 Hi, my name is Tracy Tagahama Espinosa and I want to talk about the elephant in the room today I want to talk about some things that everybody in society knows about related to education either implicitly and consciously But until we bring some of these things to the forefront until we talk about them in a really clear way We won't be able to advance education in the ways that we would hope to So in the short video, I want to do three things I want to first talk about four big changes that have occurred on the educational landscape within society over the past decade But necessarily impact and change the way that we train teachers to be teachers and what we expect of teachers in society Second, I want to talk about some very specific recommendations on teachers new pedagogical knowledge that comes out of the OECD publication from 2017 which Recommends that new teacher formation has to include a lot of different types of things The two basic ones are more information about the brain and how it learns and Technology and the third thing I want to do is to leave you with some really concrete starter ideas The principles and tenets for mind, brain and education science that should guide a teacher practice from here on out So what are these big necessary changes in education? Do you remember Rip Van Winkle, you know He fell asleep for like a hundred years and what happened in that time when he woke up you know Transportation had totally changed and the way we do business is very very different now than it was a hundred years ago And the way we elect people into office has also changed drastically where we get our food from how we shop How we feed ourselves has also changed and our schools Okay, this isn't so drastic. Okay one definitely We have some school houses that still look like this this one obviously very extreme Amish community in Pennsylvania So maybe that's pushing the point But the key idea here is that Schools are the slowest institutions to change in society and we have a lot of ketchup work to do and we're pushed to do There's not only because everybody else is changing, but also because there are different expectations of schools We now go from this idea of equal access almost everybody gets to go to school now But they don't always get the same level of quality depending on their school district There's zip code people are sort of condemned to a type of education that has to change, right? We're moving from teaching in silos like teaching math language science art as separate concepts to understanding the value of Transdisciplinary thinking and we're moving from just looking towards standards Let's meet the average to really more creativity on the part of our students and from this idea of just passing a class to This concept of lifelong learning from traditional resources textbooks basically to using technology in an intelligent ways in our classroom From bettering just the self before we used to think that you know you go to school and you can have a better life We know that that's absolutely true We know that somebody who finishes high school learns about twice as much as somebody who only finishes primary school and somebody goes to College runs about twice as much as somebody who went to high school and somebody who has a master's or PhD He's almost never unemployed. So we know there's benefits to the individual But we also now accept and recognize that when individuals in society flourish then society as a whole flourishes We've also moved from just content knowledge, you know knowing a particular math formula or a grammatical rule or a form in language To understanding how to think about approaching problems in our in our surroundings And we've also moved from these face-to-face brick and mortar classrooms with solid walls To understanding things like virtual classrooms that take advantage of the flipped Classroom for example in which you send video content beforehand and then when you're in class You can really go deeper into the information and I'm sure there's other changes But these are some really core shifts in expectations of schools a Second big change has to do with and not only changes in school expectations But also what do we expect of students and what do we expect of teachers? If you Cumulatively we look at the 21st century literature out there that says what is it that we hope that we do in classrooms You'll get this idea that we want critical and creative thinkers We want people who know how to work with people who are different from them Who know how to use tools or who embrace technology or who understand and appreciate complexity and we're innovative This means that we are no longer just looking at understanding History or math or reading or writing as subject areas But we expect that students come out of our systems Being able to act autonomously to be responsible citizens To be open and empathetic and be able to work with people who are different from them This puts a huge burden on the teacher right because you can't get apples from a pear tree If this is what we expect of students then we as teachers have to be this and more So we have to embrace that and we have to identify our own shortcomings perhaps and fill in those gaps a Third change that has occurred is the way that technology has opened up our better understanding about the brain We're still in diapers. We still know very little about the human brain But what we do know is allowing us for example to get rid of all of these myths Back in the 90s before we could really see into the brain very clearly We would do cartoon sketches and oftentimes over generalized information or misinterpret scientific findings and all of these things that you see here Have now been proven to