 While we wait for it for the slides to load, I would like to note two things in the previous presentation and connect it to the some of the points that we discussed in the morning. One of it is what I had said while introducing the session that this was an example where you can see the entire research design and from the time you plan the study till you finish analyzing and conclude the results. When you saw that sometimes there could be surprises or that things may not go as you plan. For example, the equivalence between the groups was not what was expected. There are ways later where you can try to address these issues, but it is much more difficult and the data analysis was very difficult and it is also not easy or not guaranteed that using a non-equivalent group design can give you results, can give you conclusive results. So here one of the morals here was try very hard in the beginning to make sure that the groups are indeed equivalent. The second point is this was again if you thought that the study was a little complicated or you know what was that what was new in this and so on. In fact, this was an example where the positioning of the work had to be done very carefully. As Mrinal mentioned right in the beginning interactive visualizations have been are being used a lot especially in science and engineering education. There are a lot of benefits that have been shown for these visualizations. So a referee if the study is not done very carefully, the referee might say that well what is new in your work, what is the novelty aspect. So the novelty here really comes from the positioning that while some of the benefits of the interactive visualizations have been mentioned, there also are some results which say that too much interactivity can might overload the learner or maybe the benefit is not as much as one thought and so on. So the positioning of the work is to carefully look into this issue examine this issue as to how much interactivity is good for what level of content, what type of content for what topic and so on. So the value of a study like this is in the careful detailing of the points where there is a gap in the literature. So if you if your study falls in this category you really have to work very very hard to do positioning. On the other hand if you have if your idea itself or the question itself or your idea itself is something much newer, then the your paper can be there is greater chance of your paper being accepted on the novelty issue. So since now you are going from a novice ET researcher to an intermediate ET researcher, it is I thought it would be useful to share these ideas. There have been a lot of questions about some mainly about asking us to explain some technical points. So the way we technical terms like what is meant by variable manipulation and what is statistical significance and so on. So these sort of queries we look into two or three places. One is we will try to address a few of them briefly in the question and answer session if it is relevant to the topic that we are discussing, else we will post a few of these on Moodle the ones at least that you have been exposed to today. When you read research papers especially as novice ET researchers it is inevitable that you will come across these terms and initially they may seem new because it is indeed a new technical topic itself. So what you will have to do at that time is to find references, find links and actually go and find out the meanings of these terms on your own. So the fact that you are being exposed to these new terms and you do not right away understand what is going on, this is going to happen quite typically once you start reading literature and there are ways to solve that. You essentially read more to try to find out what these mean. Now I think all of you are set to almost begin your study, so here I can sense the enthusiasm that we know how to set up a study, how to measure it, so let us get on. But there is really one very important point that we all have to pay a lot of attention to before we go ahead and implement things. In fact we have to think about this during the design phase itself and we mentioned this a little bit earlier in the first session today morning and this point has to do with the ethics of research. And by ethics we mean ethics come at several stages, we are going to talk about two different aspects of ethics today, one is the ethics of ethics while conducting research which becomes quite complex especially because what we have is human subjects with us and the other part is going to be about ethics of writing and reporting research. So let us first spend a few minutes about the ethics of conducting research when we have human subjects involved. This part is something which is perhaps new to engineering college faculty or it is also new in the physical sciences because we do not have subjects or samples which are live. If you are a faculty member from the biological sciences you would have dealt with some ethics of animal research and some of the guidelines in fact do borrow over here. But for engineering instructors or engineering researchers since we do not have human subjects in engineering we do not think about this particular part of ethics too much. So the first question we want to ask is why is research with human subjects so special and why do we have to treat it at a different power than other types of subjects. And if you think of any type of research the main goal is the pursuit of scientific knowledge. So, we do research to try to understand something more deeply to try to draw inferences to make theories and we contribute back to the spool of scientific knowledge. And that is how the entire that is how the game of science is conducted and that is how the entire scientific community grows in terms of knowledge and skills. So there is a lot of value in pursuit of scientific knowledge some of it even becomes technological knowledge and it goes off into becoming inventions for practical human usage and all that. So we all know very well