 Organic chemistry, we are going to study today general organic chemistry. See, general organic chemistry, there is nothing a chapter called GOC and ansiatic. Ansiatic in the book, GOC can be found. General profitable hydro carbon chapter can be found. Especially chapter GOC can be found. GOC actually here will discuss all kind of effects of organic chemistry. It actually builds your base of organic chemistry. Reaction, stability factor, how to identify. Everything will study over here. So this is very important. GOC and reaction mechanics are two different chapters we have, which is not given in LCRP. That's why it's very difficult to go through organic chemistry. Because basic things are not read. If you see them in competitive, like in the scotching institutes, they'll teach GOC more than a month. Reaction mechanics, I'll teach you in 2.5 months. And once you finish this, organic chemistry is almost 80%. Because reaction mechanism where we discuss most of the reactions. Means, path of the reaction we'll discuss. What product can be major? What will be the mechanism? What is the dominating product we have? So all these things we'll discuss in reaction mechanism, which unfortunately in school they don't teach. Because curriculum doesn't come like that. Curriculum is like that. It doesn't go as negative. But for competitive, you should understand those things. Because I have also studied in Rajinagar, in a completely different pattern. We have advanced batch over there, batch 1, Rajinagar. So I taught them this way only. GOC studies reaction mechanism in Rajinagar. And they were comfortable with it. So if you are comfortable, I'll go according to that. So once you do not know reaction mechanism and once you do not know organic, this GOC, it is very difficult to understand organic chemistry. Because it will be different from one logic. Same condition. So what is the dominating factor? According to that, we should know that. What is the dominating factor? For example, carbocation. You know what is carbocation? Carbocation is an intermediate. Any reaction that is happening, will have different intermediate forms in the reaction. Carbocation, carbonyl, free radical, nitrenes, carbenes, fengines, all these are free radicals. Sorry, intermediates we have. There is a chapter called organic compound containing nitrogen. Amines. There is a chapter in organic chemistry. Most of the reaction, even in carbonyl compound, there are many reactions which proceeds by the formation of an intermediate called nitrenes. So what is nitrene intermediate? Under what circumstances this intermediate can form? Then you can correlate. Otherwise, you have to remember the reaction. So all those things will understand here. So GOC actually, it explains the stability of various intermediates. What are the electronic effects? Electronic effects which are present in molecules. Electronic means how the electron displace within a molecule. Electronic effect means what effect the electron displace. For example, what is the name of this compound? CH2 double bond, CH single bond, CH double bond, CH2. Are you basing in? This is 1,3-butadiene. 1,3-butadiene. So when this reaction takes place with HBr, HBr is an addition reaction. It is H plus Br minus, which is attached to HBr. Now the reaction will be, actually you see, this double bond means there is density of electron. What is double bond? Lateral overlap. So we have weak electron cloud present between the carbon atom. So this weak electron cloud attracts nucleophile. Attracts electrophile. Electrophile and nucleophile, two reagents we have. The reagents are those compounds which attacks. So how does the reaction take place? One attacks. The one attacking is reagent. The one attacking is substrate. Substrate and reagent. Substrates are what? Substrate are the compounds which are getting attacked by the other compounds. The reagents are those compounds which attacks on substrate. So reagents can be nucleophile and nu minus is the symbol of nucleophile, general symbol of nucleophile. Electrophile is E plus. And nu minus is nucleophile. Nucleophile means nucleus lovers. Nucleus is positively charged. Nucleus is positively charged. So nucleus lover is what? Must be negatively charged. That's why you see nu minus will like it. Nucleophile means nucleus lover. Nucleus is positively charged. So nucleophile must be negatively charged or electron rich species. Loan pair present. Electrophiles are what? Electrophiles are electron lovers. Electrophiles, electron lovers. So electrons are negatively charged. So electron lovers must be positively charged or electron-deficient species. Electron-vertactors. So here's an electron cloud. This pi bond, which is weakly bonded to carbon atom. If any electrophile is there, this electrophile has tendency to get attacked by this, to get attacked towards this electron cloud, pi electron cloud. So each of the electrophiles is to attack. So this pi electron has the tendency to shift either on to this carbon or on to this carbon. Now suppose, now this nucleophile suppose I'm taking. So when this nucleophile is trying to attack, this pi bond will shift on to this carbon and forms a carbocation here positive charge. Why positive charge? Because this bond pair of