be myths so slightly better technology helps us understand that we can measure brain activity either electrically or chemically or structurally and All of these things together now give us this deeper appreciation that you know It's not that you just have you know math and one part of the brain or a spatial or creativity and another that's not true You have very complex neural networks that are formed for any type of skill set that you learn or undertake So doing something as simple as you know saying a sentence or a basic math problem will involve multiple areas of the brains And so where we used to think Language was located or math was located now we understand these are core hubs You know information passes through those places, but it's not where language or math is and so this refined Technology has helped us get a more sophisticated understanding and appreciation of all the complex ways that people learn and in doing so It also permits us to be much more precise instead of saying that well the kid just doesn't have a brain for math We can actually break it down and we can say oh my gosh He doesn't understand you know magnitude or how symbols relate to certain procedures in a mathematical formula or whatever So we're now able to become more precise in understanding what types of difficulties kids might have in our classrooms The fourth big change is that we also now have better insight into what really influences student learning outcomes and This is thanks to longitudinal studies Finally, you know formal education is only around 120 30 years old So finally we now have studies that can track whole cohorts of people Since the time that they enter education all the way until they graduate over time So we can actually see what types of intervention seem to work with what types of individuals and what types of context So we can compare them across the lifespan. We also have internationally comparative studies So we can sort of sort out now what types of things are really true for all human brains And then what things have a very heavy cultural component attached to them Especially as they relate to cultural artifacts like language and how we write numbers or letters and thirdly We now have a methodologically comparative scale Thanks in great part to the work of John Hattie who has really been tremendous and has opened our eyes to understanding If you compare influences on student learning you can weigh this now as to its effect size So what has a greater effect? What has a greater impact on student learning outcomes? So he's tabulated to find that you know a point four is at this basic, you know sweet spot effect anything above that is really where we want to be And you can compare things like you can say yeah homework is important, you know, it makes sense but Actually, there's a bunch of other things that even more important like the student-teacher relationship has a huge or a much Bigger effect size than homework does for example, so you sort of have to choose your battles What's the most important thing that we should be focusing on when we teach teachers? Do we teach them how to grade homework or emphasize their time there or do we tell them? You know your time is better spent cultivating those strong student-teacher relationships so we can compare multiple things teaching explicit study skills or How teacher clarity and feedback aids learning or how interactive discussions getting students to actually use the information and knowledge As opposed to just doing a worksheet. How does that influence our learning outcomes and maybe most importantly how students own Self expectation, you know, I am a learner or you know, I'm not going to be good at this How the students own self-perception as influenced by what the teachers make them think about himself Changes that students outcome so based on had his work We're able to now not only have these longitudinal studies international studies But now we have met a lot methodologically comparative skills where we can actually say certain things really have a bigger impact for most of the students in our classroom Another big idea that aids us in thinking about this idea of our end game in education is when we think about Backward design when we think about anything that a student is going to learn in our classrooms can be broken down into competencies either It's a knowledge-based thing. It's dates facts formulas concepts place names or it's a skillset how to use that knowledge Or it's related to Attitudinal things, you know appreciating the role of perseverance and finding the right answers or Valuing teamwork to get to the right answers. So Understanding that a teacher's job is no longer just here no longer in just sharing knowledge It has more to do with this bigger area of skill sets and attitudinal ranges And that's something that we have to get beyond because our textbooks are only telling us what to teach They're not telling us how to teach and the how seems to be what we what society values much more As far as what a school's role is in shaping those individuals. We're gonna be citizens in our own communities So this really forces us to think you know at the end of the day, what is that and results? You know, what are my objectives? What is it that I'm after in my day-to-day with my interaction with my students or in Across the whole, you know seventh grade school year or primary school or by the time they hit university What is it that I'm trying to produce then I have to ask myself? What is it that I am hoping to achieve as a teacher? What is it that I'm after then I have to decide? You know, what are the tools then that are most appropriate for measuring that and then after that I can decide Okay, now what do I