what is the value in pursuing scientific knowledge and what is the value in doing systematic research in order to pursue scientific knowledge. Now when you have human subjects what happens is that benefit to humanity has to be balanced with a potential problem that could be caused to the subjects. So these kind of problems might crop up because we are asking some subjects to do one thing and another subjects to do something else. So we can ask is there fairness in that? We may ask are human subjects to give us different types of information right from marks in education but we may also do things like videotape what videotape their hand gestures and their face just face emotions while they are doing some study while they are doing some task. So there is an issue of privacy that comes in. In fact if in some psychological research there is also there is that the subjects could be at more risk than what they would normally have to undertake in their normal daily lives. So there is this issue of a problem due to risk that is caused from the research and what we need to do is balance the benefits versus cause and make sure that we are maintaining fairness and we are we do not cause any harm to the subjects. So that is why this human research human subjects is a very special type of I mean this issue is very special when it comes to doing research with human subjects. So now the best thing to learn how to do ethical research is actually to read up some standard guidelines and there are several known organizations professional organizations several universities several books and articles which have been published and they all almost say the same thing. So what we will do here is just summarize some of these. This is not completely comprehensive but this at least should give you a start. You I am sure you would not disagree with any of these that scientist should not do research that puts people at risk. And this is you can understand this in the context of medical research for example because if somebody is doing drug testing at the very minimum the drug should not cause any harm to the people on whom it is being tested. So you may say well I am doing education I am not doing medical research so what kind of risk will I put subjects at and you are right to some extent that the risks may not be very high but it is still something that you need to keep in mind. For example if you ask some of your students to do the same task for 4 hours without paying attention to their comfort there is some risk involved there as in the discomfort is more than what the subjects would undergo beyond a normal day. The second guideline is that scientist should not do research that violates what we call as informed consent. So we will talk a little bit more about it in the next slide. The subjects have to know in most studies what they are being exposed to why it is being done and they have to agree to be participants in your research study that is what we mean by informed consent. We are on slide 5 by the way we are still on slide 5. The last guideline I have mentioned here is that scientist should not do bias research that means if you know that some technique is clearly better than the other make sure that all your participants all your students get the value of the technique that you know is beneficial. Do not withhold good things from people or do not give bad things when you know that it is bad. So scientist should not have a bias before it begins. So here are some more practical guidelines those were the principles. As we mentioned earlier as researchers and scientists we should not do any harm. It is somewhat unlikely that we will do physical harm when doing educational research but I did put that there because it is important for other kinds of research and all of us should really make sure. But it is also important that we do not do any psychological harm. We should ensure fairness that is we should not withhold proven effective techniques from people. The next few items have to do with the privacy of individuals that as researchers we should protect their confidentiality. We should make sure that anonymity is maintained as far as possible. So to give you an example here if you are using students marks in some study it is better if you are if finally when your study is done and when you report the study that the student is not identified with the data point of the mark. So the marks are there as belonging to subject 1 and subject 2 and subject n but you do not know or the reader does not know which student is subject 1 and which student is subject 2. So that way you are able to maintain the anonymity of the students. As teachers the issue of fairness and anonymity in fact sometimes are conflicting with each other because as teachers we do have some control over students grades and the marks and the performance. But as researchers we do want to hear from them whether they found our course satisfying whether they learnt and so on. So one place where ethics becomes tricky becomes important in educational research is if you do questionnaires if you want to implement any questionnaires it is recommended that firstly students are anonymous at least if your research does not need to identify them and secondly you do it after you do not have any control over the mark. So wait in the final exam. If you ask a question right before the final exam as to do did you like my class and you ask students to put their name on it well guess what they are going to say. You want the good marks so they will all say that we love your class and there your research is being compromised. When you are dealing with video data again you have to be careful because people can be identified from their faces. So there are guidelines what to do when you have video data. So what I am doing here is just to raise some flags as to when you have to be careful what exactly you have to do beyond what is on the slide you will have to read up more detailed guidelines. If a participant wants to withdraw from a study at any point of time