 Now with reference lists, this is something that comes at the end of your document and it should start on a new page And your reference list must include all the works cited in your document and vice versa. Again, there are a few exceptions to this rule But generally speaking For most papers that you can see out there for most scholarship, you can see out there in APA style There's gonna be a one-for-one connection between them This is a little bit different if you're used to some other styles out there like Chicago Where you could potentially have a bibliography that includes sources that you consulted, but that you did not cite directly APA does not Ask for you to do that does not want you to do that So make sure you don't add sources to your reference lists that are not in your text of your paper Now with reference list citation all the information about the publication You need to identify and cite it properly is right here. It's the author the date the title And the source information for retrieval. So this is the order that it comes in and your reference list as well Sometimes you're missing one of these pieces of information. That's okay. You can there are ways to work with that and Generally speaking what even though it follows this kind of basic format there are sometimes little complexities Depending on the type of source that you might be using. So this usually Comes up Where that complexity comes in is typically with the source information for retrieval where there's going to be some Special formatting depending on that source type Let's take a look at some of the more common source types I'm not going to cover all of them in this presentation, but here's some just common ones so with a journal article in a reference list format we have the author of The article or authors if we had multiple authors you'll see it's going to be last name comma and then the initials and then there's those looking to have periods after them and spaces between the initials And that's going to be followed by the year in parentheses And then there's a period that follows that that year in the parentheses again It's going to be in this very particular order This makes it easy for your reader to look up in the alphabetical list of your reference list They're going to look for that last name on the author because it's going to be in text and then if the author Created multiple works that you've included in your paper Then they're going to take a look at the year so that they can clarify Which one of those it might be then after that we have the title of the article and the subtitle of the article if there is a subtitle and one of the things that's particular about APA is that it has you do titles in Sentence case rather than in title case for article titles So you'll see that the capitalization here is purposeful title of article the in article is lower case But the start of a subtitle is capitalized with the essence of title that is going to be capitalized If there's a proper noun in there or an acronym then we would also be capitalizing that just like we would in a normal sentence But there is mostly use of lower case now the title of the journal. That's a little bit different. It's in italics And you are going to be using title case So again with the example you see on the screen title of journal the Jane journal is purposefully Capitalized because you would be capitalizing that follow that with a comma. We're still in italics here By the way, so we're keeping with italics and then the volume number follows that and that's also going to be an italics Now after that there is no space The issue number in parentheses immediately follows the volume number and the issue number is not in italics Now with the APA 6 of the addition if that happens to be a style that you were used to at one point You didn't necessarily include the issue numbers and with the the newer APA It does encourage you to include the issue numbers because that's going to be helpful in most cases in many journals Have a No longer use something that is called continuous pagination You'll still see it with a number of journals out there though a continuous pagination is basically it when a journal starts with That issue one of a volume and then they keep counting up their page numbers Through the entire volume so they might have four issues and after issue one issue two will start up with the page number The issue one let let off with So that that does still happen depending on the journal that you're looking at and That's why why sometimes you'll see like really high page numbers when issues are not even all that big and There's a comment this can be after the issue number in parentheses and then you have the page number range now One thing to be really clear about here is that you see I'm using the PP to indicate for Pages you don't include that in your your reference list you just include the actual numbers themselves with a dash between the numbers and A reader that's familiar with the APA is going to just know that that's the page number range and then You follow it off with a period now if you have a DOI number DOI stands for digital object identifier It's a unique number for a journal article or potentially even books and chapters There's some other sources out there that get assigned DOI's as well not every source has a DOI So when you don't have a DOI you can omit it You don't need to include the DOI because the DOI's do cost money and not every journal will pay for that DOI service Now if it does have a DOI though, you're gonna want to make sure you include that that's actually pretty good information It's the most exact identifying information that is anywhere in this reference list And so you'll want to make sure that that's included and so you want to use this format here where it is in URL format If you're familiar with APA 6 There there was the previous iteration before they introduced URLs a little bit later on Where you did not use a URL format, but now you're being asked to use a URL format So that's that HTTP colon slash slash DX DOI org slash and then you take that digital object identifier number and you go ahead and you put that right at the end of that URL and Then you're get readers gonna be able to look it up really quickly So take a look at a journal article example in this case for this actual journal article We see that there are multiple