 Hello everyone, welcome to this session on sectional anatomy of abdomen and pelvis, okay. So in this image, we can get a brief overview of how a sectional anatomy of abdomen looks like, okay. So in this particular session, what all particular topics we will be covering, so the other list of topics that I will be covering in this particular session, I will be covering a cross-section at C12 vertebrae, and cross-section at L1 vertebrae, and mid sagittal section of male pelvis and female pelvis, okay. And as far as exam point of view is concerned, these two sections are very important because in practical exams, there are specific specimens for this mid-sagittal section of male pelvis and female pelvis, okay. So let's begin with the cross-section at C12 vertebrae, this image we can see cross-section at C12 vertebrae, so before beginning with the section, first we will have to orient ourselves towards the image, so here I have given the orientation mark, so this is the anterior aspect, this is the posterior aspect, okay, and this is the left side, and this is the right side, okay. Whenever we study sections, we always study from the inferior aspect, okay, because later on when we learn about the CT scan and MRI, most of the sections are taken or they are studied or viewed from the inferior aspect, okay, so if we learn gross anatomy with an image viewed from the inferior aspect, later on it will be easy for us to identify the various CT scan and MRI images, okay, so this is the cross-section of the abdomen cut and viewed from the inferior aspect, so mortal structures we can appreciate in this image, what is this question mark structure, so this is the large organ that is the liver, okay, so when we cut and view from the inferior aspect on the right side, the large organ which will be visible is liver, okay. Nowadays in postgraduate examinations, image based questions are asked, so at times in cross-section, any structure they can label and they can ask in multiple choice questions, okay, so that is why sectional anatomy is also very important and what all other structures we can see in this particular section, this is the stomach which is seen, then which are these two structures, this is the right kidney, this is the left kidney, this is the abdominal aorta and this is inferior vena keva, what is this structure, first of all what is this, connecting the liver and the stomach, there is a part of the peritoneum which is referred to as the lector momentum, okay, so this is the lector momentum and this is the right free margin of the lector momentum containing otolvane, hepatic artery and bile duct, okay, so this is the right free margin and just behind the right free margin this space which we can see, this is the epiploic foramen, okay, epiploic foramen is the communication between greater sac and the lesser sac, okay, so just behind the stomach this space which is seen, this is the lesser sac and this S stands for the spleen which is present on the left side, okay, then apart from that which all structures are seen in this section, here we can see the body of the vertebrae, 8-well vertebrae, then this here is the final chord, then adjacent to the finest process of the vertebrae we can see erector finer group of muscles, okay, then when we come on the anterior aspect which muscle is this, this is the sector abdominus and this is the muscles of the anterior abdominal ball, here are three muscles in anterior abdominal ball, external oblique internal oblique and transversus abdominus, okay, so these are all the various structures seen in this particular section and for abdominal aorta T12 is a very important landmark because it is at this level that the descending thoracic aorta continues as the abdominal aorta, okay, and one more very important topic with respect to this section is epiploic foramen which is just behind this right free margin, okay, so we will learn a little more details about this epiploic foramen, so here we can see a cross-section of the at the level of epiploic foramen, so schematic diagram to show various relations of epiploic foramen, so this arrow mark is in the epiploic foramen, okay, it's also referred to as foramen of wind flow, okay, so two names for this particular region that is the epiploic foramen also referred to as foramen of wind flow, the communication between greater sag and lesser sag, okay, so this is the lesser sag which is shown here, this is the stomach, okay, so just behind the stomach is the lesser sag, okay, this shows the lesser momentum and this is the right free margin of the lesser momentum containing portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, okay, so this is the portal vein, bile duct is towards the right side, hepatic artery is towards the left side and behind both these structures is the portal vein, okay, so how to remember this which structure is to the right, which structure is to the left, we can remember the duct is dexter, okay, dexter in the word means it refers to the right side, okay, so on the right side there is bile duct, on the left side there is hepatic artery and behind both