do in my classroom? We spend a lot of time in professional development talking about activities You know what methodology what strategy what way to a trick to use Within our classroom setting and we spend very little time focused on how to determine those objectives That's probably the more important end game if we think about this more globally Going back to this whole point if we're hoping if the expectations of society that we're producing students that are critical and creative Thinkers for example, do we actually really have the correct tools to measure that does a standardized multiple choice test? Really get to this kind of a profile probably not so we really have to rethink what it is that we're doing in education these days another core reason to remember and think about this the structure is because Attitudinal changes are perhaps the most important across the lifespan and individual as far as you know future learning goes But they also take the longest time to form and it's also very important to remember that attitudes are really connected to these unconscious prejudices that many of us have About how we think People learn so if I was brought up with the idea or told over and over again that girls just don't have a head for math Or they're not good at math or science or whatever it is if I Have that as a belief then I actually Interact and treat girls differently in my classroom We now have sufficient evidence to really say you know declaratively this is a problem teachers prejudices about How intelligence is formed how people learn Influenced student learning outcomes and these are silly things like you know if only the parents were more responsible or had better genes And pass them under the kids or if only the kids were better behaved or if only had better resources If only they'd eat and breakfast at home or they'd slept better if only my classes were smaller If only the kids played less video games, ah, then I would be this great teacher, right? So we have these these excuses that that actually trump what we now know about student learning outcomes There is no single greater Individual factor than influences student learning outcomes and the quality of the teacher So we know that the kid could have kind of messed up Home life and and I might have a slightly larger class and the other guy And yeah, this year I particularly do have some trouble making kids in the classroom or whatever it is but guess what that's on me and Actually, I have more power than I think to change this and to quantify this I confirmed looking at had his work and asking him you know It seems that there's 15 core teacher attitudes that are coming out of all of this research What do you think and he says yeah, it looks good Makes sense. It makes sense to think that if teachers don't understand their own power that they don't understand that They are the decisive factor in the classroom Teacher attitudes do change student learning outcomes So if a teacher doesn't believe in the importance of teamwork and believing humbly, you know The student has a good idea. I have a good idea the minute we're sharing these ideas We have an even better idea the teachers doesn't understand that Then that teacher will become better But he will never be great if a teacher doesn't understand how important it is to develop autonomy and learning that that They are not paid to answer kids questions They're paid to get kids to think if teachers don't buy into that It's very hard for them to become excellent in their endeavors if teachers don't lower this you know threshold of angst that people have about evaluation and Don't don't begin to embrace evaluation as a form of teaching. It's not meant to judge people It's meant to help them identify their own gaps in learning if we don't change that chip that we have about evaluation We're never gonna have those great schools that we're after We also know that it's part of great teachers attitudes to be able to differentiate and to value inclusive education and understand that not all kids need exactly the same thing at exactly the same moment and that that's on us to be able to vary our instructional methods or the way we approach information with students in order to start at their Starting point and provide them with all the resources they need in order to reach the same level of expectations that we have for all Another important attitude is to appreciate that the objective of modern education is to really Hopefully form life-long lovers of learning people who just find it a kick to learn new things all the time Instead of stamping into them if they have to pass a certain test or exam So it's very important that we appreciate our role as models You can't get apples from a pear tree if we expect that students are autonomous in their own learning We have to be autonomous if we expect that students know how to use a variety of tools to resolve problems We have to be able to do that if we expect the students are able to work with people who are different from them We have to be able to show them that we can do that as well Being a model is key to being an excellent teacher My job is to also appreciate that I have very unique individuals in my class and they come from a variety of backgrounds and Some of them come from starting points that are you know more elevated than others They've had other resources or extra benefits at home that other kids don't and part of my job is to Remediate the negative effects that some kids might come to school if that is on me to try to do that and also to appreciate that It's Usually not the kids fault that they are in that situation and that's something that we have to Compassionately accept as we teach this huge range of kids that