 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindi news analysis by Shankara's Academy for the date 15th of May 2021 these are the list of news articles taken for today's discussion. They have been provided along with their page numbers in different editions of Hindi newspaper. Now let us start our first session which is the discussion on previous year questions that is the problems questions that appeared in civil service examination of 2020. Now this first question which we have taken is based on industrial revolution and the question talks about the industrial revolution in the first half of the 19th century that is it is about the first industrial revolution. See first industrial revolution is nothing but the transformation of the industry and the economy of Britain between the 1780s and the 1850s. Now this phase of industrial development is strongly associated with new machines and technologies. So these made it possible to produce goods on a massive scale compared to handicraft and handloom industries. Therefore the first industrial revolution had far reaching effects in Britain but the same could not be said for India because India faced some positive as well as many negative effects of this industrial revolution. So let us discuss about some of the effects on the industries which are mentioned in the question. The question talks about the textile industry. See India was a world leader in handicrafts and also small scale industries such as handloom textiles in the pre-colonial period. So silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles before the age of machine industries. But the British industrial policy in the 19th century ruined the Indian handicrafts and Indian cottage industries because these industries were the primary sources of India's foreign trade and wealth. See what happened was during the period from 1800 to 1850 that is the first half of 19th century there were mercantilist provisions in force that was designed to aid British textiles. And these provisions also penalized Indian textiles in British markets. They penalized Indian textiles in foreign markets and even in Indian markets itself. So what were these provisions? These provisions included high import duties on textile goods which are coming into Britain from India. The import duty ranged from 40% to 60% so this effectively shut the British markets to Indian manufacturers. Because of the import duty Indian products would be much costlier than the British products. So this was the scenario in British but even within India British goods were levied only a small import duty of 3.5%. But on the other hand local manufacturers and traders and Indian textiles they had to pay inland transit duties and these ranged from 6% to 11%. But the British traders were exempted from paying this duty. So because of this also in Indian market Indian goods were costlier. Therefore export of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century but Indian scenario completely changed with respect to import and export. Because till the end of 18th century also there had been virtually no import of cotton peace goods into India. But by 1850 itself cotton peace goods constituted over 31% of the value of Indian imports. Which means India started importing cotton peace goods more which it did not do in the earlier period. And this value even increased to over 50% by the 1870s that is the later half of 19th century. So this system of management and control by the British industrial policy eliminated competition for the British and it helped them to control their costs. So on a whole cotton weavers in India faced two problems at the same time. First is that their export market collapsed and the local market shrank because the local market was being flooded with the Manchester imports. And secondly the imported cotton goods were so cheap because they were produced by machines at lower costs in Britain. So Indian weavers could not complete with them. So all this together led to the decline and desolation of textile industry in India. And by the middle of 19th century the Indian handicrafts met with their complete destruction. And this is what is called as deindustrialization in India. Now here you should note that the machines were introduced in the industry only in the second half of 19th century. Because the first cotton mill came up in India in 1854 in Bombay. So now keeping these informations in mind now let us look at the question. First the question asks which of the following statements correctly explains the impact of industrial revolution on India during the first half of 19th century. Option A Indian handicrafts were ruined. This statement is correct. Now the second statement is machines were introduced in the Indian textile industry in large numbers. Now this statement is incorrect because just now we saw that machines were introduced in the second half of 19th century. Now the third statement is railway lines were laid in many parts of the country. We will come back to this statement because it is based on railway sector. Now the last statement is heavy duties were imposed on the imports of British manufacturers. Now this statement is also incorrect because we saw that heavy duties were imposed on Indian manufacturers not on the British manufacturers. Now coming to the railway sector see the invention of the railways took the entire process of industrialization to a second stage. And the first railway line connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington in England in the year 1825. You just note that about 6000 miles of railway was opened in Britain between 1830 and 1850. But in India