authors that are gonna be listed So how that's different from the previous example that we're looking at before is we are using the last names and the initials but then we have that ampersand that is showing up in the author name list and We want to make sure that it's an ampersand not the word and it sounds picky, but that's That's one of the technicalities with an APA that you want to make sure you watch out for We use that and then we have the year and we have that title of the article And you'll notice that because Koreans is a proper noun We have the capitalized K but a little than that it's in sentence case and the journal of mental health counseling You see that we have the volume number 27 in italics But then the issue number three is not in italics, but it is in parentheses Command and the page number range 266 to 281 and then we follow that with that DOI that looks like a URL Now if we have a journal article without a DOI it's going to to look a little bit different. So in this case We have again the last name of the the author and the initials the year the the title of the article itself not in italics But in sentence case then we have the title of the journal in this case It's the Lancet in italics and in title case and that volume number 371 the lance it's been around for a long time. So that's why it's so high and You see one of those examples of a really high issue number as well 9,630 and the page number range there 2078 to 2079, but there's no DOI for us to be using so we're not including that in this and there's no retrieve from URL to that we would be using either now oftentimes Many articles do get published online and they don't necessarily need a DOI. They don't really need To have that for for the access they're published open access so that anyone in the world is able to get that scholarship without a Subscription so in this example everything looks fairly Similar to what we've seen before but the difference is is that we add that URL Where someone is going to be able to get access to the source right at the end and you want to use a URL that gets your reader If not directly to the source as close as possible to the source as possible you don't want to just drop them into the journal home page and Make them navigate to that article you want to make sure that it gets them pretty much to where they want to go So make sure the site very directly in that sense So here's a book example where we have a single author in this case last name the initial the year We have the the title of it where it's going to be in sentence case in italics and The start of a subtitle since we have a subtitle on this one is capitalized and Then we have the publisher at the end and since we don't have a URL. We don't have to include anything extra Now this is also a little bit different from APA 6 and that you used to indicate The location that it was published that the book was published this got more and more confusing with the sort of International growth of publishing and and there would be books published in many different places at the same time many different cities and so With the update to APA they have done away with the location on publishing For citing web pages since that's increasingly common The APA style manual is a little bit better about this This time around APA 6 was a little bit vague with some of its guidance, but there's a lot better information now We still want to do base the same kind of basic approach that we see with some of the other sources out there Where we have the author or authors the date the title of the work a document title and or description Couldn't can be added to it and then that address URL So it's very similar to that journal article example. We saw just a moment ago Okay, let's take a look at citing websites in the example that I have here I purposely chose one was coming from a government source because it helps to Illustrate how you you might also use organizations as authors There are many documents out there, especially coming from government sources where they have organizations as the authors rather than an Individual and when you have organizations as authors, do you want to make sure that you use the entire name of the organization? I kind of chose one here that it's a little bit overkill the US Department of Veterans Affairs vocational rehabilitation and employment services because it just kind of helps illustrate how you want to make sure that you have that whole Organization name because especially with government sources there can be subunits within our organization or Other things along those lines. We're striving for precision here So we want to make sure that we have it as close as possible now Again, this author name should also be in text with the paper too And so you might be wondering well if I'm citing the source multiple times Doesn't this get a little bit unwieldy and the way that you deal with that is that you list the entire name The first time around and if it's an in in a in text citation Then you can establish the use of an acronym after that by putting that into square brackets And then you can use that acronym From from then on and then that helps make it a little bit easier So we have that organization name listed there Followed by a period and then the year in parentheses followed by a period and the title of the pages followed by a period just like we saw in Many of our other sources the titles of pages can be a little bit tricky sometimes for Government sources or other web sources because they're They're not always the clearest things to to find there may be like three different elements on a page That could potentially be the title So you want to just kind of do your best in terms of what is the the title that makes the most sense to be using But also a tip on how to to kind of go with what might be the the thing that comes across best is that As the title is to take a look in the tab at the top of your browser and see what title they're using there for In the tab because that's oftentimes going to be the best most direct title to be using Then after that we follow it with a URL that goes as directly to the source as possible just like with our A journal article that we looked at a moment ago We want to make sure that we're not making people kind of hunt around for the information That they're looking for and they can get directly to what they want