 Assalamu alaikum. Welcome to virtual university. In today's lesson, we are going to talk about word formation, how words are formed in English. Now when you read, you come across a lot of unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess the meaning of these words if you understand the way words in English are generally formed. Learning the meaning and use of these words in English can be made easier and even enjoyable if you understand something about the way in which many English words are formed. An English word can be divided into three parts. A prefix, a stem or root and a suffix. Prefix the pre-part as the word pretells you means before. Therefore, prefix is that part of the word that comes before the stem or the root. You are familiar with the word demagnetize your students of computers and you are familiar with this word demagnetize. Now in this word demagnetize, DE is the prefix, the part that comes before the stem. The stem is magnetize. The stem is actually the word magnet. IZE is the suffix. So, you notice in this word, this word demagnetize has three parts. A prefix D magnet the root the stem and IZE the suffix the last part. Now a suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem the word programmer. In this word ER at the end of the word is the suffix. By adding ER, it means the word becomes the person who programs. Both prefixes and suffixes are referred to as affixes. Now the stem of a word is its basic form the fundamental element which is common to all the other forms of the word. A prefix is a form which is fixed at the beginning of a stem and a suffix is a form which is fixed to the end of the stem. Take the word measure. The word measure if you add ABLE at the end of the word it becomes measurable. ABLE at the end is the suffix added to the word the root stem the root measure. In the same way if you add IM at the beginning it will become immeasurable immeasurable. IM is the prefix ABLE is the suffix. You have added something to the beginning and something at the end and you have created a new word. The word was originally measure you added ABLE and it became measurable another word and if you add something at the beginning something like say IM it becomes immeasurable. Now a prefix usually changes the meaning of a word. You want to know what is the point of having these prefixes and suffixes. There is a purpose. The prefix changes the meaning of the word while a suffix it only changes its part of speech. For instance when you add the suffix ABLE it changes verbs into adjectives. Example break, break is a verb but if you add ABLE it becomes breakable. Take the word enjoy you add ABLE and it becomes enjoyable. The word break which is a verb has changed its form it changes its category. It is no longer a verb it is an adjective. The prefix IM changes the meaning to the opposite measurable means capable of being measured and if you add IM to it it will mean it is not capable of being measured. And you as students of English if you become familiar with the formation of English words it will help you a great deal in understanding words on your own. You need not look for the dictionary all the time. You have the skill you can find out guess the meaning. So by learning only a few prefixes and suffixes you can know a lot of guess the meaning of a lot of English words. Now we look at a few examples the English language makes frequent use of this method of adding prefixes and suffixes. On your screen you will see a number of lists and prefixes and suffixes are added to one word the word is act it is the stem. You will notice the number of words that can be made from this stem act by adding prefixes and by adding suffixes the prefix. When you add RE to act it will become react add EN and it will become an act it is another word add RE to an act it becomes reenact then enter INTER interact if you add TRANS it becomes transact. In the same way if you add a suffix to the word act the suffix ION it will become action you add IVE it becomes active you add LY it will become actively add less LESS action less ABLE actable ITY activity ATE if you add ATE at the end it becomes activate and then you have activation and you have OR if you add the word OR the letters OR it will become ACTOR and you add ESS ACTRESS. Now you can add prefixes and suffixes to the word ACT REACTION ENACTIVATING REENACTIVATING REACTIVATING REACTIVATION INTERACTION TRANS ACTION from TRANS from ACT you had TRANS ACT and if you added something at the end it becomes TRANS ACTION and then you have got INACTIVE AND IN ACTION. On your screen there is a little table it tells you that prefixes and suffixes they are referred to as affixes the table illustrates there is a table which shows you how by adding suffixes words change their categories how they become nouns verbs adjectives adverbs look at the table and you will notice that words that end in ANC ENC OR ER ISD NES they are nouns this is a this is something that you will find very useful later on in life when you are reading English it will remain fixed in your mind that words ending with NES ENC OR ER ISD NES are always nouns now in the same way words that ends with end with IZE ATE FY EN IFY verbs usually verbs then you have adjectives and these endings that you can see on your screen ABLE I B A L E L S I C I C A L I S H I V E these are usually endings of adjectives these are all clues for you you as a skillful reader the minute you look at the ending that will give you the clue what category of word it is in the same way you have got the adverb L Y words which have L Y at the end are usually adverbs and even W A R D word home word backward these are hints to show you that it is an adverb now we will look at an exercise this is in detail what we have just done now I have gone through it recently now look at this table the suffix ants A N C E the meaning is a state it describes a state a state of being but