 Mae'r Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic yn y Llywodraeth yn Brytyn i'r Llywodraeth 5,000 yng Nghymru. Hei, a fawr i'r Llywodraeth Llywodraeth Cymru. Rwy'n Stephen. Rydyn ni'n gwybod i'r Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic. Mae'r Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic yn y Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic yn y Llywodraeth Llywodraeth yn y Llywodraeth Llywodraeth Cymru, ac yn ystod ar ym 1300-750 BC. Mae'r Llywodraeth yn y Llywodraeth Hulstadion o Oestriach, yn y Llywodraeth Sult-Mings. Mae'r Llywodraeth yn y Llywodraeth yn y Llywodraeth Llatennol, a'r Llywodraeth yn y Llywodraeth 450-1 BC. Rhywbeth, mae'r Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic yn y Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic yn y Llywodraeth ac yn ystod rhai f commun am ddweud i bopingau cynciwnau Llywodraethiamol meditation stance yn Llywodraeth. Mae'sklarrhaeth Llywodraethonyn yn arred a soedd. O'r Llywodraeth yn yr Llywodraeth Proto-Celtic Play Llywodraeth i eisteddfiaeth Llywodraeth o stat is Barry Cynliffe, in his book The Ancient Kells. Cynliffe is the Emirates Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford. I am currently reading this book and it is a fascinating read. It's almost like the Bible of Celtic studies. I will put a link in the video description below to this book. It's well worth picking up and if you use the link below to Amazon, you'll help support this work as I will get a cut of the proceeds. Cynliffe's argument is that the protoceltic language are originated in the Atlantic zone, a region of western Iberia, western France and Britain and Ireland, and it arose as a trading language or lingua franca. What is a lingua franca? Well that's a very good question. A lingua franca is often referred to as a trade language or a link language and is defined as a language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages. In the modern context, English is often referred to as the lingua franca of the international business community, as Cynliffe writes, given the complexity of the ideas that had to be communicated, it is not unreasonable to suppose that people had developed a common language, a lingua franca that enabled the disparate groups to establish social bonds and engage in reciprocal exchanges, including the exchange of abstract ideas. If we are correct in accepting the hypothesis that the early farmers brought the Indo-European language to the Atlantic coast via both the Mediterranean and the Middle European river systems, then the Atlantic lingua franca is likely to have been developed from Indo-European routes as Cynliffe continues. There would be nothing unusual about the emergence of a lingua franca that fostered communication along the Atlantic seaways. Similar languages have developed in other parts of the world to facilitate maritime connectivity. Swahili came into being along the east coast of Africa after the intensification of trade caused by Arab contact. An early Atlantic lingua franca could have been the base from which Celtic developed. If this is so, then the Celtic language originated in the same maritime region in which it is known to have been widely spoken by the 1st millennium BC. Cynliffe then goes to include the beaker phenomenon. The connectivity established in the Atlantic zone in the period 5500 to 2800 BC played an important role in the next stage of development when there appears to have been an escalating mobility both of goods and of people. This phase, referred to as the beaker phenomenon, is characterised by the appearance of a distinctive type of pottery beaker usually associated with a recurring set of grave goods including knives and archery equipment. If the beginnings of Celtic is a lingua franca lay in the early period, then the eastward spread of bell beaker culture could be the vector by which the Celtic language spread across much of western Europe. What's interesting about this theory of Celts from the west, i.e. that the proto-Celtic language originated in the Atlantic zone, meaning western in Iberia, western in France and Britain and Ireland, is that if you think about geographically, the six surviving Celtic languages that are still spoken today, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, Welsh and Breton and Brittany and western in France, they are still all spoken, these six languages in the Atlantic zone of today, the same Atlantic zone of 5000, 6000, 7000 years ago. Perhaps it's just coincidental, or perhaps the surviving Celtic languages of today are survivors of an ancient proto-Celtic language that originated in the same geographical region, i.e. the Atlantic zone, an interesting thought. Also, when we look at surviving Celtic place names, we see the same concentration in the same region. There may be various reasons for this fact, including the fact that the Roman Empire pushed many Celtic groups west during their conquest of territory controlled by the Celts, most famously Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul, meaning France, Belgium and that general region. However, it may be the case that the Celtic language predominates in this geographical region of the Atlantic zone, because it was originally founded in that zone. As Cunliffe writes, and he's booked the ancient Celts on surviving Celtic place names, he writes that they are concentrated in Ireland, Britain, France and Iberia, with less dense occurrences extending eastward through the centre of Europe and around the Black Sea and cropping up again in Asia Minor. Another argument that can be made to support the idea of Celts from the west, i.e. that the proto-Celtic language originated in the Atlantic zone of the British Isles, Western France and Western Iberia, can be found in Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul. I will put a link again in the video description below to Amazon if you want to check this book out. In this book, Julius Caesar documents parts of the customs and institutions of the Gauls. He talks about the Druids and he says that the Druids often went to Britain for their training, as he writes in a section on customs and institutions of the Gauls. The Druidic doctrine is believed to have been found existing in Britain and then imported into Gaul. Even today, those who want to make a profound study of it generally, go to Britain for the purpose, i.e. the Druids went to Britain to be trained in the Druidic doctrine. This suggests that the home of the Druidic doctrine may have been Britain. The Druids, of course, were essentially the priesthood of Celtic societies and the fact that their home during Caesar's time, according to Caesar, was essentially Britain. It may be the case that the Celtic priesthood home was in Britain because the Celts original home was Britain. This, in general, is a fascinating book and, like I say, I'll put a link in the video description below to Amazon and if you purchase it through that link you help support this channel. But yeah, this book, if you can get over the fact that it was written in the third person and Caesar constantly refers to Caesar throughout the book like thousands upon thousands of times, it's ridiculous because it was essentially written as Roman propaganda or propaganda written by Caesar for a Roman audience. But in general, it's a fascinating read. It's got its astonishing that we have a primary source written by Julius Caesar, predominantly focused on his campaigns in Gaul in that general region. But it does give some first-hand accounts from a Roman perspective, of course, which was propaganda, considering the Romans conquered most of the Celts. But he certainly does describe, from his perspective anyway, the institutions and the customs of the Gauls, i.e. the Celts in Europe at that time. So it's a fascinating read if you want to delve a wee bit more into the primary sources in relation to that time period, a time period I'm personally fascinated with. Of course, there are numerous other theories as to the origin of the Druids and the Celts in general. But I thought it was an interesting introduction into the subject matter, discussing these topics. Going forward, I want to explore it more in more detail. Please let me know your thoughts in the comments below as we've touched on various different subjects in the video today. I also want to get out more in the field going forward, so if you like the idea of me getting out to different places in Scotland, please let me know in the comments below. I'm hoping to do this in the coming months. If you enjoy my work and find value in it, please consider supporting me. You can support me through PayPal, buymeacoffee.com and Patreon. All the links will be in the video description below and that's the same for every video I produce. Please also tell your friends and family about this channel and share it on social media and whatever other channels you want to. This is ultimately your content, so as long as you give me credit at Celtic History Decoded, you can literally do whatever you want with my videos. I'm not going to copyright strike you. If you want to criticise them, use them in your own videos or share them in any way, please do so. Anyway, thanks for watching and I'll speak to you soon.