railway lines were laid in the second half of 19th century only because the Indian railways was introduced in 1853 only when a line was constructed from Bombay to Thane. So that means the statement which says that railway lines were laid in many parts of the country did not happen in first half of 19th century. So this statement is also incorrect and that is why the correct answer to this question is option A. Indian handicrafts were ruined during the first half of the 19th century due to industrial revolution. Now let us take this next question. It is based on major minerals. See in the mining and quarrying sector for calculating the value of output the minerals are divided into two broad groups. They are major minerals and minor minerals. And in this the major minerals they cover fuel minerals which consist of coal, lignite, petrol and natural gas. And it also covers other major minerals that is the metallic minerals including atomic minerals and then the non-metallic minerals. Now next comes the minor minerals. It is defined by the Mines and Minerals Regulation and Development Act of 1957. Under this act minor minerals means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than the sand used for biscuit purposes. And also any other mineral which are declared as such by the central government in excise of its power mentioned in the 1957 act. So based on this these are the major and minor minerals. Now the question mentions about four minerals which are bentonite, chromite, chianite and cilimanite. And as you can see here chromite is a metallic mineral and chianite and cilimanite are non-metallic minerals and all these three are major minerals. But bentonite is not a major mineral it is a minor mineral. So the correct answer to this question is option D, 2, 3 and 4 only. See this is one way of attempting this question. Now you may think how to remember all these names. Here either you can remember the common minerals whether they are major minerals or not. Like you can remember that bauxite, iron ore, gypsum these are all major minerals. And you can remember that ordinary clay, pottery and glass these all constitute minor minerals. Or you can also focus on the ones that have been declared as minor or major minerals in the last five years. This will help because in 2015 only bentonite was declared as a minor mineral by the government. So UPSA expects us to know this fact. If you simply know this fact you can eliminate options A and C. And now you have a 50 percentage probability of attempting this question correctly. And if you could simply guess that chromite is obviously a major mineral then you can easily arrive at the correct answer. So that is why focusing on current affairs is important from a freelance perspective. Now let us take this next question which is based on carbon nanotubes. See carbon nanotubes are some of the most promising materials that resulted from nanotechnology. These carbon nanotubes are nanoscale cylinders of carbon. That is they essentially consist of seamlessly rolled sheets of graphene that can be produced with very large aspect ratios. So these carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional concentric tubular structure with hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms as you can see in this picture. Now these nanotubes look like a powder or black suit but they are actually rolled up sheets of graphene as we just saw. And they form hollow strands with walls that are only one atom thick. And note that there is no single type of carbon nanotube. They may differ in shape, dimension, physical characteristics, surface coatings, chemical composition or surface functionalization. And among them the carbon nanotubes are categorized into two. First one is single carbon nanotube. These are the tubes with single graphitic shell. And the second one is multi-walled carbon nanotube. These are the ones that have tubes with multiple walls. Now these carbon nanotubes are well known for a combination of special material properties like they have very high thermal and electrical conductivities. They have high tensile strength. They have low density chemical stabilities and also high aspect ratio. Now along with these properties they were considered to be non-biodegradable before due to their resistance to chemical change. This was because of the rigid and perfect chemical nature. But recently it has been found that certain enzymes can play an important role in the process of biodegradation of carbon nanotubes. Now because of the properties we just saw, carbon nanotubes have great potential in nanotechnology, nanomachines, biotechnology, advanced electronics and even other fields of research in materials for sustainable future, etc. Mainly it has application as a material for development of high strength composites, as a material for development of energy storage and energy conversion devices, then electromagnetic interference shielding, then supercapacitors, then they have also have application in battery electrodes, water purification, etc. Apart from this, mainly the carbon nanotubes have been successfully applied in pharmacy and medicine. This is due to their high surface area that is capable of adsorbing or conjugating with a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic agents such as drugs, genes, vaccines, antibodies, biosensors, etc. And due to this, carbon nanotubes have been first proven to be an excellent vehicle for drug delivery directly into the cells without metabolism by the body and they have also been proven to be a successful carrier for antigens. Apart from this, it also has applications in gene therapies, tissue