we should allow them to do so and the most important point here is to remember that when our students or other participants are agreeing to be part of our study they are actually doing as a favor as researchers. So if we have this guideline in our mind at all times then it is quite likely that we will do the right thing in terms of ethics. So couple of more points I will just mention this without saying much more because there is a lot to say once we get into it. Since all of you are college instructors I do not think most of you are going to be conducting research with children. But in case your study involves children you have to be very careful because children are minors and getting informed consent from them is difficult, parents have to be involved, school teachers have to be involved and so on. So while writing your paper if it turns out that you have children in your study our mentors will guide you through this process. And the last point I want to mention in terms of ethics of conducting research has been mentioned in the first session today morning that do not steal others ideas. And these can be these ideas can be there simply as ideas in the first stage of research like what you are doing in this workshop or it can be in a published paper the idea can exist in a published paper also. So when we say do not steal others ideas we should not steal others ideas at any stage in their research. So what we will do now is for the rest of the session move on and talk a little bit about the ethics of how to report research and there is a word that you all need to get familiar with it is called plagiarism we will actually define it very carefully it is not a pleasant word it is not not at all pleasant if you are accused of it. So we really need to know what it means and how to avoid it and what to do in order to avoid it very often plagiarism happens unintentionally and even that is not acceptable. We have to it is not an excuse to say that I was not aware that I was plagiarizing nobody will believe that excuse. So we have to really know what this means and for the rest of the session we will focus on published research. Stealing ideas at the idea stage we have already talked about and I am sure none of us will do it but we still have to say it and make sure that we follow the guidelines. So what to do when we have published research? So what we will do now is I will have a set of polling questions and each question asks you if the situation described is an instance of plagiarism or not and you really have to you just have to say yes or no at this point and as before the coordinators can type how many said yes and how many said no. So these go on from easy to more and more difficult questions the first few ones are I think most of you will be able to get the answer right away. So the first question is is uncredited verbatim copying of more than 50 percent of a paper is it considered as plagiarism and before you vote just a moment let us see what these terms mean and then you can vote uncredited means without credit without quotation marks without a reference bibliography and so on verbatim means exactly the same way it is written. So is this plagiarism or not actually all of you can also do it because gets harder and harder looks like all of you I should not even say most of you looks like all of you are on the right track and yes uncredited verbatim copying of more than 50 percent of the paper is considered as plagiarism I see one answer that says no please make sure there is no doubt about this here the answer is the correct answer is yes there is no maybe involved here. Can you stop voting for this question because we are going to the next question. The next question ask now please answer the second question suppose instead of 50 percent you only copy 20 percent of the paper is that considered as plagiarism. So I am beginning to see a few knows here you are right because what we are thinking is that the amount that is plagiarism is not a lot you can consider think about this a little bit more and say what happens if this 20 percent becomes 5 percent. So at least let us try to answer this particular question again here uncredited verbatim copying of 20 percent of a paper is also considered as plagiarism. So let us ask a question does the amount of material plagiarized play a role in defining whether it is plagiarized or not. So suppose instead of 20 percent only 2 percent of the paper was plagiarized would it be considered as an offense would it be considered as plagiarism. The answer is yes even if it was 2 percent it is considered as plagiarized because professional bodies such as IEEE say that the amount of material does not play a role once even a little bit is copied without giving credit word for word it is considered as plagiarism. There is a question what percentage of the paper should be considered should be used for not considering it as plagiarism and the answer is 0. So I will just pause a moment at this slide the guideline the professional guideline is amount or quantity copied does not play a part in defining plagiarism which means even if you copy a little bit it is going to be considered as plagiarism. However, the amount does play a part in the punishment that is what this paragraph means. So I all these are from the IEEE publication and standards which most of us use if you go to any professional organization or any journal they have similar rules here. Now some of you are asking interesting questions what if we give acknowledgement. So let us look at the next slide actually I think this maybe should have come earlier but let us just quickly do this as a revision before going to the next slide what if I copy some small not text but what if I copy an illustration or a single sentence is this plagiarism or not just yes or no yeah. So now you are all saying yes with an exclamation mark because we already defined what we mean by plagiarism. So yes even if you or somebody copies an illustration or a table in fact tables and figures do have a lot more