if you add A N C A N C E the word changes its meaning it becomes performance it becomes a different word in the same way you have got the word independence you add E N C the word independence you add OR or ER program programmer operate operator teach teacher right paint painter and you add ER it becomes these are all nouns it changes its meaning compile compiler accumulate accumulator if you add OR and ER in the same way you have the suffix Asian A T I U N it means the act of execution suffix IST or Y ST it means a person who who who does something you add IST to the word type it becomes a typist a person who types in the same way the word analyze and you write analyst Y ST and it becomes analyst analyst and it changes its meaning in the same way by adding NES you are describing a condition cleanliness clean cleanliness I O N you are describing a state conversion convert conversion by adding ING multiplexing multiplying dividing take the word the letters any NT if you add any NT it again the meaning is it is describing a state or an action measurement in the same way you add ITY electric electricity I A N which means pertaining to electrician ISM it means you are again talking about a state or a condition and it is magnetism take the word magnet you are add the letters ISM at the end and it will become magnetism in the same way you add D O M it is again describing a condition take the word free you add D O M to it and it becomes freedom King add D O M Kingdom you create a new word a new meaning ship if you add the word SHIP at the end of words you are describing a condition or a state you've got words like partner and you add SHIP to it it becomes partnership relation relationship friend friendship and on your list you've got ARY binary by means one or two binary now look at words verbs by adding certain suffixes you change the verbs their meaning computer rise if you add I Z E to the word computer you it becomes a verb computer rise automate you can add I Z E A T E F Y E N if these suffixes at the end will make the verb the word into a change the word into a verb hard harden wide widen simplify simple simplify in the same way you've got suffixes the suffix L Y it changes the word into an adverb electronic electrically logic logically compare comparably help help fully or helpful you've got the word helpful and you add L Y to it it becomes help fully in the same way there is a long list of words that become adjectives if you add suffixes to them and the suffixes are A L A R I C I C A L all four had the meaning of the quality of if you add A L to the word computation it becomes an adjective computational you add A L to the word logic it becomes logical you add A R to the word circle circular you add I C automatic magnetic and electrical electric and you add A L it becomes electrical it is describing a quality in the same way you've got the suffixes A B L E ideally they are they are both dealing with the quality of being capable of being comparable divisible then you've got suffixes like O U S I U S which mean full of or like danger take the word danger and you add O U S it becomes dangerous the word religion you convert it by adding I U S and it becomes religious you are describing the word these are adjectives used to describe something else religious in the same way you've got suffixes F U L L E S I S H E D I V E I N G and they all make words into adjectives F U L as I said earlier help helpful less which means without a word which has less and at the end is a big clue for you that it has it means without careless helpless useless then the word I S H it usually means like yellow you add the word I S H it becomes yellowish if you add I S H to the word red it becomes redish meaning like red it's not red exactly but it is redish like red yellow yellowish it's not exactly yellow it means it is like yellow in the same way if you add E D computed punched they can be used as adjectives they could be used to describe a noun computed or punched cards you have the word card if you add the word punch to it the word punched is an adjective here describing the card the word card the noun card sorry and you've got I V E which means the quality of interactive interact and you add I V E to it and it means interactive in the same way I N G to make or to do something programming it can be verb but it can also be an adjective programming coding processing multiplexing now we are going to look at the base words if you as a skillful reader can locate the base word it will go a long way in making you a good reader now sometimes it is difficult to locate base words because they are spelling frequently changes when suffixes are added to base words you will have noticed that the base word the stem the spelling of the stem changes now there are just a few rules three you have to remember number one that if a base word ends in E the E may be dropped when a suffix is added to it for example take the word mature the word mature ends with an E and you are going to add I T Y the suffix I T Y so you will drop the E at the end of the stem and add I T Y and the word becomes maturity M U T U R I T Y here you have dropped the ending the the last E in mature and you will find there are many other words like this number two if a if a base word ends in Y the Y may be changed to I when a suffix is added to it there are many words that end in Y for instance the word harmony it ends with Y if you are going to add a suffix to it for instance you want to add I O U S the suffix I O U S I am sorry the suffix O U S so what will you do you will change the Y into I and add I O U S and it will become harmonious right you have got the word parsimonious there are many words like this this is just an example for you to remember the third rule is that base words may undergo other spelling changes when suffixes are added to them take the word reclaim right and if you add the suffix Asian A T I O N