that will be in our classroom It's also really important that I begin to learn more about the brain because it's important to understand the brain cannot not learn That's the whole reason it exists, right? So if I can appreciate that kids can and will learn They just might do it at different paces that creates this aura of optimism within every single classroom context that I enter And many of you have worked with Carol Dweck's idea of growth mindsets This is really embracing the idea that intelligence is definitely fluid. It's not fixed. You are not trapped in your biology You can make more of yourself than you think so helping kids to appreciate that is also very powerful It's also important to embrace this idea that there is a huge Variability within humanity where there's a lot of different people out there, right? There's going to be a percentage of people in the world that have you know These differing kinds of brains and that's on me to learn how to work with those kids and integrate them I'm responsible for all of teachers have to buy into that idea another Attitudinal shift has to do with professional knowledge back in the day. It was enough to know a lot of stuff now It's more important that teachers not only know stuff which you can find on your phone But it's actually more important to understand the workings of the human brain How do people learn? So knowing a bit more about the brain is a responsibility on the teacher the human brain the organ of all of our Existences teachers is not simple Therefore solutions in the classroom can't be like three steps to student reading or something like that And it's not as simple as saying oh you have a right brain and a left brain. That's just not true We have to get away from these misunderstandings about how humans learn and to dive into a little bit more the complexity How people learn different things to understand, you know that there are Multiple networks that all of those pieces aren't slightly different neural pathways and the more teachers know about that the better They can become at deciphering what learning problems individuals have and that's on us That's part of our attitudinal shift as far as teachers professional knowledge these days It's also very important to see this as a shift in how we understand teachers now in society Perhaps the most revered profession in society are medical doctors And I'd have to say that teachers share the same first rule as doctors and that is to do no harm This means that all of our practice has to be evidence-based We really have to look at what the science now says about learning in order to choose are the best teaching Interventions. It's also very important that teachers accept they have an awesome Responsibility but also understanding just from a from a social neurocognitive perspective to understand that this link this Connection this the communication that we have with individual students when they believe we care about their learning makes a huge difference It's also very important that teachers understand this huge and awesome Responsibility that we have for creating the right environment for student learning. We know that the teacher Not the family has the greatest impact on the individual student as far as their own self-belief in their value as Learners I can do this. I will be able to do it They totally believe you as a teacher more than they believe mom and dad as far as their own potential within your classroom We don't understand our power and this has a lot to do with this area of neuroscience called social contagion That I hope we can dig into deeper with you later It's also vital that teachers, you know rather than shooting for this lowest common denominators teachers understand That students reach the level of expectations placed on them So aiming high is actually a really good idea Finally, it's often hard for us to accept because it means, you know owning and having a huge responsibility I am the decisive factor in the classroom. I Decide, you know this climate here I decide whether or not this is going to be a joyful encounter or if this is going to be something that's You know heavy and burdensome or a dictatorship or authoritative kind of an experience. It's it's on me It's on me to decide that so these 15 core attitudes are things that I like you to think about reflect on because if you're Are not a hundred percent, you know in agreement. I am that I can do that I believe that Then we have some stuff to work on because we know that while you can get professional development in you know Certain methodology or how to plan a class or do an activity or whatever you can become better at being a teacher But you will never be great if those core teacher attitudes aren't in place And this moves us from just being an educator to moving towards being a learning Scientists and this is a big shift now in teaching It is something that was forecasted of more than 30 years ago by Leslie Hart who said designing educational Experiences without an understanding of the brain is like designing a glove without understanding the human hand Basically, if you don't know enough or a little bit at least the basics about how humans learn We can fall into these areas of great misconception But the main problem is that research led in great part by Paul Howard Jones just shows that across the globe Most teachers do not know enough about the brain new teacher education would be not only understanding all these things about education But being a mind-brain education scientist means that you also understand things about Consciousness and how emotions influence learning and the role of memory and attention systems So all of these things are a part of new teacher education So