regeneration and artificial implants and all this which gave way for they being made as artificial blood capillaries for an injured part of human body. So like this, CNTs or carbon nanotubes have many applications. Now let us come to the question. It asks, with reference to carbon nanotubes, consider the following statements. They can be used as carriers of drugs and antigens in the human body. This statement is correct. Second statement, they can be made into artificial blood capillaries for an injured part of the human body. This statement is also correct. Third statement, they can be used in biochemical sensors. This is also correct. And statement 4, carbon nanotubes are biodegradable. We saw that recently it has been found that they are biodegradable. So the correct answer to this question is option D, 1, 2, 3 and 4. With this, we have come to the end of this first session on previous year question discussion. So now let us move on to the news article discussion session. Our first news article discussion is based on this editorial article and this news article which talks about the constitutional limitation. See, as you know, recently elections concluded in West Bengal along with several other states. But after the election, the state has witnessed violence in many places, which led to several deaths. So now the governor of the West Bengal, Jagdeep Dhankar, is visiting the victims of the violence in many districts. But the state government, which is led by Chief Minister Mamta Banerjee, is against this visit of governor. And the state government has alleged that he has transgressed his constitutional limitations. So in this context, let us discuss in detail about the roles and responsibilities of a governor and we'll discuss about the editorial and we'll also see what are these constitutional limitations. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See, from article 153 to 167, in part 6, the Indian Constitution deals with the state executive. The state executive consists of the governor, the chief minister and the council of ministers and also the advocate general of the state. Now, the governor of a state is the chief executive head of the state. But like the president, he is a nominal executive head only. Here you should note that the governor acts as an agent of the central government. Therefore, the office of governor has dual role. See, the governor is appointed by the president by warrant under his hand and seal. And that is why it is said that he is the nominee of the central government. But remember that the office of the governor has held by the Supreme Court in 1979. It's not an employment under the central government. Rather, it is an independent constitutional office and it is not under the control of the central government or it is not a subordinate to the central government. So, what are the qualifications to be appointed as a governor? The constitution lays down only two qualifications. Further, the constitution lays down these conditions for the governor's office, such as she shall not be a member of a parliament or state legislature. Then she should not hold any office of profit, etc. Now, coming to the term of office of a governor, she holds office for the term of five years. But however, this term of five years is subject to the pleasure of the president. So, the governor has no security of tenure and there is no fixed term of office because she may be removed from her office by the president at any time. So now, what is the issue? See, as you know, the governor of West Bengal is often in news because of his severe criticism of the ruling party of West Bengal. And it is also alleged that he criticizes the ruling party based on the instructions of the ruling party at the center. So, we can see this is nothing but another center state tussle. And in this row, we have a new tussle and this happened because the governor of West Bengal visited the victims of post-pol violence in many districts of the state. And this action of the governor is widely criticized by the state government of the state, West Bengal, which has mentioned that the governor has transgressed his constitutional limitations. And in this regard only, the editorial has been written which states that the visit of the West Bengal governor to the areas hit by the post-pol violence constitute a grave transgression of the bounds of constitutional propriety. Here, simply the author states that the governor has breached his constitutional limitations. So, what are these constitutional limitations of a governor? See, there are several articles in Indian constitution which talk about the role of governor in a state. And since independence, the office of the governor has been in controversy, particularly their relation between the center and the states. Here, we should note that the president is elected by the representatives of the people who are the elected members of the parliament and the elected members of the state legislative assemblies. But however, governor is merely appointed by the president, which really means that the governor is appointed by the union council of ministers. And that is why in the beginning we saw that governor is an agent of the central government. So, in this regard our focus today will be on article 163 of the constitution. It states that council of ministers with the chief minister at the head to aid and advise the governor in the exercise of governor's functions. That is, the council of ministers cited by the chief minister will aid and advise the governor in exercise of our functions. And this is the normal requirement. But as per the constitution, governor has certain