these structures is the portal vein, okay, so which all relations of epiploic foramen we can learn from this image, anterior relation of epiploic foramen is the right free margin of the lesser momentum containing portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, posterior relation is this, which structure is this, this is the inferior vena cava, okay, posterior relation of epiploic foramen is inferior vena cava and behind which is C12 vertebrate, okay, so anterior and posterior relations we can learn from this image, so superior and inferior relations how we can remember, where do we find for epiploic foramen in a detected specimen just behind the right free margin, okay, we place the finger just behind the right free margin, so if you imagine just below the finger is the first part of the duodenum, okay, the pylorus continues as the first part of the duodenum, so inferior relation is the first part of the duodenum and the superior relation is the cordate lobe of the liver, okay, so liver is above, first part of duodenum is below, anteriorly is right free margin of lesser momentum containing portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, posterior relation is inferior vena cava behind which is C12 vertebrate, okay, so the other we give relations of epiploic foramen which we should be knowing, okay, now let's cover the cross section at l1 vertebrate, l1 is a very important landmark in abdomen, if you have learnt about the various cauldrons of the abdomen, two vertical planes and two horizontal planes which divides the abdomen into nine quadrils, right, the upper horizontal plane which corresponds to the l1 vertebrate, okay, upper horizontal plane is also referred to as trans pyloric plane, okay, so what anatomical structure we can expect in this section can expect the pylorus of the stomach, okay, so this region which we can see this is the region of pylorus of the stomach, okay, and there are many other structures which are similar to the previous section, here we can see the liver, then kidney, right kidney, left kidney, and spleen, okay, so these are all structures we saw in the previous image as well, P which is mentioned, this is the pancreas, the region of the neck of the pancreas, behind the neck of the pancreas is an important anatomical event that is the union of superior misentric vein and slinic veins to form the portal veins, okay, so here is the formation of portal veins and here this is the inferior vena keva and abdominal aorta, okay, then here are the coils of the jejunum, then this is the slinic flexure of the colon which will continue as the descending colon and this is the transverse colon and this green color structure is gallbladder, okay, so here are the various structures seen at the level of l1 vertebrae, there is one labeled image for this, you all can just go through all the labeling, so there are some additional labeling also shown in this image, peritoneal cavity is shown, linear alba and palsy form ligament connects the anterior aspect of the liver to the anterior abdominal ball, then diaphragm is labeled, okay, there is one artery which is labeled here, superior misentric artery, the anterior branch of abdominal aorta, right, so rest of all most of the things we have covered in the previous image, let's compare a gross anatomy specimen with a specimen of CT scan, okay, how does a CT image look like as compared to the gross specimen, here we can see CT scan, whenever we see a CT scan the bones will be looking bright white color, okay, so here we can see the finest cells of the vertebrae and these are the ribs which are cut and they are looking bright white, so here is the right kidney, you can compare it with this gross specimen, bright kidney, right, liver, liver, here is the slin, in this here is the slin, here is the coils of intestines which are seen, okay, so when you learn about the gross specimen it will become easy for you to identify the various structures, later on when you see the CT scan and MRI images, okay, that's why cross section is important and always this orientation is important, okay, always we learn the cross sectional anatomy from the inferior aspect, now let's cover the met societal section of male pelvis and female pelvis, okay, so in this image what we can see is the met societal section of a male pelvis, technical orientation to this image, this is the anterior aspect, posterior aspect, superior and inferior, so in exams met societal sections of male and female pelvis are kept and mostly you are asked to identify various structures from anterior to posterior, okay, so anterior moves as genitals, then here there is the pubic symphysis, just behind the pubic symphysis there is urinary bladder, okay, this is the urinary bladder and there is a small space in between pubic symphysis and urinary bladder, this space is referred to as the retro pubic space, also referred to as retro pubic space of red zeus, okay, R-A-T-Z-I-U-S, red zeus, okay, so the urinary bladder which will continue as the urethra and surrounding here we can see this is the prostate gland, then behind urinary bladder