electron is shared between the two carbon atoms. When this two electron is taken by this carbon atom, it means this carbon has this one electron has been lose by this carbon atom and it goes on to this carbon. So this carbon will have one positive charge. This positive charge, now this nucleophile attacks on to this positive charge. So in this case, the expected product here, that is CH2, double bond CH, single bond CH, single bond CH, BR and CH2. Because this negative charge will take this H plus and this positive charge will take this BR minus. This was the expected product in this reaction. But the actual product that you get here or the major product that you get here is this H3C CH double bond CH single bond CH2 BR. First and fourth carbon to addition product. And this is the major product not this one. Just listen to me. One for addition gives you this. We were expecting 1,2 addition. First and second carbon to addition we were expecting. But this is the actual result we are getting. This happens because of an electronic effect and that effect we call it as resonance. Actually with this example only, we got this concept of resonance. Through resonance what happens? The electron pairs shift and we get positive charge at one of the carbon atom, terminal carbon atom and negative charge on other carbon atom. And then there H plus and BR minus. So the point is, how this product we are getting, for that you should understand the electronic effects. How the electron is getting shifted into the molecule. For that we will study various electronic effects. So there are two, three main electronic effects we have. Inductive effect you must have heard. Inductive effect, resonance, mesoviric effect and hyper conjugation. Write down the various electronic effect. Adding you write down the various electronic effects. The first one you write down. Inductive effect, mesoviric effect. In this only we will discuss about resonance. Resonance, briefly we have discussed in chemical bonding. What is the resonance. Here we will discuss in detail. The third one is hyper conjugation. And the fourth one is electromagnetic effect. Electromagnetic effect is the most important. One kind of question that they ask out of this four electronic effects. The first three are permanent effects. So this question has been asked. Which one of this is permanent and which one of this is temporary. Electromagnetic is temporary effect. Electromagnetic is the is that thing where it induces the induces. Double bond pair will attack then electrifying will remove what also offers the original compound you will get. This is the example that we have taken. Electrophile attacks, you remove electrifying, electrifying original compound you will get again. So this takes place under the influence of an reagent like electrophile or new electrifying. That is why it is temporary effect. All these are permanent effects. Mesovaric effect we call as resonance effect. Mesovaric effect we call as resonance effect both are same thing. Inductive effect we have two types of inductive effect. Plus i and minus i. So they can know what is plus i. Mesovaric effect also we have two types plus m and minus m. Plus m liqo, plus r liqo both are same thing. Minus m liqo, minus r liqo both are same thing. Hyperconjugation also we have two types plus h and minus h. Plus n minus is not charged. It represents electron releasing and electron withdrawing tendency. Plus means what? Electron release. Molecular electron will give. Minus means what? It is withdrawing. Electron withdrawing. Molecular electron will withdraw. So first we are going to discuss is inductive effect. 2-3 characteristics of inductive effect we have that you write down. First point important. These characteristics are also important. Write down. Inductive effect we have said permanent effect. Inductive effect permanent effect. It is distance dependent. Write down 2-3 points we will discuss. It is distance dependent as the distance increases the effect decreases the effect decreases decreases. It is the reason of dipole moment in the molecule. It is the reason of dipole moment in the molecule. So this is just the delta positive delta. Delta positive delta negative. You see for this one example I will write down here. CH3 one more point. The effect of this is considered to be negligible after second or third carbon. In some book they write third in some books they write second. Generally we will take second after second or third carbon. This is the example. CH3, CH2 CH2, CH2 and CH. What is the name of this compound? 