importance than text in several papers it is considered as plagiarism. So let us look at the next question with some of you are already asking is the problem happening is this person being accused of plagiarism because he or she did not give credit. Remember that uncredited meant without quotation marks credit or reference is that the problem. So we are asking the question would it be okay if we give credit and then copy this is not a polling question it is so important that I just wanted to tell you the answer here. So there is no poll at this point and to do an example consider this. So if you can now look at the example where you give credit and you copy verbatim a paragraph from a paper. So let us say you use a paragraph from some Wikipedia article give credit cite it in the text put the reference at the bottom is this okay or is this the question is is this plagiarism. Now the answers are depends and no so the answer is not always a yes okay I am not trying to you cannot game the system think about this one. You can talk to your neighbor here okay since there seem to be a lot of people who think that this is okay that you think that this is not plagiarism let us actually look at the answer. So please stop voting you may be a little surprised to know that it is not always okay to do this because it completely depends on how the credit is given if you verbatim copy text even after giving credit. So what this means is it is not sufficient to do this suppose I do only this much this is considered to be copying this is considered to be plagiarism if I simply copy and give a citation it is considered to be plagiarism. What I need to do to be safe is to use quotation marks around the copy text and cite the original if I am copying something directly so we will spend more time on this particular point when to use quotation marks when is it okay not to use and so on but it is not a very clean answer that simply by putting a reference number here we are safe. Going back to the question is uncredited the problem the answer is yes uncredited is definitely a problem but simply giving credit and citing a reference does not solve the problem. What to do is what we will look at next let us see verbatim is the problem was the problem happening because we use verb word by word we copied things as is and here let us look at another example. So suppose a writer takes a sentence from a paper rewrites the sentence by using synonyms of the words and phrases and rearranges the sentence order let us say this is what is done here is an example is this plagiarism this is not verbatim because it is not word forward you can see that the sentence order has changed. So many of you are saying it depends some are saying no some are in fact saying yes and if you look at the original and the rewritten version what you can notice is that the sentence order has been changed the phrase after since has been has moved to the beginning and the phrase from the beginning has moved to the end and certain words have been replaced by their synonyms. So actually this is also considered as plagiarism because this comes under what is called as improper paraphrasing even when a citation is put it is considered as in so what is going on if you if you want to look at fundamentally why this is not acceptable the idea that is there in the original the idea is actually exactly the same here all that is done by the rewritten version is to change the words. So it is not the rewritten version is not really in my own words it is still the original version with a few synonyms substituted and with a sentence structure flipped over. So now we can see that it is not really that easy and how do we do proper paraphrasing how do we summarize in our own words and that is really what we are going to spend the next almost half an hour on with some activities. So I think what we can do now is we are the number of such questions polling questions are now over and let us look at how to tackle this somewhat difficult problem and the reason it is difficult is that I will come back to this ok I will come back to those. The reason it is difficult is on the one hand we have been telling you to base your studies on literature to develop a topic based on what is already been said this is the prior work but on the other hand now we are saying write something new and original. On the one hand we are saying give credit to previous researchers but now we are saying you have to make your own contribution. So we did not talk much about the last point here but on the one hand the language we use has to be similar to the language that is used in the community but on the other hand we have to use our own voice and on our own words. So it does look like these items are contradicting each other and our job as researchers is to actually solve through these issues and see how we do refer to literature how we do refer to prior work but at the same time write it in our own words. So I hope I have not managed to scare you of reading literature because I am still going to say and after in the next session again we are going to say that you need to refer to prior work you need to position your work based on what exists except you need to paraphrase it in your own words. So that is the problem has been broken down into one of using your own words to write about prior work take a time moment to read this if you like. So what should we do to overcome these challenges? By the way if you ask people why they plagiarize most people do not intend to copy. In fact what they say is one of these reasons. So it is just good to know why people say that they plagiarize sometimes you would not know how to put it in your own words or I might say that my teacher never taught me to do this or my teacher taught me to in fact rewrite it in the same words or it is not illegal in my country or my university substitute anything. Many of us think that whatever is on the internet and Wikipedia is owned by everybody so it is ok to copy and no it is not. Some of us say that I do not have the