account. It may resemble the biblical account some, though one of the key players in the Bible is named Lucifer, and in the Quran he is Iblis. Iblis is a term that means he sulked or he despaired. Now, we're in heaven and God calls all of the angels together and tells the angels he's going to create a human being. And the angels ask God, are you going to create one that will shed blood and create mischief in the land? Everything is so nice here. It's peaceful. Are you sure you want to create this human being? God simply says, I know what you know not. And then he turns to the angels and he says, tell me the names of things and the angels say, we have no knowledge except the knowledge you have given us. And then he said, Adam, you tell us the names of things and Adam begin to name things. So God turns back to the angels and say, didn't I tell you that I know what you know not? Now, in the biblical account you have Lucifer, who is the chief among the angels and in the Quran you have Iblis, whose chief. Now, we don't see Iblis as an angel but that's another story. The point is, he has a position of prestige, a position of honor and respect. And God tells him and all of the angels to bow to the human being that God made. Our Christian brothers and sisters might say that God crowned his creation with mankind. That doesn't leave you ladies out. In Islam we have a term called Khalifa and this means vice-generate or ruler in the earth. My point is this, after God proved to the angels that this man was worthy of respect, honor and bowing to, Lucifer and Iblis wasn't buying it. They didn't want to give up their position. And actually Lucifer looked at Adam and made an assessment of him and thought that he was lower in him. Lower than him in nature. He said, you made him from dirt, mud, clay. You made me from fire. I'm giving you the Quranic account. So he thought he was superior. Are you all drawing any parallels yet? He thought he was superior to the man that God made. And God said, wait until I breathe into him of my spirit and I understand spirit to be that essence that distinguishes the human being from the rest of Allah's creation or the rest of God's creation. And he said, wait until I give him balance. The term is duly proportion. The right amount of spirituality, the right amount of intelligence, the right amount of faith then you bow to him. So all of the angels bowed but not so he bleeds. He refused. He thought he was better. He said, I am better than he. So at the risk of sounding over simplistic the first racist was Satan. And Satan continues to entice us. We say in both Bible and Quran, Adam fell but Adam didn't intend to fall. Adam was seduced. Adam's perception was changed and that's how Satan keeps us fighting each other and hating each other for shallow reasons because he changes our perception and he has us thinking that we're better than other people. I yield at this time. That's a wonderful insightful tale Imam and we appreciate your sharing it with us. In our Jewish tradition we have an embellishment of scripture called midrush and there is a midrush on the creation of Adam that when God was about to create the first human being God took four different colors white black yellow and orange and placed them together in one human being so that in future generations everybody could say that he or she is descended from a multiracial progenitor and it's a beautiful antidote to that kind of thinking. Something else to keep in mind is as many of you know, we in the Jewish community are now between Rosh Hashan and Yom Kippur the High Holy Days. God deliberately made the world imperfect for us to perfect it and God made each of us imperfect and we are each hybrids of angels and animals with angels we share a lot of the characteristics of angels which are beings that are reasoned and kind and loving and gentle and then we share a lot of characteristics of animals that are hostile vengeful I'm not talking about domestic animals I'm talking about real animals and our goal is constantly to get closer to the angelic side of our nature unless further from our animal side that's why we have to have High Holy Days every year tomorrow night is a day of atonement where we have to pledge to improve ourselves repair our souls so that we can enter into the new year with greater resolve with greater purpose I don't know scripture but I'm really enjoying enjoying what I'm hearing but I will say that in the conversation about racism and how we're dealing with it I know that we've moved from a monocultural society to a bicultural society and living in a multi-cultural society and the issue of racism we are definitely going to have to deal with it very deliberately in our communities and I think we're feeling it all over the place and I think it's something that people shy away from obviously the conversation but I also feel that coming from a community of color that we have to deal before we deal because external racism is definitely there but one of the things that we struggle with as a community of color is our own internal racism which we we've had for generations obviously due to colonialism and other issues of oppression but we have those prejudices and those racist you see it in the Spanish novellas where the lighter skin Mexican is the owner of the big ranch and the haciendas and the darker skin Mexicans are the or the peons or the laborers and the maids and we still see that and it's in our living rooms today for our families and so our children are seeing that are being exposed to that and it's something that we just recently we're not recently but we're struggling with now I'm also the appointee for the mayor's office for my brother's keeper initiative in San Antonio for recidivism and violence prevention and one of the things that we're struggling with is when I talk to the Latino community about this they don't see themselves as people of color not all of them, but one of them do because our birth certificate says we're white so there's still a lot of work to move into we have to make it better for our children and our grandchildren I can't get over the story you told because I constantly get back to the fact that I feel that somehow or other that separation separated whenever, I don't know creation somehow or other separated us from