functions which she shall do without the aid and advice from the council of ministers also. And if you particularly see this article 163 also mentions the term discretion for governor in some functions. In that also, there need not be any advice from the council of ministers. If you see clause 2 of this article, it mentions if any question arises whether any matter is or not a matter for which the governor is by or under this constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the governor in his discretion shall be final. And the validity of anything done by the governor shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion. So, what is this discretion which they are mentioning? For example, if no political party or coalition of parties wins a clear majority in the election to legislative assembly, then the governor can exercise her discretion in inviting a person to be the chief minister. This is one instance when the governor can exercise her discretion. Then secondly, under article 201, the governor can reserve any bill passed by the state legislature for the consideration of the president. This is also another discretion. Then thirdly, if the governor thinks that the government of the state is not functioning according to the constitution, then also she can report to the president under article 356. Now, in this case, under article 356, the president's rule can be imposed where the state council of ministers are removed and the state legislature is dissolved or it is put under suspension. Now, during such an emergency, the governor rules on behalf of the president. So, these are some of the discretion on which there is no doubt. Now, in addition to this, if the governor has to know the administrative actions of a state on a matter, then under article 167, the governor can call for information relating to the administration of the affairs of the state. Now, in such a case, it shall be the duty of the chief minister to furnish such information which is asked by the governor. Now, according to the author of the editorial, on such matters, these are the limits and the governor should not do anything more than calling for information from the chief minister. But some governors cross these limits. They visit certain places. They pose their opinion on a stand taken by the state government or they even do some work which may give room for local politics also. That is, they even do such activities which may give room for the local politics in that particular state. But the issue is, a governor is expected not to indulge in activities having a bearing on local politics. And the perfect example for this is what done by the West Bengal governor. And that is why the Sarkaria Commission has recommended these as the eligibility for the person to be appointed as a governor. As you can see here, the governor must be a person from outside the state and the governor must not have participated in active politics at least for some time before her appointment. And the governor should be a detached person and not too intimately connected with the local politics of the state. And the governor should be appointed in consultation with the chief minister of the state among etc. etc. Now these recommendations were provided keeping in mind the constitutional powers of a chief minister and her council of ministers in the state and also the constitutional role of the unelected governor. And that is why author alleges that the West Bengal governor has transgressed the bounds of constitutional property. Now to this allegation made by the author the West Bengal governor can say or he can counter that under article 163 only he has done it so he has not breached the constitutional limits. Because we saw that as per article 163 he can decide what his discretion is. So on one hand the state government and experts are saying it is breach of constitutional limits of the governor and on the other hand the governor is justifying his actions under article 163. Now such a controversy between the center in the state and the office of the governor is not new. Even before also at several instances the states have suggested even to totally abandon the office of the governor itself. But the commissions which were set up in this regard did not suggest that rather they have recommended what should be the role of a governor in a state. We saw about the Sarkarya commission and even before that we had the administrative reforms commission in 1968, then the Rajmanar committee of 1969, then the committee of governors of 1971, then Bangalore seminar of experts of 1983 and finally we had the Sarkarya commission. All of these commissions have examined this question of what should be the role of a governor in a state and they have also given recommendations. But the current actions of some governors warrants a clear direction from the supreme court about what a governor can do and what they should not do. Otherwise at least we need a constitutional amendment in this regard. Then only these controversies which arises now and then can be solved. So these are some of the points that we should know about the roles, powers, responsibilities and limitations of a governor. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which explains about the iron dome system which is a defense system. See this iron dome system is currently news because of the conflict between Israel and Palestine as we have witnessed many airstrikes and rocket attacks from both sides. And in this conflict Israel used its iron dome air defense system to intercept a hummus unmanned aerial vehicle that crossed from Gaza into Israel. And this led to the night sky over the Israel to burn with interceptor missiles that were shooting down the incoming rockets from iron dome in the sky. And this is how it looked. So in this slide, let us see some important facts about this Israeli iron dome system. See it is a short range ground to air defense system. It is manufactured by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems which has been in service with Israeli Air Force since 2011. Now the development of this iron dome system the 2006 Israeli Lebanon war when the Hezbollah fired thousands of rockets into Israel. Now following this event, Israel announced to come up with a new air defense system to protect its cities and people. In this regard only, this Israeli iron dome was created. Now this iron dome is capable of being used in all weather conditions and even both during the day and night. And it is also capable of engaging with multiple targets simultaneously as you can see in this image. Now this Israeli dome system which is a multi-mission system is capable of intercepting rockets, artillery or mortars as well as it can intercept aircrafts, helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles over short ranges of up to 70 kilometers. Now know that it can also be deployed over land and also sea. Now how does it work? See this iron dome system consists of three main systems. They are the detection and the tracking radar which is this multi-mission radar and then we have the battle management and weapon control system which is done by this mobile control unit and then we have a missile firing unit of three vertical launchers and these launchers have 20 interceptor missiles each. Now these three systems work together to provide a shield over the area where it is deployed and this is done by handling multiple threats at a time. Here the system uses proximity fuse to detonate the target warhead in the head. See proximity fuse is an explosive ignition device which is used in bombs, artillery shells and mines. This fuse senses when a target is close enough to be damaged or destroyed by the weapons explosion. So this proximity fuses are intended to detonate missiles automatically when it approaches the target and also it fuses it at the position along the flight path of the missile itself so as to inflict maximum damage to the target. Now this representation gives you a better understanding how it functions. As you can see the missile intercepts the rocket at a high altitude. Now one of the unique features of this system is its ability to identify the anticipated impact point of the threatening rocket and then it also has the capability to decide on the engaging action by calculating whether it will fall in a built up area or not. And this helps in preventing unnecessary interception of rockets and also it prevents the damage caused by such rockets in open areas. But beyond these advantages the system also has got its own limitations. For example the system has a saturation point. That is it is capable of engaging only up to a certain number of targets at the same time and if additional rockets are fired in a crowd then it cannot defend which leads to damage. Now to tackle this iron dome system mitigation strategies have been developed by Hummers which has been mentioned in this news article and such strategies includes lowering the trajectories of the projectiles and then the accumulation of thousands of rockets with improved precision. Because yesterday we saw that if the rockets are fired in a crowd then iron dome cannot defend. So this limitation has been used by the Hummers and Adel vehicle to its advantage. So these are some of the points that we should know about Israel's iron dome. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about death of elephants on rail tracks. See recently the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has furnished certain data. According to this between the periods 2009-10 and 2020-21 a total of 186 elephants were killed after being hit by trains across India and particularly the state-wise details were furnished by the project elephant division of ministry. According to this the state of Assam has accounted for the highest number of elephant casualties on rail tracks. This is followed by West Bengal and Odisha as you can see here. Now among the periods there 2012-13 saw the highest number of casualties in elephants as there were nearly 27 elephant casualties in 10 states according to the available data. So this scenario let us discuss about the elephant species and also project elephant. See elephant is the largest terrestrial mammal of India and the requirement of food and water for elephants are very high as we know and therefore the population can be only supported by forests and that too forests which are under optimal conditions and as a result of this the current distribution of wild elephants in India is restricted to only four general areas. They are the north eastern India, north western India and southern India. And the species face many threats like the one which we are discussing that is they get hit by the trains. So because of this it has been listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List and the Asian elephants are also protected under Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 of India. I remember that very recently in 2020 the Asian elephant was also included in the appendix 1 of United Nations Convention on Identity Species that is in CMS. So currently Asian elephants have been accorded highest protection. Now coming to project elephant it was launched by the Government of India in the year 1991-92 as a centrally sponsored scheme. Now the main objective