while it's acceptable that some people say oh, no, no, I'm just an educator, you know, okay But I'd like to make the argument There's a real need for people who understand who get this who are mind-brain education scientists Not just educators, but people who understand how the rest of the learning sciences really influence our brain Why because we have studied the learning brain for about 150 years But we barely know anything about how to teach based on that information This is really changing the face of educational training Whereas before teachers might learn a bit about how people learn and now we need to get to the point of okay No, how do you take advantage of how the brain learns to teach better? What are those precise interventions that are most important and the reason that I argued that this is important to do is because You know, we have not figured it out yet and education is so complex And so we're every single school year we begin with this optimistic view of okay this year I'm gonna figure it out or this year It's all gonna work and there's a lot that is still unknown So unless we begin to nurture our profession education with information from the other learning sciences We will not come to those conclusions And I say this because mind-brain education science takes all of the information from the learning sciences So understanding how nutrition or sleep influences the brain to understanding the basics of Neuroscience and how their chemical changes that occur in the brain in different types of human development and mixing all of this with information from education from Psychology Understanding just how historical or cultural context influence things and then moving into this idea of not just Educational neuroscience, but to this new field of mind-brain education science Which is this kind of sweet spot in the middle that looks at the teaching elements that we can gain Can we take all of this information and now be more effective teachers in our classroom? And I believe we can So this means combining had his work with mind-brain education into a new type of teachers professional development scheme We are the only profession out there that really still continues to to go without rank and that's very democratic but it's a bit problematic because somebody who is fresh out of teachers college is a teacher and Somebody who has been teaching for 45 years and is brilliant is still a teacher We'd like to recommend that you can sort of sort this out saying okay Somebody is a newly formed teacher to being a novice proficient to expert and then hopefully we get a handful of people who end up being Master teachers this happens over time, but also more importantly over depth of knowledge It doesn't mean that only old people can be master teachers You can have really young people who are great master teachers when they have the greater depth of understanding of our new profession And all of this comes back to the recommendations that were made by the OECD expert panel on teachers new pedagogical knowledge and The changes that are occurring in education the changes and expectations of society But how we need to change teacher formation So to summarize that the first steps that we would suggest is that number one is to get rid of the neuro myths and to correct teacher attitudes the second step would then be looking at these core principles What are these things that we know that are true about all human brains and believe it or not There's only six okay, and then things that are tenants that are also true But they have huge human variation things like for example motivation influences student learning But what motivates one person doesn't motivate another so we know that it's important for learning But it doesn't work the same way for all human brains then we also have to take into consideration cultural aspects and the context within which learning occurs and Then finally then we can reach you know Here are some core recommendations of how you should teach them in the new modern classroom that includes mind brain education science These would be the steps that we'd recommend if we were to look at some of the things on this first step many teachers say Oh, but my attitudes are just fine. I don't believe in any neuro myths. I'd ask you to look at this list You know I have a list of more than 70 neuro myths that are in teacher literature Do you believe any of them and if you do? We got to correct that and we got to get the better information in there because The main reason neuro myths are so bad is that they do harm They actually limit the way that we consider potential in individual students So I'd love to be able to pull apart neuro myths with you at some point my book from the summer of 2018 is Is one that actually summarizes all these myths, but I'd love to go over them with you So going back to this general list and okay So once we get rid of the myths then we have to know what real content information is really good to get that Answer I did a five-ten year follow-up to another study that was done in 2008 to try to figure out Is there anything that we can all agree on from neuroscience that can be brought into the classroom the Delphi panel of experts were asked six different questions and The important things that I'm going to share right now only have to do with the principles in the tenets So there's six principles that they agreed upon they agreed that the human brain is unique Everybody has an individual brain while we might have similar neural pathways for for example How humans learn to read nobody has identical pathways for how they do that second principle has to do with different potentials you are born with a different set of Potential capacities to do different