our knowing our internal love and I think that those who love themselves the least are the ones who somehow or other have to, I mean it's just remarkable and that you asked me to think of something where I experienced some kind of where I completely was distanced, whatever, it happened 20 minutes ago with my sister now my sister's Jewish and my sister's white so this isn't what I thought on the way over is until I myself can love myself I just heard a wonderful story where Bishop Jean Robinson spoke recently at a group in St. Louis and afterwards he spoke, a little 8 year old girl asked a question, he had Q&A and she raised her hand and she said what's the what's your experience been being gay he was the first gay bishop in the Episcopal Church and what do you love about being gay and he said well it was very hard for me to experience hatred and disgusting kinds of behavior just because of who I am it's the way I was born but fortunately I'm seeing a change and this Supreme Court decision was huge in June and so forth but he said the thing I've loved the most through all of this no matter what happens I do believe God loves me and Lucifer's statement that how can this Adam love as long as we believe somehow or other what Lucifer said we're going to be in trouble and want to find fault with somebody who's darker skin or somebody who is gay or somebody who's it's real interesting this summer where we keep hearing about all the anti-Semitism in Europe and I keep thinking I've been so lucky I haven't experienced that personally but that doesn't mean that it isn't there as well so it's my feeling is and I'm going to stop in a second the only way I can make any change personally because I can't deal with the hatreds and so forth on a global level is when I even hear something like I did this afternoon with my sister I have to look at where that's coming from and probably my biggest problem in life is that I was born first that's my original sin and there's nothing I can do about it okay so however we were born but if I can look at her with compassion which is of course what this is about that helps so that I can love and embrace her and not react and move from there I guess since I started this I want to give you permission to shift we don't have to stay in the religious vein we I firmly believe that Satan started all of this and his influence is still alive should I say alive and sick because it wasn't well to begin with but now there's people that have taken on this and they have made it their business to perpetuate the ideas of racism and in some cases even build institutions of racism etc so I don't know if someone wants to speak to that I mean this thing is being perpetuated now beyond Satan he withdraws after his whisper so he just plants the seed and let us go to work one of the most challenging aspects of today's racism is that it's subtle 50 years ago it was right out in the open people would use pejorative terms and get away with it I think a lot of the anti-Obama feeling in this country is racist but nobody would come out and admit that and so we have to be on guard the the recension of the voting rights act in this state I think is racist but the state officials would never admit to that you know the way they they've tried to keep racial minorities from voting they would never admit that that's racism they would give all kinds of rationalizations so we have to be on guard to notice it where some people don't want us to notice it I have been in Philadelphia for four days with about 500 people from 19 different countries at a conference on gender and global justice and I really appreciated how the organizers tried to help people make the connections I've been very very influenced by Dr. Martin Luther King's Vietnam speech where he says militarism and poverty and racism are all connected and they they fuel each other their cycles of oppression so I am a Catholic woman I'm a Catholic sister I love my church and I want to say that the group that organized this conference is women's ordination worldwide so in 1975 sister Dot Etling who died last year sister Mary Walden, Adam Maria Esasidea, Scythiologian and I drove from here to Detroit for the first women's ordination conference so since 1975 we keep asking the question why not are we like Rosa Parks are we going against the will of God and so in this conference we kept connecting things whether we're talking about India and we heard stories of extreme oppression of the lower caste and women in India are and I'm going to say what made me really upset was hearing stories of prejudice within groups of Catholic sisters and Dr. Shannon D. Williams who is a professor at the University of Tennessee is an expert in this research and she said while Catholic sisters were helping so many Afro-Americans be educated yet there are a good number that were blocked from entering the sisterhood or within the sisterhood experience prejudice and there was a strong line and Afro-American women who had left the sisterhood said it was just fine for everybody to learn how to do the Irish jig but if we wanted to bring African things it was considered uncouth and I think all of us have to examine are we in the midst of aspects of racism and it's hard will we look at that I've been sitting here thinking how this whole conversation that we're having tonight it's just a drop in the bucket there's a handful of people here but it's such a breath of fresh air of the conversations that are going on on our television with actual presidential candidates and that whole notion of pitting people against each other and the shameless way that there's not even a fig leaf of pretext as you said of hiding it and people are right out in the open saying that it makes me fearful for our country but it makes me really happy that there are all of you sitting around here who can go back and kind of start these conversations in different ways places we work, places we worship neighborhoods etc and it's not easy it's hard but one of the things I just want to say Ann and I have done Peace Center work for 20 years now we learned early on not to go out by ourselves there's that thing in scripture about Jesus sending the disciples out 2x2 because somebody's got to somebody has to have your back when you do this it's just and the it