 This study compares celiac disease, CD, and gluten-sensitive individuals, GS, to understand their similarities and differences. CD is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, while GS cannot tolerate gluten, but has a less severe clinical picture. The study found that GS had significantly reduced intestinal permeability compared with controls, and this was paralleled by increased expression of Claudin, ClDN, IV. In contrast, adaptive immunity markers Illinois 6 and Illinois 21 were expressed at higher levels in CD, but not in GS, while the innate immunity marker toll-like receptor, TLR, II was increased in GS, but not in CD. Finally, expression of the T regulatory cell marker FOXP3 was significantly reduced in GS relative to controls and CD patients. The study concludes that CD and GS are different clinical entities, with GS being associated with prevalent gluten-induced activation of innate immune responses in the absence of detectable changes in mucosal barrier function. This article was offered by Esposito Pascuala, Russo Maria, Toloni Carlo, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.