1, Clotobutane. Clotobutane. Clotide. Clotobutane. What is the difference in all these? The major difference is carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon all are sp3 hybridized. Any doubt? Sp3M. So all this carbon atom will be same. When the electronegativity is same so that bond pair of electron will be exactly in between the two carbon atom. It will not be shifting. But this chlorine is more it is more electronegative than this carbon atom. So what will this chlorine do? It will attract the bond pair of electron. On the chlorine side the electron density will increase. But electron density increases so here we have delta negative charge. And this carbon will get delta positive charge. Of this delta positive charge this carbon in comparison to this becomes again more electron deficient comparatively if you see. This will also attract this bond pair of electron. So here also the charge decreases delta delta positive. It does not mean the charge is increasing as you are going away from this atom. The positive charge is decreasing. And that is why the effect is decreasing. Inductive effect is decreasing. What I said these are electronic effects. Electronic effects means what? And it is to attract electron shift electron within the molecule. So here we have because of electronegativity difference the electron or what? The bond pair of electron is shifting from one point to other. The shift is not it is a partial shift. Complete shifting is not there. Understood? You see when this electron pair shifted all this bond forms we have a p orbital of carbon and the p orbital of chlorine overlaps. Or here we have two electrons. The shifting of electron means that this electron pair does not come out of this orbital and shift from this chlorine. It is just slightly shifted towards the chlorine atom. The bond pair of electron will be there in the orbital but towards the chlorine atom center pinning over. This is partial shift. This is partial shift. That is why we have partial charge. If we take it out completely then we will write negative charge not positive charge. Or not delta negative. We will write full charge. Complete charge that is negative charge. The reason of this kind of shifting is what? Electro negativity difference. So reason is electronegativity difference. And why this is permanent? Because when you take butyl chloride you are shifting the whole and most. Whenever you take this molecule the shifting will be there because this and this is moderate. That is why this effect is what? This effect is permanent when you take this molecule shifting will be like this. And what kind of electron is taking part in this? Sigma electron. Shared grade of electron but sigma not pi. Pi electron won't take part in inductive. So write down this point also. It involves only sigma electron. Distance dependent involves only sigma electron. It has nothing to do with pi electron. Pi electron has nothing to do with pi electron. Sigma electrons. Now inductive effect like I said it is two types. Plus i and minus i. Minus i is more important. Write down. What is minus i effect? Minus i effect is it is because of the electron withdrawing nature. It is because of the electron withdrawing nature. It is because of the electron withdrawing nature. I will just put this thing down. So minus i effect it is because of the electron withdrawing nature like this one. This one is withdrawing electron from this molecule. This shows minus i effect. Minus i is electron withdrawing plus i is electron releasing. In general there are many electron withdrawing groups in comparison to the electron releasing group. Plus i groups are very less in number in comparison to minus i group. That's why minus i is more important effect. For example, logically also you can find out which one is more electron withdrawing nature. Suppose I ask you you have fluorine, bromine and iodine. Which one has more minus i effect? Fluorine. Fluorine obviously. Fluorine is more electronegative. So order is this. Logically you can find out which one is more electron withdrawing. For example, OH group attached and SH attached. Which one is more electron withdrawing? OH or SH? NH2 and PH2. What we need to check? The electron withdrawing tendency. And this means what? This O is attached to the molecule. Like suppose I take this molecule here and put OH here. So which one will withdraw more electrons? Oxygen. Oxygen. Oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur. The difference is in comparison. So OH and SH if you place here obviously oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur. This will withdraw more electron. The minus i effect of OH is more than that of SH. Oxygen withdraws electrons from hydrogen and the neighboring hydrogen. No, not hydrogen. Carbon. No, from the hydrogen it will withdraw more electrons from the hydrogen. This also will come this side. That's why this hydrogen is slightly acidic in nature. But we are considering what we are considering this part. Molecule. That's why alkyls are slightly acidic in nature. CS2, OH or OH. CS2, H5, OH2. So oxygen and hydrogen have electronegative difference. The bond pair of electrons is slightly attracted towards the oxygen atom. Yes, SH plus can go out into the solution. Yes, SH plus can go out into the solution. That's why alkyls are slightly acidic in nature. NH2 and PH2 work in hydrogen p. Electronegativity is more and hence the order of minus i is this. Logically you can do this. Some more examples I will write down. Examples are very important in this. Suppose I am going to write down N double bond O and NO. Which one is more electronegative? Both are in hydrogen. Now, there are two oxygens. So I think that one is more. Which one? NO. Why NO is more? Because over here you have two oxygens which are sucking the... Oh, you don't know. So this will become more electron deficient. This will attract more electrons. And also the electron minus i equal to N2 will increase.