and you write the word it becomes reclamation the I in reclaim is dropped so now we will look at an exercise I will this is just for practice sake so that you will be learn to identify the base word as I said sometimes because of spelling changes learners of English have difficulty in identifying the base word you will have 12 to 13 sentences and the base word is in bold in bold letters I will read the first sentence for you and I will tell you which is the word that you have to look at you have to locate the stem in that word established the authenticity of our antique chair the word is authenticity you have to find the stem in that word and there is a sentence given there which will help you locate the stem so what word will you fill in that sentence we have an authentic antique chair the word authentic is the stem in the word authenticity right you added I T Y the suffix I T Y you added to the word authentic so the stem the base word is authentic number two we enjoy the collegiate athletic games the word is collegiate now how will you know which is the base word in collegiate to help you a sentence is there and the word that you fill in there you will find is the base word we enjoy the athletic games at college so college is the base the stem word and I A T E is here the E at the end of the word college was dropped I was added and you added the suffix A T E notice how the spelling changes number three the accident left her comatose now that is a big word the accident left her comatose you would not know what comatose is but look at the sentence underneath that will help you locate the stem the accident left her in a coma the base word is coma right number four we had comparative good luck the word comparative is in boldface so what is the base over there the suffix is I V E in the sentence that you have to illustrate the sentence that you have to fill out it says if you dash our luck with that of others our luck was good so the word that you will fill in there will be if you compare if you compare our luck with that of others our luck was good so the base word was compare and you added I V E comparative to make it a different word number 5 can you differentiate between them the word is differentiate so what is the base over there in that word the sentence that you have to fill out is can you see how they how they differ the base word is differ from differ you got the word different and from different you got differentiate so the base word is is differ number six his knowledge of china is not experiential that is a big word what does experiential mean these sentences will help you locate the base word his knowledge of china is not based on actual experience so the base word over there is experience number seven she has expertise in mathematics what does expertise mean where is the base over there and in the sentence that you have to illustrate the word that you will put over there will be the base word she is an expert in mathematics the word expertise has been created by adding I S E to the base word expert number eight she gave her answer with finality finality the base over there is the base stem word over there is final we knew her answer was final number nine they have servile attitudes all right servile what if you do not know the meaning of servile hmm it is a word it is a new word how has it been made it is been made by adding I L E to the base word and the base word is serve they have attitudes of those who serve number ten the numbers are in tabular form you have to find the base word the stem word in the word tabula and the sentence to help you is the numbers are in a table from table you got tabula number eleven we enjoyed her commentary on the news commentary the suffix is ary we enjoyed her the base stem word is comment all right we enjoyed her comments about the news number twelve who were the disputants now what is the stem in this word disputants the sentence to help you is who engage in the disputes in the disputes and number thirteen this machine has a multiplicity of parts the word multiplicity the base is multiple it has multiple parts now in this exercise that you have just gone through this exercise was to help you locate the base the stem of words so far we been looking at stems of words now we will look at suffixes we will go through a number of sentences and you will read them and in your mind try to find out which is the suffix right I will read out the sentences and you find out which is the suffix the first sentence number one the system analyst provides the programmer with the details of the data processing problem all the sentences that you will come across now are all dealing with computers so you should not have any difficulty answering this bit I will read the sentence again the systems analyst provides the programmer with the details of the data processing problems now which words in this sentence are suffixes it is the word analyst it is y s t that is a suffix then the other suffix in this sentence is in the word programmer program programmer e r is the suffix that has been added to the word program and the third suffix in this sentence is I n g the data processing problems number two CRT terminals are very useful interactive devices for use in offices because of their speed and quietness CRT terminals are very useful interactive devices for use in offices because of the speed and quietness if you remember the table it is ALS in terminals f u l in useful I v e in interact interactive and n e s in quietness so there were three suffixes in now sentence number two the third sentence the new micro computers we purchased sorry the new micro computer we purchased does not have a FORTRAN compiler it is promo it is programmable in basic only I will read the sentence again the new micro computer we purchased does not have a FORTRAN compiler it is programmable in basic only now there were three words I hint for you three