feels to me like the heat is turning up we're still 13 months away from the general election it's not going to get any prettier I'm afraid I agree just a few thoughts listening to folks here it's such a personal thing and we can deal with what goes on with the political parties that's just the symptom of what goes on within all of us the isolation that occurs which feeds prejudice no matter where it is is a rampant in this country the isolation that occurs because of the inequality of wealth is a sin against all humanity especially those that are on the lower ends of the strata as far as income that type of prejudice can only be addressed when we reach out and involve ourselves with the other communities that surround us and that isolation that occurs I think is what continues to feed the bigots and continues to feed those that want to go ahead and use this for political gain I don't have an answer to how you change that other than the personal individual communication that takes place and until we get to that point until we can find some magic pill that will allow us to go ahead and do that with those around us I don't know it will ever change I don't want to sound pessimistic but the reality is in briefly in my community we were always looked upon as the white folks that were in the neighborhood and did not feel accepted and weren't really accepted by the community until we had our second child because they knew we weren't going to be the white social worker who was going to leave every day at five o'clock all that was is just a familiarity how do we become more familiar with blacks with Jews with Hispanics unless we're interacting with blacks Jews, Hispanics and take it a step further in our white brethren who have some pretty thick skin and thick brains sometimes when it comes to being open just some thoughts I think one of the things that gives racism its power is some of us and I speak for myself can move through the world because the world is set up for me to do that and so I think one of the big privileges of being privileged is never having to examine your privilege and so that's why I think conversations like this are important so we can hear other people's stories and our own ignorance is exposed and the way that we the way that I experience advantages every moment of the day that are invisible to me can be pointed out struggle for a world where that can be the case for other people as well I also want to share American Indian racism that goes on in this country and it's right in our faces and because I'm the Executive Director of the American Indians I deal with this a lot but they're the only race of people that actually have to prove who they are to this day we have to prove who we are and they're the only race of people that are being actively their ancestors are actively actively being dug up right now right? so you know I think there's a lot of it that goes on and I think a lot of our conversation recently has been about healing because there's a lot of people who are angry about this racism but how do you move the country in a direction of healing we've dealt with racism maybe 20 years now where they're pumping money to fight racism but it's finding out that you can throw all the money at these issues but if you're not dealing with the core of the healing aspect of it the deeply rooted stuff that plagues our communities and you know just can fly out the window and so that's what scares me is that we keep putting our resources in the wrong places where we need to put our resources and our human resources into these conversations you know across the country about how do we heal this how do we heal this internal racism within our families you know the people of color are the only ones that can produce shades of color biologically so I mean those are real things that our children need to understand and the people that we work with in our communities and live with need to understand that I just think that we more of these conversations need to be preached at the pulpits I think we have to have conversations about this at the pulpits we need to be talking about this constantly because I know one of the reasons we don't talk about it because it means there's a victim and there's a perpetrator and nobody wants to be the perpetrator nobody wants to be associated with that so one thing that Dr. Tom Keane said today that really stuck with me that he opened up his speech by saying that I am going to he just told us right up front I am getting ready to tell you how powerless we are how useless we are he listed a bunch of things but I am going to stick with the power because that's what has happened I heard what you said I don't know if it will ever turn around but one person said that all that has to happen for evil to continue in the world is to let good people sit by and do nothing I might be paraphrasing some important phrase but the point I am making is we can't feel hopeless again I hate to keep beating Satan up tonight but not really but that's what he wants for us our scripture says that when you despair your power departs from you so you have to have a resolve a determination with all of this so he believes in us so my point here is that we have to believe and we have to believe that we are making a difference we have to believe that one pebble dropped in the sea creates a ripple and it eventually gets other places so every opportunity that I get and I know people of scripture appreciate this idea because I have even talked with Muslim people we have our challenges with unity among Muslims as you were pointing out sister Martha in your tradition and I've had leaders I've tried to bring leaders together and talk unity and they say no it's too deep we have our issues back home we have our issues overseas it's never going to get better and I thought about that idea in scripture that sometimes you have to lose a whole generation so that we can enter the promise land so I have every opportunity when I speak to college students I said it today I told them I'm counting on you will you all help us change this world will you make a difference that's what we have to do individual by individual and eventually we'll be in a better place that's a perfect way to segue so that question coming forward about healing and the challenge