of this project was to protect elephants, their habitats and corridors and in addition to this the project also addresses the issues of man-elephant conflict and also the welfare of domesticated elephants. I know that presently the project is being implemented across 27 states or union territories which includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Nagaland, Assam, Andhra Mani and the Cobbers, Gujarat, Haryana etc. So under this project various measures were taken to avoid elephant casualties especially on the railway lines and the news article mentions some of the measures let us see them one by one. As a first measure a Coordination Committee of Officers of Indian Railways and State Forest Department was formed. This helped to increase the patrolling of prominent elephant corridors. Then apart from this vegetation along the railway tracks were also cleared to enable a clear view for the Locopilots. That is the person who is responsible for driving the trains. If the Locopilot has a clear view then they can also stop the train if they witness any movement of elephants. In addition to this, signage boards were also used at suitable points to let the Locopilots know that this is an elephant corridor. Then the slopes of the elevated sections of railway tracks were also moderated so that the Locopilots will know when there is an elephant on the track. Then apart from this under bars or over bars were also set up across the railway tracks for the safe passage of elephants. Then most importantly regular patrolling of vulnerable stretches of railway tracks were also set up and these patrolling were done by the frontline staff of the Forest Department and also by the Wiley Fortress. So some of these measures have helped in the reduction of elephant casualties on the railway tracks. So you can take note of these points. This will be helpful for you in your main sansa writing. So that is all about this discussion. Now let's move on to the next one. Now this discussion is based on this editorial article which is written by a senior IPS officer and as the title hints the author of this editorial article throws light on the procedures to adopt a child in a legally right manner. So in this regard let us see some of the important procedures related to the adoption of a child. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See first why we are discussing about adoption of a child now. As you are aware we are all witnessing the casualties due to Covid which are increasing day by day and due to these casualties many children end up being orphaned and vulnerable if they lose both the parents. So at such a juncture there comes a need for us to ensure that these orphaned children are not neglected or left to face an uncertain future. Therefore a child is given for adoption by keeping in mind their welfare and the need to restore their right to family. And even article 39 clause E of our Indian Constitution aims for the same by directing policy measures for securing the tender age of the children from being abused. So there is a need for an awareness on the laws and procedures for the character of orphaned children. See already there are set of legal procedures for adopting or giving a child for adoption like bringing the child under the notice of concerned authorities. Now these legal procedures are to be followed consistently to safeguard children from illegal adoption and wrongful adoption as these may threaten the lives of the innocence. Now you may ask if both the parents of the children are dead then a close relative can look after the child. This may not be possible in every case because for example if you take the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act of 1956 the father is the natural guardian and in the absence of the father mother is the natural guardian and not even a close relative can look after the child without authorization. To look after the child they have to be a legal guardian. So now many of us have a confusion of what to do when we find an orphaned child especially in this pandemic. For this there are set of legally mandated procedures to be followed. Firstly an orphan who is having the child should immediately call the toll free child number which is 1098 and they have to inform about the child. Now if you do this the helpline reaches out instantly and it takes charge of the child. Then another option is to intimate the matter of the concerned district protection officer and the details about this district protection officer will be available in the national tracking system for missing and vulnerable children portal. From this portal you can get the details of district protection officer. Now if these two could not be done then the person who is having the child can also approach the nearest police station or meet the child welfare police officer. See this child welfare police officer is a person who is specially trained to deal exclusively with the children who are in conflict with law or who are in need of care and protection. That is the officer deals with the children who are victims and also juvenile delinquents. Here you should take note of one important judgment which is the Bachman Bachao Andolan Voices Union of India case in which Supreme Court mandated that at least one police officer in each police station has to undergo the training to deal with those children who are in conflict with law and in need of care and protection. And this officer should be in the rank of assistant sub inspector or above and they need not wear a uniform. So if these three options could not be carried out then the person who is having the child can get the