 The oxygen reduction reaction ORR is crucial for sustainable energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Carbon-based electrocatalysts derived from metal-organic frameworks MOFs have shown superior catalytic activity and excellent intrinsic properties, making them a promising alternative to traditional electrocatalysts. This review summarizes the development of hetero-atom-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts, including non-metal and metal-doped carbon materials, and highlights the importance of well-designed porous structure, large surface area, and high-tensity active sites for enhancing ORR performance. Future perspectives include the development of a clear mechanism for non-metal-doped electrocatalysts and certain metal-doped electrocatalysts. This article was authored by Qian Ren, Hu Yihuang, Xuefeng Lu, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.