 Thank you so much. So John Peter already talked about my background because I have been started to work in the aid service organization 30 years ago and in Germany to fight for harm reduction and I changed from the NGO to the governmental side in 1998 or so, in 1989, no, 98, yes. There was then also there was a harm reduction part of national drug policy in Germany, including implementation of drug and substance groups, things like that already mentioned. But at that time I was also in the last 16 years member of the official delegation to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in Vienna, which had been already presented by Jamie. And you can imagine also like rooms like this and people sitting there and discussing on resolutions, 24 hours more or less. And sometimes discussing whether there should be a semicolon or a comma. But sometimes they're also discussing on the content, I will come back to that later. So it was already mentioned by Jamie in the last 10 years is a very big change in this wording and the policy of the UN and the CND. And now it's seen also when you look to the pathogenetic Jesus of dependency disorders, it's not only a point of dependency or what is going on in the body in the brain, but it's also part of all these social exclusion situation, why people using substances. Of course they're using also for recreational reasons, but many people using it to forget their really depressive situation. On the other hand, when you look come into access to treatment in only in Western Europe there's quite good access to treatment. In other parts of the world only very few people get access to treatment. And as I'm now speaking on behalf of the University of Frankfurt, which is part of the European project in Central Asia, Central Asia Drug Action Program. In this region there's very little access to treatment options. Already mentioned in Kazakhstan they have some OST sites, but very low coverage, a little bit better coverage in Kyrgyzstan and increasing coverage in Tajikistan, but in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan no access to OST. There's some access to other harm reduction measures like CND exchange schemes, but they are not state driven and sometimes the users don't use these kinds of treatment or harm reduction measures. But anyway it's very important that there had been change of the idea of what is dependency and it's no longer seen as a criminal behavior, but as a chronic relapse in this order. Of course it's a medical definition and we can discuss this, but anyway that changed the attitude towards people using substances. And also there's a moving from sanction oriented approaches to health oriented approaches all over the world, but in some parts of the world vary slowly. And already mentioned this political declaration from 2009, it said it should be promoted and effective comprehensive integrated drug remand reduction programs based on scientific evidence, whatever that means, and including measures for example so-called social related support services. And that is interesting because this term related support services means harm reduction. Because at that time especially German delegation together with NGOs and also other European delegation had a hard big fight to use the term harm reduction in this resolution, but it was rejected by a coalition of United States, Federation of Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, wonderful coalition you know, and China for example and other states. So because all this in this the text must be supported by 100% of the delegates. This is why it's very, very difficult to get this kind of support. Anyway, it is mentioned that supply reduction alone does not work and you must know most of the delegations, delegates are law enforcement people now and now more and more up from the public health side, but that means it was really a hard fight to get this into this resolution. Supply reduction alone does not work. Anyway, there was then the special session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2016 in New York and also there had been asked to ensure non-discriminatory access to broad range of interventions including psychosocial, behavioral and medication assisted treatment. This is also very important because this medication assistant treatment had been rejected normally especially by Russia and other delegation, but here in this outcome document it is mentioned for the first time. So it is really an improvement I guess. And also it was then a resolution supported to promote and implement these international WHO and UNODC guidelines and standards, international standards of the treatment of drug use disorders and to provide these guidance to assist and train health professionals all over the world and this is one part of the EU project in Central Asia which we try to do. Of course there are other international standards by UNODC but also some standards concerning harm reduction measures mainly because of the HIV crisis and of course when you look to these guidance of course the whole range of services, harm reduction services are supported by UN and UNODC documents. And of course this is necessary because what means treatment in many, many countries this kind of treatment is still defined as treatment although everybody knows this is causing harms not treatment. And in so far we have supported these international standards and on the other hand we had a vivid debate with Jamie and the other international NGOs on this because when you look into the text you will find some wordings and critical which of course could be and should be read critically and you must know that these standards are based mainly on their scientific research from the United States and there in the last years of course they are using this term that drug dependency is a brain disease or part of brain disease not alone but anyway in that causes of course strong debates on this and we had not a fight but a friendly discussion with our friends and colleagues from the NGOs. Anyway we think that it is important and I know of course we know that there are a lot of when you could look to the history of concepts what is the drug dependency you will find a lot of very difficult different ideas on that but for more moral and moral attitude to more and more the idea that it's a chronicle disease. Anyway of course it's also mentioned it's a chronicle relapsing brain disease and we can discuss this. Anyway I think this document this are standards are very useful because they are really based on asking for human rights protection of the patient rights and you see here all this thing which is very important to have anonymity of confidentiality no compulsory treatment which is in most of these countries also in Central Asia still existing informed consent contact with family relatives voluntary HIV testing prohibition of physical and psychological curation and transparent procedures from complaints. This is very important also availability accessibility of the treatment that means also there must be a legal framework there must be flexibility of the opening hours and the treatment must be affordable. This is very important because only in Kazakhstan it's paid by the state budget in other countries in this region Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan for example the patients have to pay for certain kind of treatment detox is mainly paid or by insurance but it's only very very hard to say every even for medication you have to pay by your own only OST is paid by international donors that cause also some problems because some people for example with diabetes don't get a syringe I have to buy a syringe whereas drug users get the syringes for free and that causes sometimes also in the society problems you can imagine. Anyway it is also important to that these standards are based on the dignity of the patients and on the protection of human rights of the patients and also concerning imprisonment or imprisonment prison settings treatment should be an alternative to penal sanctions and if this is not possible it in the treatment system and it should be also these standards should be used. So I will not go into all the details. You can on the website of UNODC you can see this loaded down but anyway these principles I think it's a very important and now I came to our project because the German part of this project is to support the Central Asian countries in their treatment and harm reduction programs and actions and we using more or less best European practices and international standards and we already organized several trainings and we normally use German experts who are speaking Russian or coming from this region and because many of the German working in this field had been born and lived in Central Asia and especially in Kazakhstan now working and living in Germany but they know the culture, they know the language and this is very important for us to and helpful. Anyway we conducted many of these trainings you see here Professor Sturba for example he just trainings together with a colleague from Vienna from Austria on a prison system and we organized also study visit to Berlin and showed them how treatment system including harm reduction services like drug consumption rooms are working in Germany. They are impressed but of course to say unfortunately we are not able to implement such things in our countries. Anyway I think it can help to change the attitude of these people and most of these people are narcologists so-called narcologists and working in this field for many many years and they want to change these attitudes. They want to change the Russian idea in the concept of narcology as a work to change the attitudes of people to change because it had been seen in Russian times or in Soviet times as an anti-social behavior that must be cured or and this has changed totally now most of these treatment is based on scientific evidence and also on psychosocial support services but of course the structure is not comparable with western European countries and yeah we organized in the last months two trainings in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan on these international standards and we hope very much that it can help to introduce to implement these standards because when you look to the CND resolution all these countries have to implement. They are not forced but they should do it and we hope very much that it could happen and I have to also to mention that concerning the delegations the official delegations Jamie already mentioned this in Germany. Now we have also I think last CND in Vienna first time and a representative of a German drug user organization was part of the official delegation and that is very important and I tried to fight very hard for this many many years but now we could succeed and this is a very important part and I think also the German delegation is hearing to the voices of the NGOs and try to take them at least into account not always supporting but anyway it's a good relationship I think and this is very important. Well now I'm retired from my official job in the ministry so I can talk on behalf of the university I'm a little bit more free to say what I'm thinking I did it also when I worked with the ministry but anyway it's a very pleasure to be again here at harm reduction conferences because I had done this for many many years but then in the ministry my bosses didn't like so much that to send me to harm reduction conferences so thank you very much for your attention. Thank you very much.