types of skill sets thanks to the genes that you inherit Combined with this dynamic of your environment those things together Decide who you become and what you can learn so this means that the context of learning prior experiences your personal choice You know free will as well as your genetic makeup your biology all the events that occur In early childhood and beyond all make a difference in what you are now able to learn different brains have different potentials a Third principle has to do with the basic law of learning that all new learning passes through this filter of prior experience So basically the more you know the more you can know what you know from your past actually influences what you're potentially able to know in The future and you know and knowing that how does that change what you do in your classroom? Do you know your students well enough for example to take advantage of their prior knowledge to forth the brain Changes constantly with experiences changes at the molecular level in your brain can actually change Before you can see changes in behavior for example changes have to occur at the molecular level before a person a kid can learn to read Right you have to have so many different neural networks in place before boom one day He seems to read but the changes at the molecular level occurred way before the changes in behavior of reading, right? So we know that changes in the brain can either occur before behavioral changes simultaneously or even after Behavioral observation is seen. Okay, so if you know that the brain changes constantly with experience This makes us question. You know the the timing that we have in our school systems Do we allow for this learning cycle to run its natural course? The fifth principle has to do with the general plasticity of the brain The brain is plastic throughout the lifespan and we also know that Neuro constructivism explains to us that you have to have basic foundational concepts before other concepts can occur But do we use teachers have those expectations clear and do we realize that the order of events is actually more important than saying Oh, but the kid. Oh, he's 15 by now. He should be doing X Y or Z Well, the truth of the matter is if he doesn't have those basic foundations then we can't construct that new knowledge So we know that plasticity really is the physical manifestation of all learning, right? So for plasticity occur we have to have the right conditions and the sixth principle is that there is no learning without well-functioning memory systems and well-functioning attention systems and Memory is not a single thing in the brain nor is attention There are multiple sub-systems and sub-networks and teachers really need to know how to take advantage of that Getting a kid's attention by flicking the lights on and off is not the same thing is Sustaining their attention long enough for them to read a page, right? So we have to understand the different types of attention systems the different types of memory systems in order to be able to take Advantage of this in the best way possible So those are the six principles attach to the six principles are an additional 21 tenants Which are things that are true about every brain, but they range very widely by individuals So there is a great variability across humanity, but we do know for example that motivation influences student learning outcomes We also know that affect and cognition are inextricably linked. There is no cognitive development without affect That means emotion influences how you think about things We know that stress for the good or the bad of it influences student learning outcomes Anxiety also influences learning Depression can greatly impede learning as well and that challenge and threat are vital to learning But what what challenges one person could be a threat to another person? So understanding that that sweet spot of tension is very important for student learning outcomes We also know that people interpret and react to facial expressions unconsciously So there are a handful of facial expressions six or seven that Universally people react to the same happiness sadness surprise those seem to be similar But then there's other micro expressions that are oftentimes not easily interpreted on a very conscious level But we send messages to kids all the time every day with our face But very rarely are we taught how to manage those kids will hone in onto that facial expression more than the content of What is being expressed? So we know that we have to learn to manage our facial expressions in the right way to be able to enhance those learning moments In a very similar way tones of voices are interpreted almost immediately for threat Are we attuned to that when we interact with our students? We also know that learning is very social most people would choose to learn with others and There's a huge piece of this that has to do with social contagion the way that individuals in a group make the group Feel about their own context another tenant is that that we know that attention systems can oftentimes also be highly Individualized based on different experiences in that individuals lifespan. We also know that learning is a progression It's kind of like you know going up a spiral staircase You know two steps forward one step back two steps forward one step back It is not a linear process as it doesn't go from A to B You know very directly so we have to appreciate the time that it takes for learning to occur We also know that there's conscious as well as unconscious processes This means you can't learn while you're asleep obviously, but you can rehearse things and there is a consolidation of memory When you are asleep so while teachers might not have