needed help by dialing the number 112. This 112 is an emergency response system for citizens and they will direct what to do. See here you should note that these are not just conventional mechanisms but rather these are legal procedures and they are based on the juvenile justice care and protection of children Act of 2015. Under this Act as per section 32 when someone finds an orphaned child they have to give information within 24 hours to the child line service or the nearest police station or to a child welfare committee or to a district child protection unit or even hand over the child to a registered child care institution. And remember it becomes a violation of the law under section 33 of the Act and it becomes a punishable offense if the same is not done within 24 hours. And the punishment according to section 33 is punishment up to 6 months or even fine of up to 10,000 rupees. So as a citizen of this country we are legally mandated to do these for an orphaned child. So now what will happen after we inform the child to the child in service or to the nearest police station? What is the established process here? What is the consequence of our move? See after we give our information the outreach agencies will recover the child from us and they will produce the child before the child welfare committee of the district before 24 hours. And this child welfare committee will inquire into the issue and they will come to a conclusion on what can be done that is either to send the child to a children's home or to a fit facility or to a fit person. See here a fit facility means a facility that is being run by a governmental organization or by a voluntary organization or even by an NGO which is prepared to temporarily own the responsibility of a particular child for a particular purpose. And fit person means any person who is prepared to own the responsibility of a child for a specific purpose. And such a person is identified only after a proper inquiry is made in this behalf. This is the normal scenario. But when the child is below six years of age then the CWC that is the child welfare committee orders for the child to be placed in a specialized adoption agency. And here the state will take care of such children till they are on a major that is until they attain the age of 18 years. And here you should note that a child is free to be adopted only when the child welfare committee declares a child to be legally free for adoption. So this is the basics that you need to know about adopting a child. Here we should not forget about judicial interventions which resulted in such an established procedure. So let us see some of these important Supreme Court judgments. First is the Sampurna Behrua versus Union of India 2018 case. In this case law Supreme Court passed a direction for all the states and union territories to ensure that the child care institutions are registered under the juvenile justice act of 2015. And if a particular child care institution or NGO fails to do this then it cannot house any children. So you may ask why particularly under juvenile justice act. It is an act which is related not only to the children in conflict with law but also the children in need of care and protection. This act introduces measures for strengthening the child protection setup. More importantly this act is secular in nature and the adoption procedure is simple. For example if you take the Hindu adoptions and maintenance act of 1956 this is specific to a particular religion and also the procedures under this act are cumbersome which is not the case with JJ act. Also the adoption procedure in the juvenile justice act is totally transparent and we can even monitor the adoption procedure progress from the central adoption resource authority portal. Now the second important case is the Bachman Bachao Andolan versus union of India because in this case only Supreme Court ordered for setting up a special juvenile police unit in each district. Based on this judgment juvenile justice act also mandated this unit which is to be headed by an officer in the rank of deputy superintendent of police or above. And then comes the 2017 case law which is the exploitation of children in orphanages in the state of Tamil Nadu case. In this case Supreme Court passed directions for the national police academy in Hyderabad and all the police training academies in every state. It directed these academies to prepare training courses on the juvenile justice act and also to provide regular training to police officers in terms of sensitization because only when a police officer knows about these police officers but also the child protection officer or child welfare police officer they can enforce the law and they can also sensitize the public about it. So these are some of the important Supreme Court judgments which paved way for a strong juvenile justice act of 2015 and we can say still this act is evolving. So these are some of the points that you need to know about adopting a child. Now let's move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which is regarding a scheme called as remission of duties and taxes on exported products scheme. See under the scheme the director general of foreign trade has said that the refund rates under the scheme for the taxes that were paid on exported goods would be announced soon and this is expected to provide an impetus to the export sector. So in this context let us discuss about the scheme. See in December 2020 for boosting the exports central government extended the benefits of this to all export goods with effect from 1st January 2021. See the scheme would refund the exporters the embedded