this structure is the rectum and behind rectum this is sacrum, okay and when we see the folds of the peritoneum between rectum and urinary bladder there will be a one fold of peritoneum which is referred to as rectovacycal pouch, okay and you see when you learn about the female metrogytal pelvis there will be two pouch which will be seen because between urinary bladder and rectum there is an organ intervening that is the uterus, okay, between urinary bladder and rectum there is a small sheet of fascia which is referred to as rectovacycal fascia of denonvillus, okay and in front of the sacrum also there is a fascia which is referred to as pre-sacral fascia of walled air, okay, we have certain fancy names which you need to remember which attempts can be asked in multiple choice questions, okay, so I will repeat again between urinary bladder and rectum there is rectovacycal fascia of denonvillus and in front of the sacrum there is pre-sacral fascia of walled air, okay and what is this image this is MRI image of the metrogytal section of male pelvis, okay, whenever we learn about the soft tissue structure MRI is referred, okay and whenever we have to learn about heart structures then that means bones if you have to study then CT scan is referred, okay, soft tissues are more clearly seen in MRI, so here is the genitals and this is pubic sinfices and urinary bladder and rectum is not seen clearly so somewhere here is the rectum, okay, so let's see a gross specimen of metrogytal section of male pelvis, so here we can see a gross specimen, so here this is pubic sinfices then urinary bladder and this is rectum, okay and if you learn about the fold of peritoneum between rectum and urinary bladder there will be rectovacycal pouch, so in the metrogytal section mostly will be asked to identify various structures from anterior to posterior, okay, so if you have seen an image and learnt it you will be able to answer an exam, okay, now let's see metrogytal section of female pelvis, in this image we can see metrogytal section of female pelvis again the orientation remains the same anterior posterior superior inferior anterior most structure which is seen here this is the pubic sinfices then urinary bladder and uterus is the structure intervening between urinary bladder and rectum, okay and behind rectum is sacrum, so just like I told you previously between rectum and uterus there's a fold of peritoneum which is referred to as recto uterine pouch between urinary bladder and uterus there is bacyco uterine pouch, okay, so this pouch you can remember from rectum to uterus is recto uterine pouch between urinary bladder and uterus is bacyco uterine pouch, okay, then behind urinary bladder in the upper part you'll see uterus and in the lower part there'll be vagina, okay and when you trace the rectum that's the anal canal and in male pelvis I told you about rectovacycal fascia of denonvillus that won't be present in female pelvis okay but this pre sacral fascia of aldehyus that will be present, so again this is an MRI image of the metrogytal section of female pelvis, so here we can see this is the pubic sinfices then urinary bladder and uterus and this is the rectum and behind rectum is again sacrum, okay, now again let's see the gross specimen of metrogytal section of female pelvis, here we can see the gross specimen again let's try to identify various structures, this is the pubic sinfices and here is the urinary bladder and this is uterus and this is rectum, okay and behind rectum this is sacrum, okay, so we'll be able to identify various structures from anterior to posterior, okay, at times only specimen will be there and first you will have to identify whether it is metrogytal section of male pelvis or female pelvis, okay, for that you'll have to look for this organ, okay, uterus is present that means it is a metrogytal section of female pelvis otherwise you can see as the male pelvis, okay and also in male pelvis external genitalia testis and scrotum will be seen, okay, so let's summarize what we have covered in this particular session, we learned the cross section at T12 vertebrae, what important anatomical landmark was there at T12, one was epiploid foramen, then T12 is also a landmark for abdominal aorta, the descending thoracic aorta continues as the abdominal aorta, okay and these are the structures we learned and L1 is the important anatomical landmark for trans pyloric plane which divides the abdomen, anterior abdominal wall into line quadrant, okay, so pylorus of the stomach will be seen at this section and other structures also we identified and whenever we learn cross section we should make sure that we are drawing diagrams which are viewed from the inferior aspect okay and orientations are very important and we learned about the metrogytal section of male pelvis, female pelvis, MRI images of male and female pelvis as well as a gloss specimen images, okay, this was all about this particular session, for PDF handout of this particular session you will can what set me at this number and please do watch the other sessions of this youtube channel, okay, thank you.