control over some of these things It's very important to understand the role of the mind-body connection there We mentioned this in abbreviated form before but we talk about chronological ages or cognitive stages or an individual's prior experience We know that by far prior experience has a greater influence on student learning outcomes than for example the age of an individual Going back to this mind-body connection We know that what you do to your body influences the potential of your brain And but your brain chooses what you do your body right so we have to take into consideration the role of sleep and dreaming Do we understand how sleep allows us to pay attention how dreaming consolidates memory? Do we know that nutrition? You know your brain is using about 20% of the calories that you intake but not all calories are created equal You know so eating a bunch of cola and fries does not do the same thing for your brain as eating a healthy diet Right and we know that physical activity has an influence on what your brain is able to do Right, so you know mentesana corpusana, you know There's a balance there between what happens to your body and what happens to your brain another tenant is to use it or lose it We know that your brain is incredibly Efficient and so when neural pathways are not used or rehearsed over time they can degenerate So unless you're actively using your brain, you're actually not going to sustain Whatever it is that you learn in the past so staying up to date or keeping up to date with information Thinking is one of the best ways to maintain brain fitness Most teachers understand the important role of feedback and student learning outcomes for the good or the bad of it But there's this art and how you give feedback Is it structured in such a way that the student then owns it rather than becomes defensive by it? Have we honed in on those those communication skills that are necessary to be able to give the right level and type of feedback in The right way to students to enhance their learning We also know that the success of authentic learning is explained a great deal in fact that you cannot not pay attention When you are the center of attention, so when something is authentic when you are doing it It makes it very difficult for you not to pay attention to that It also means that it has a great intrinsic motivational value because it's something of great importance to you already So but how do teachers tap into that also very important tenant? And finally we realize because of the brain's efficiency The first thing it does is it looks for anything a pattern to what do I already know about this new information that's coming in and then What is it that's different? So what sticks out is something that's different to me So understanding novelty and patterns is a key way that the brain detects information and can learn So these principles and tenants are the few basic things that come out of neuroscience Laboratories that can be used in the classroom, but just knowing that list of things is not enough What's really really vital for us to understand is that? Having that information doesn't empower us to know how to use it in the classroom So we need to now go beyond understanding that you know motivation is important for learning to understand How do we motivate individual kids? So now in conclusion? This is just sort of laying the groundwork then we know that there have been changes in education We know that now there's different expectations We now know the teachers really need to know a bit more about the brain so that they can actually be more efficient in their jobs So this is an invitation to explore this mind-brain education science perspective this take on New teachers pedagogical knowledge in the 21st century and how do we approach them? So to conclude I would just ask you to do a short exercise three two one Are there three things that I mentioned to you that you didn't know beforehand? Are there two things that you will continue to research or talk about because wow that was pretty cool I want to know more about this Are you curious about anything and is there at least one thing that you might consider doing differently to improve your personal and professional practice based on the information that we shared right now? Why do I ask you to do this? One of the things that we understand about memory consolidation and remember memory is vital to all-new learning is that You need time for reflection Education is not just bombarding people with content information. You also need downtime. You need to process it You need to think a little bit more and decide is this usable knowledge. What can I do with this? So getting to that point is part of these types of reflections if you also like you might also do a visible thinking activity That comes from Richard and colleagues ideas and just tell you so well I used to think teacher education or professional development was whatever whatever And now I think This is a different way of putting this information into perspective because it also shows, you know concrete growth Before I was here and now I am here with this information But take the time take two minutes to do this and I promise you will make a big difference in the way you approach the information in the future So now I hope I am leaving you with a whole lot more questions than answers right now I want to invite you to stay in touch and I would like to follow up with you to talk about each of and every one of These points in more depth if we get the opportunity Thanks for the chance to introduce this idea of mind-bren education science and to talk about that elephant in the room and the changes That are necessary to improve our educational practice