central duties or taxes then the state and local duties or taxes that were so far not being rebated or refunded. Now since these duties and taxes were not refunded it placed our exports at a disadvantage. But now this scheme will ensure that the exporters will receive the refunds on the embedded taxes and duties which were previously non-recoverable. Now this scheme was brought with the intention to boost exports which were relatively poor in volume previously. Now if an exporter desires to avail the benefit of the scheme then the exporter is required to declare her intention for each export item in the shipping bill or in the bill of export and the scheme is allowed subjected to specified conditions and excruciation and now the news is that the refund rates under the scheme will be announced soon and regarding this the center has also clarified that the notified rates will apply with effect from 1st January 2021 to all exports of goods irrespective of the date of notification and here you should note that the credits generated under the scheme can be used to pay basic customs duties it can be used to claim rebates or can be transferred to other importers as the case may be. So now what led to the formation of this scheme as you know India had challenged India's key export subsidy in the world trade organization and such export subsidy schemes included the merchandise exports from India scheme then export oriented units scheme then electronics hardware technology parks scheme etc. So in this regard later WTO panel ruled against India's export subsidy stating that export subsidy programs of government of India violated the provisions of the trade bodies norms WTO norms and the WTO panel also recommended that the export subsidy programs shall be withdrawn. So this led to the birth of this remission of duties and taxes on exported products scheme to ensure that India stays WTO compliant. So that is all about this scheme now let's move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which mentions that the red-eared slider turtles are threatening to invade the natural water bodies across the north-eastern region of India. See herpetologists did a research in the Deepore Beale wildlife sanctuary and the Ugratara temple pond which has situated in Guwahati of Assam. This research was conducted between August 2018 to June 2019 and here herpetologists means someone who specializes in the study of reptiles and amphibians. Now during this research they found red-eared turtles in these places that is in the Deepore Beale wildlife sanctuary and the Ugratara temple pond. And even recently a study also found that red-eared turtles are present in an unmanned stream which is connected to the long river. This long river is the largest river in Mizoram and it drains into Barak river which ultimately drains into Brahmaputra and we know that Brahmaputra and other river systems in the northeast are home to more than 72% of turtle and otter species in the country. So herpetologists have urged to prevent this invasive species of red-eared slided turtles from overtaking these river ecosystems. So what are the threats posed by them? See we have covered about this species in detail and also the threats posed by the species on biodiversity ecosystem on our 27th February in the news analysis. You can view this analysis for better understanding about the species and take note that this is an important species in the current affairs because it is in news more often. With this let us move on to the next discussion of practice questions discussion which have been framed based on the news articles which we discussed. Now this first question is based on governor of state the question asks with reference to the oath or affirmation by the governor of state consider the following statements first statement every governor and every person discharging the functions of the governor shall make and subscribe an oath or affirmation before the president of India. This statement is incorrect because the governor and every person discharging the functions of the governor shall make and subscribe an oath before the chief justice of high court exercising jurisdiction in the relation to the state that is the chief justice of high court of that particular state is present during the oath of governor now in the absence of the chief justice of high court the senior most judge of that court is available for the same. So this statement is incorrect now the second statement is article 161 of the constitution deals with oath or affirmation by the governor. This statement is also incorrect because article 161 is about the power of the governor to grant pardons and to suspend remit or commute sentences in certain cases. Now the article which deals with oath or affirmation by the governor is article 159 of Indian constitution. So here the question asks for the correct statements but both statements are incorrect. So the correct answer to this question is option D neither one nor two. Now this next question it asks the Israeli iron dome often seen in news is an air defense missile system mini satellite global positioning system biosensor. Now the correct answer to this question is option A air defense missile system. Now let us take one main question you have to answer this question in 250 words now the question asks you to critically analyze the project elephant and you have to also list out the measures which we discussed during the analysis with this we come to the end of today's the news analysis if you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and to subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation have a nice day.