 Africa has seen considerable growth over the past two decades, but the number of jobs created has been very far from what is needed. And because of that, poverty has fallen much less than we would have hoped for. And we've been asking, why is there so little industry in Africa, and how can policymakers manufacture economic transformation? We've identified three key drivers of firm productivity. The first is exports, the second is agglomeration, grouping activities together, and the third are the capabilities of these firms. All too often, these dimensions are lacking in Africa. Four lessons stand out. The first is the commitment from the highest level of government is required to ensure coherence and accountability. The second is about the need for focus, such that actions are taken to resolve concrete constraints for private sector development. Third, the need for experimentation and learning, experimentation both on the side of the private sector and on the side of government, such that successes can be scaled up and that areas where interventions don't work are avoided. And then finally, the need for feedback from the private sector to government, such that lessons can be learned for the future.