time because this does take a lot of time to rewrite in my own words they are right people who say that it does take time but there is no excuse we have to spend the time to rewrite in your own words. And the last one here we did talk about that I thought it was ok so long as I put a citation and the answer is no it is not enough to put a citation. So what should we do? And at this point we will look into each one these are some terms that we need to be very familiar with site we always have to do and site means give credit to the work which we are referring to. The way we give credit is usually by putting a reference to the article or article in a journal or article in a book or a page in a book or an internet article so we give a reference and we tell people how to find that reference. I think all of you are familiar with it we will see examples later. Most of the times try to use your own words the other word we are going to spend some time now is called paraphrase where we are not only summarizing but we are actually sticking closer to the original idea it is ok to do it occasionally and there are ways to do it you have to be a little careful about paraphrasing using your own words completely using your and converting somebody else's ideas and absorbing it into your own ideas is it is better to do it that way but you can paraphrase occasionally quoting directly it is rarely used but there are one or two occasions where it is important to do it and we look at an example. So let us look at each one of these one by one ok what do we mean by citation? The point of citing is to tell our readers that certain material came from another work it tells the reader that it came from another source and it tells them which source it is so this is what we mean by a citation or a reference so here is an example. Why should we cite? Well we should give proper credit where it is due because this idea came from this source it is the scientific etiquette in our scientific community worldwide and it is the law we must give credit when should we cite anytime you use word sentences illustrations and figures data tables or even when we use some ideas from an original source so you can think of this sentence as more as of an idea it is describing what is the benefit of distance education but this idea has been talked about in this paper that is why we should cite it. You should be careful about words and sentences but I would say you should be very careful about illustrations and data how to cite different ways of citation are provided by different conferences or journals all I will say is follow the guidelines given by the journal or conference and they are very clear this one here this example is a very common way of citing where you put a number put the author's names the title of the paper the year and so on. What is meant by paraphrasing? So if there is a passage or a paragraph or a few sentences in the original work and we want to use it in our material in our work we have to translate it to some extent in our own words and give a citation to the original source. So this is done when we refer to prior work you will do this a lot in your literature reviews section refer to prior work to build your work and it can also be used to provide support to your claims so let us say you found a result and somebody else has found a similar result you will have to paraphrase the other people's result so that you can support your own claims when to do it most of the times when you use actual text or ideas from the source and how to do it we will actually come back to this how to do it because we have an exercise for you here but before we look into paraphrasing your own doing paraphrase activity on your own let us actually do a pair activity. So what we will do here is they will this is the original I am going to leave this on here take a few minutes read this and then I will show you three versions you have to decide which is plagiarized which is paraphrased and which is an acceptable summary in my own words I am going to show them all together also but there is a problem with the amount of text we can put on a slide so take your time read these five or six lines okay the same text will be there on the next slide with three different versions the font size might be slightly small so that is why I am going to show if you need I will put this back again so here is the same original and here is version three versions we will look at the versions also individually later but try to at least get an idea of which of these versions is plagiarized which is an acceptable summary and which is paraphrased paraphrase is you can talk to your neighbor vote in your centers we will just you can do a self-check later it is okay if you do not show it on the chat window now okay let us look at them one by one let us look at the first one okay this was the original and this was the first version so is this plagiarized is it a paraphrase or is it a summary okay just look at this version and the original so if you read here firstly one thing you can note one quick way to see is usually the size of the original and the size of this version these two look almost the same secondly you will see some clues here it says only 10 percent of something and here it says only a tenth of the final draft then you will see a lot of synonyms here a lot of absolutely same word for word direct quotation comes here here you see direct quotation overuse direct quotation and taking notes use too many direct quotations when they take notes so you will I think all of you will agree here that this is the plagiarized version that the similarity is there in terms of the words in terms of the ideas all they are doing is switch a few synonyms once in a while okay let us look at the next one here we are saying that this is a summary because if you look at this more carefully the writer is putting in his or her own idea that the writer is saying that students should only take a few notes because of this reason it is there in the original but the writer