into the next generations so now we're all going to join the conversation and divide up into triads into threes and I want to point again to page 2 in the booklet where the golden rules of a living room conversation are about being curious and open to learning showing respect and suspending judgment looking for common ground being authentic and welcome that from others be purposeful and to the point and own and guide the conversation I think our inner circle tonight did a really good job so far modeling that being open to each other so I invite you into those threes just pick up this conversation where it left off and enter into your own conversation and then we're going to have some index cards Karen has them she's holding them up you do not have to come up with something to put on an index card but if your triad does come up with a continuing comment it's not a Q&A like we might have with a panel it's you're still in the conversation so if you have a comment that comes out of your triad an insight or a conversational question just raise your hand and Karen will bring your group a card and you can write that on the card we're going to do that for about 40 30 to 40 minutes we're all going to be collected and then we're going to go back into this conversation does anybody have any questions about the next movement in threes yes a question it makes no difference because when you have natural conversations sometimes you know the people and sometimes you don't and even in this circle there are people here who have never met before right any other questions alright let's get to three groups groups of three people three people in a group so there are three people in each group that's it you guys don't have to try it but that's true but it's true no no no it's true that is I'm waiting for word generation to die off so quick enough brave guy the old white males no but I over to your mom do you that's what it is what you involve on this but it's a democratic where it's a republic it's a republic where it bothers you where it's a republic where it's a republic where it's a republic where it's a beauty yes here's the idea politics is problem why do you think there's a value just put it on your head I kunnen I can I may get very I think what's芒 what's the form do you know where I'm from I've often come to church And I probably want to go, um, but I have a problem with that, I think the market would be in great trouble. There's something about the process of being called the most important. They're not going to be all straight out of there. They often are thinking it's true. We've got to be as important as possible. That's why I didn't get to follow up. I didn't make them, I didn't have the reasons to follow up. That's the opposite. The best provider, the best... I mean, it's the one line that's the most famous, the one that's starting to fail. Whatever. Just to be honest with you. Am I being wrong? Is that truly to do that special? Yeah. I knew it. Someone left in there. A lot of people in there. It's kind of a process. A lot of people in there. I mean, somebody like Betty Carson makes a comment. I mean, I used to do the formal housework work. Yeah, it's grace. The wife might have put it on the west side. But, you know, you mentioned about unity among the Muslim community. That's one of our challenges. Correct. We've got to... I'm going to pay for it. We don't... It's up to your organization. At least we have an equivalent. Maybe we can get you a federation. That's part of our program. Do you have a different... Do you have a different program? African American Muslim... How has that impacted your community? We're going to make a team. Oh. Is that the vision that you're instilling in them? Where has that gone? I'm just a few of them. We didn't get you. We didn't take you. All right. You know, our people... I'm sure it's going to happen. Three of them... I don't know. I don't know. Don't say that to them. Yeah. I'm sorry. Where are they located? I don't know. There. All right. Okay. Yeah. All right. All right. All right. All right. All right. All right. All right. All right. All right. Okay. You were available on your screen since you were immediate... Next slide, please. All right. That's 30, right? Over too few people on your screen. That's 200 people on your screen. That's great. Thanks. Oh, I see they're on that. Come one more time. Well, I can follow up on that cleaning. Just a quick coming to you. Tell the Internet, which is correct? Both of them. All right. All right. One. All right. Here you go. Here you go. All right. Okay, I'm going to go. And the last few years, we've gone through so many, like, Fantasties and tried to help them... They've been in the same field. These guys have haven't seen that. And apparently, at least, I don't know how to deal with it. The tradition is that while you may be very killed, it is very important. Right. All right. All right. So let me tell you what happened. There was a huge worry. There was a huge battle. There was a huge battle. There was a huge battle. There was a huge battle. There was a huge battle. There was a huge battle. Yeah. Right. And we got a job. Right. We got a job. Yeah. All right. And now, I'm working out, I'm going to go with you. Yeah. All right. So you were in the school or in the classroom? Yeah. Yeah. Right. Well, the two of us were working inside. Yeah. Yeah, we were. You were in the school. That's right. Yeah. And you were in the classroom? Yeah. We were in the classroom. And we had a lot of kids. to do, or we realize that somebody had told us that electric drive doors would be out. And because nobody has driveway conversations. So we're making efforts to just do the next step, to be getting to know your driver. I want to know that. You've heard leaders of the community talk to us about what they've received, the situation, the needs of the community, and very, very different perspectives coming from different communities. That's number one. That's a wonderful one. The whole conversation is going together. It's so easy to address the people in your side, and affirm each other's prejudice, and more perspective on the world, and a lot of hand grenades from people who are in the next one. The debates are just an example of... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...