words which have suffixes first it is the word micro computer e r is the first suffix and e r again in the word compiler and a b l e in the word programmable so there were three suffixes in sentence number three sentence number four a computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores a computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores and the suffixes are e r in the word computer I see in the word electronic and a t e in the word operate and you have got I z e in magnetize so there were four words that had suffixes in sentence four sentence five in very large and modern installations the computer operator sits in front of a screen that shows an up to date summary of the computer jobs as they are being processed in very large and modern installations the computer operator sits in front of a screen that shows an up to date summary of the computer jobs as they are being processed so you will find that in the word installations it is the suffix a t i o n s that is the suffix in installations again in the word computer it is e r that has been added there that is the second suffix and in the word operator it is o r and in the word summary it is a r y and again in the word computer it is e r computer and the last word is processed and it is e d that is the suffix sentence six the introduction of terminals and screens has partly replaced the use of punched cards the introduction of terminals and screens has partly replaced the use of punched cards three words that have suffixes attached to them and these were introduction the suffix t i o n the suffix a l s in terminals and the suffix e d in the word punched sentence seven binary arithmetic is based on two digits 0 and 1 binary arithmetic is based on two digits 0 and 1 there is only one word which has a suffix to it and it is the word binary a r y number h sentence number 8 multiplexing is when many electrical signals are combined and carried on only one optical link let me read it again multiplexing is when many electrical signals are combined and carried on only one optical link simple i n g in the word multiplexing a l in the word electrical and again a l in the word optical sentence nine computers are machines designed to process electronically specially prepared pieces of information computers are machines designed to process electronically specially prepared pieces of information and as you are familiar it is e r s in computers and a l l y in electronically again l y in special specially l y and in the word the last word information it is t i o n a t i o n information and in the last sentence the computed results were printed in tables the computed results were printed in tables there is only one word which has a suffix to it and that is the word computed you have looked at sentences in which you had to find the suffix now we will have sentences in which you have to fill in the appropriate word appropriate form of the word the words are given you and again they all deal with computers and you are fairly familiar with the workings and the terminology of computers take the first sentence the words are operation operate operator operational operationally and operating it is just one word operate but there are so many different endings different suffixes which change the meaning of the word and the category as well number a a computer can perform mathematical very quickly mathematical what the only word of course you know the word the word is operate but what form of that word the appropriate form is mathematical operations a computer can perform mathematical operations very quickly b the next sentence one of the first persons to note that the computer is malfunctioning is the computer is the computer operator it is again the word operate but with the suffix o r added to it it is the computer operator the next sentence the job of a computer operator is to something the various machines in a computer installation so what does the computer operator do the computer operator the job of a computer operator is to operate the various machines and d the new machines in the computer installation are not yet and you can you have a choice over here you can either have are not yet at the word at the ending i n g or at the ending a l so you can have the new machines in the computer installations are not yet operating or you can have are not yet operational notice that by adding different suffixes there is one word the word operate and you have created so many other words by adding different suffixes now take the word except a double c e p t we will do the same thing again the base word is except and you have to add different endings you have got the word except acceptance except accepted acceptable acceptably and look at the sentence the meaning the sense of the sentence and complete the sentence by using the appropriate word a computer is a device which processes and gives out information so which form of except will you use over there the correct one is a computer is a device which accepts processes and gives out information it accepts takes in processes and gives out information the output now the next form of the word except the students are still waiting for there into the computer science program what word would would you fill in there you have got the word the base word except you will have acceptance students are still waiting for their acceptance into the computer science program and the third sentence it is dash it is to work without a template if the flow charts are not kept on file and the correct form of except would be acceptable it is acceptable to work without a template if the flow charts are not kept on file so with that we end our lesson for today today you have looked at word formation in English and we have concentrated on the use of the suffix next time inshallah we will talk about prefixes and how they change the meaning of the word so till next time Allah Hafiz.