 challenges to nationalism. In this session we are going to highlight some basic challenges to nationalism because nations are facing today with a new set of suicidal and economic challenges because in the era of economic globalization there are various things that are under the change a very speedy change. Every state is facing those critical changes as well as the challenges because the cultural interconnectivity that is increasing, the economic interconnectivity that is also changing, so the group loyalty, the feeling of nationalism, especially with the group, will be your affiliation. Is it not a challenge because as we get out of our state, we become a part of the world and we connect with the issues that are happening in the world. In the world where human rights violations are taking place, if the issue of the environment is facing the world, if the issue of the overpopulation is facing the world, then these are the issues that have to face the world at a larger level. These are not the issues of any particular group. So in the same way, these are becoming challenges for nationalism as well because nation-states see their sovereign powers eroded and are transformed to post-national states as the political space they govern because now the government is only a specific area about not thinking about it. Rather, it has to be thought that this area that is under control, what are these things that are under influence? What are the factors like the nature of the war changing in the world? Like technological advancement is taking place? Like after the war on terror phase, now in the world, the nature of the enemies is changing. In the same way, the feeling of nationalism, the debate in it, the issues or concerns of the debate have also increased. So we can see that nations have the belief that their powerful source of identity and legitimacy lies with the group loyalty, that the group was the top priority for them. Obviously, this is what the world has seen. Even today, there are a lot of groups that prefer their group loyalty very much. They struggle for it and want to do it or they want to secure it. But now in this world, especially in Europe, there is a wave in which the basic rights of the people, the economic situation of the people, that matters a lot. If the people are not economically satisfied, then how can they be united because of a group? Then the world has also seen that a very big superpower due to the economic crisis, due to the social constraints has also been divided into units. And then, as a civilian, new states have risen on the world map. So where group loyalty, that matters a lot, group loyalty is a very important source of human being's satisfaction, it feels more secure in its group. With its group, its loyalty is very critical. But with it, in today's world, survival is the most important element. And survival cannot only provide you with your group, because the world is under speedy change. And in that change, there are new requirements. And the new demands in today's world, where things are not hidden, if your group cannot provide you with all those elements, and your dependency on the state is increasing, because you want to be part of the modern world, then in this situation, the challenges of nationalism have also come out of traditional, and a lot of non-traditional challenges are rising. And due to those non-traditional challenges, now the feeling of nationalism, although it exists, and it will exist in coming days or in coming decades, but still, there are a lot of challenges. And due to those challenges, now political sociologists, they are thinking about the new dimensions and the new debate and dialogue within the field of, within the debate of nationalism. Because nationalism is the feeling of oneness on the basis of some specific identity, and that identity can be on the basis of religion, on the basis of language, area, culture. So these all common practices, these are still important and relevant, but the challenges are also very much intense and grave.