is using their own words here and the third one is what we call as a paraphrase because what we are doing here is take the same paragraph and there are really not too many new ideas here but it is trying to be written in the author's own words a paraphrase is usually shorter than the original yeah I think there was some glitch of v1 and v3 I do agree that there was some glitch that happened it will be fixed in the final slides but use these slides to note which one is which okay let us see what is a quotation so we will come back to you doing your own paraphrasing and quoting so in a quote what you do is write something which is identical to the original using a very small portion of the original source here is an example as defined by so and so with the citation with the page number in quotation marks there is a definition and this reference is given at the bottom you would do it rarely but you mainly want to do it if you want to draw attention to the original words and when you are trying to define something this is one place where you would use a quotation or if the original words are something very important you want to say that this famous scientist has said so and so you can quote that famous scientist and how to do it you have to use quotation marks or in some cases the text is offset from the edges those styles formatting styles are given by the journal of course you must give citation if you remember you should always give sides okay so what we will do now is actually look at an activity it is going to take about 15 minutes or so what I would do here is ask you to read it and write a paraphrase of this paragraph you can do it in do it individually and then you can check your answer with your pairs the second point I want you to think of is is there any place in this paragraph where it would be necessary to quote so firstly do a paraphrase and then see is there any part which needs quotation so take about 10 minutes to write a paraphrase of this paragraph here looks like most of you have been working on this paraphrasing activity and what I will show next on the next slide is just one way of paraphrasing it since it should be in your own words each of you should come up with different paraphrases the point I want to note here is yeah you can actually just read it here note that the site is there and okay one point I would like you to note here is so I was reading this paragraph and what struck me here was while most of this paragraph talks about this is what sensors do and this is what intuitors do almost everything in the middle talks about what are sensors and what are intuitors but what was interesting to me was not exactly the differences between those two but was the fact that the last sentence here that any individual can have signs of either type and these differences are more patterns or they are characteristics so since I I found that to be more important or more interesting and you might find a different point in this paragraph so because of that my paraphrase started out with that idea so when you are trying to paraphrase it depends on what you want to get out of that paragraph there may be somebody else who wants to spend a lot more attention to the differences between the two two categories and so on let us look at one case here where quoting might be necessary again this has to do with definitions so this is somebody else's paragraph and what he wanted to do was use the definition of sensors and intuitors he needed it for the rest of his research this was in the beginning of his paper so he starts with the definition he puts it in quotes he puts italics and so on so I think for most of the times in science and engineering we would need to use quotes for definitions in humanities people use quotes a lot to say so and so set this such as Swami Vivekananda said this but in engineering and science the quotations are usually used for definition okay so this is just a summary of what we should be doing we should always cite we should try to use our own words most of the times we should paraphrase occasionally and we should quote rarely when definitions are required there are some terms that is that are good for you to become aware of it's there in one of the slides previously so I'll just flash that slide you don't need you can go and look up what these mean each of these words you need to become familiar with because your reviewer might give comments your referee might give comments using these words the final point I'd like to make there were a few questions on how do people detect plagiarism and I point is don't go there at all there are software we are I think most of you know this most conferences and journals used like use electronic software to match patterns in the text and they're able to detect things that are copied they're also able to detect even if you say that well it's an idea I change this to the sophisticated software are able to detect plagiarized versions fairly well but finally there's a human being who's making this decision that okay this is similar or this is not similar or so much percentage similar but did the author have the intent of plagiarizing or not so it's just something we need to know that there exists software which do a very good job that's all we need to know about it and we shouldn't be scared about this whole issue of plagiarism even though it people warn you a lot but we should treat it with respect that here are some guidelines we should follow those guidelines and the guidelines really are what we saw in the last slide how to do some of these you can get more guidelines in the references on the slide so if you notice that most of the slides where the ideas of the activities were borrowed from other people had a reference here a reference was sufficient in this case because in the original article it said borrow if you want but put a reference so there are some sources where it's okay to simply borrow because the author tells you go ahead borrow it but just put a citation okay so let's end this session right now